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The major aim of this study is to evaluate the role of Turkish non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the consolidation of democracy in Turkey regarding the characteristics defined by the classical pluralist theories, starting with the ideas of Alexis de Tocqueville, and by contemporary pluralist approaches to civil society. To that end, characteristics of two examples, iHD and KiH-Y&Ccedil / V will be examined using three dimensions: effectiveness, enhancing solidarity and responsibility, and the dimension of inner democracy. As the methodology of the case study, in-depth interview techniques were adapted for capturing the qualities of the organizations in a detailed way. At that level, in-depth interviews from each organization were conducted with members having different positions. In addition to this, all written documents obtained from the organizations were scanned and the relevant ones have been examined for the sake of the study. Since the aim of the study is to understand what part Turkish NGOs play in the consolidation of democracy in Turkey considering the assumptions of classical and contemporary pluralist school in their analysis of voluntary associations and interest groups, this study espoused an associational concept of democracy as the method of work, which is a contemporary concept that underlines the democratic role of free and voluntary associations. In this context, this study tries to discuss the following questions: To what extent are Turkish NGOs independent from the state? To what extent can they have leverage on governmental policies? Do they mitigate conflict through overlapping interests? Do they enhance social trust, tolerance, compromise and a sense of solidarity in society and within their organization? To what extent are they democratic, pluralist and horizontally structured inside their organization and to what extent they are democratic regarding their decision making process? Are they open and inclusive enough in their membership recruitment techniques?

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T14:09:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_3358_.pdf: 1255059 bytes, checksum: 9b92fc148e8aaae019e54f720e48d24b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-04 / Os trabalhos que envolvem a realização de uma eleição têm se aperfeiçoado bastante. Com a implementação das urnas eletrônicas o processo de votação brasileiro se tornou ícone de modernidade pela sua confiabilidade e rapidez. Visando aumentar a qualidade dos serviços prestados à população durante as eleições, a Justiça Eleitoral vem incentivando a participação voluntária no processo de votação, evitando que a convocação obrigatória recaia sobre quem não deseja colaborar. Apesar do aumento de voluntários, erros e comportamentos inadequados de mesários continuam ocorrendo. De modo a estabelecer uma reflexão que contribua para uma melhor compreensão acerca do problema, bem como para o aprimoramento das práticas de gestão envolvidas, propôs-se analisar os sentidos subjetivos que emergem frente à participação desses voluntários no processo de votação. Adotou-se como marco teórico a Teoria HistóricoCultural de estudo da subjetividade de Rey. Procurou-se, a partir de uma retrospectiva histórica, resgatar elementos sócio-culturais que caracterizassem o contexto de desenvolvimento político e democrático brasileiro. Buscou-se abarcar conceitos, tendências, concepções, especificidades e dificuldades relacionadas ao tema da participação voluntária. O ambiente institucional foi descrito de modo a tornar conhecidas as práticas adotadas e a evolução do projeto “mesário voluntário”. Participaram deste estudo 11 mesários, que atuaram nas eleições de 2008, na 55ª Zona Eleitoral - Vila Velha/ES. A pesquisa, além de bibliográfica e documental, pode ser considerada um estudo de caso. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o questionário aberto, a construção de frases, a redação e a conversação, individual e grupal. A análise e construção das informações foram orientadas pela Epistemologia Qualitativa desenvolvida por Rey. Os sentidos subjetivos apurados foram agrupados em 05 núcleos: “descrédito”, “mudança social”, “obrigação moral/social”, “satisfação pessoal” e “benefícios particulares”. Conclui-se que são os sentidos subjetivos que o mesário relaciona à sua participação que favorecerem, ou não, comportamentos comprometidos e responsáveis durante a efetiva atuação. Quanto às práticas de gestão, nota-se a necessidade de diversas adequações, de modo a possibilitar o reconhecimento e a valorização dessa participação, bem como a manutenção dos voluntários e o fortalecimento da relação entre mesários e Justiça Eleitoral. / The work involving the conduct of an election have been improved considerably. With the implementation of the electronic ballot the voting process has become Brazilian icon of modernity for their reliability and speed. To increase the quality of services to the population during elections, the Electoral Justice is encouraging voluntary participation in the voting process to ensure that the obligatory convocation doesn‟t relies upon those who do not want to cooperate. Despite the increase in volunteers, mistakes and bad behavior of election oficials still occurring. To provide a reflection that contributes to a better understanding about the problem and for the improvement of management practices involved, it was proposed to analyze the subjective senses that emerge from the volunteers in the voting process. We adopted as the theoretical framework of Cultural-Historical Theory study of the subjectivity of Rey was sought from a historical, socio-cultural elements redeem that characterize the context of political development and democratic Brazil. We tried to embrace concepts, trends, concepts, and specific difficulties related to the issue of voluntary participation. The institutional environment was described to make known the practices adopted and the progress of the project " election oficials voluntary." The study included 11 election oficials, who worked in the elections of 2008, the 55th Election Zone – City of Vila Velha / ES. The research is bibliography, documentation and can be considered a case study. The instruments used were the open questionnaire, the construction of sentences, the writing and the individual and group conversation. The analysis and construction of information were guided by the Qualitative Epistemology developed by Rey. The subjective senses found were grouped into 05 sections: "discredited", "social change", "moral obligation / social", "personal satisfaction" and "private benefits" . It‟s concluded that the senses are subjective election oficials that relates to their participation to promote, or not, committed and responsible behavior during the performance. Regarding management practices, there is a need for several adjustments in order to enable the recognition and appreciation of their participation, and maintenance of volunteers and strengthening the relationship between Justice and Electoral election oficials.

Institute for Rural Development / MRDV

博士（経済学） / 乙第354号 / 112 p. / Hitotsubashi University

Diese Dissertation umfasst drei Aufsätzen, die sich mit Erwartungen, Entscheidungen und deren Rückwirkung auf die Umgebung beschäftigen. Der erste Aufsatz untersucht die Binnenwanderung von Ost- nach Westdeutschland. Dabei wird der Zusammenhang von Variation in ökonomischen Disparitäten zwischen der Ursprungs- und der Zielregion und Bildungsniveau, Alter und Arbeitsmarktstatus der wandernden Bevölkerung untersucht. Mit Hilfe der SOEP Daten von 1993 bis 2011 gelangt die Untersuchung zu dem Ergebnis, dass regionale Disparitäten in Verbindung mit der Selbstselektion der Wandernden stehen. Während die Wandernden im Durchschnitt jünger und besser ausgebildet als die Bleibenden sind, verringert sich dieser Unterschied, wenn die Differentiale in den Arbeitslosenquoten zwischen den Regionen steigen. Im zweiten Aufsatz entwickle ich ein Modell zur Untersuchung von prosozialem Verhalten in Begegnungen mit Fremden. Durch das Abstrahieren von Möglichkeiten der Reputationsbildung oder des Bestraftwerdens, entfallen die wesentlichen strategischen Motive für prosoziales Verhalten. Die Entscheidung prosozial zu Handeln ist dann nicht mehr strategisch vorteilhaft sondern intrinsisch motiviert durch Altruismus und einer Neigung sich an das Verhalten anderer anzupassen. In einem zweiten Schritt untersuche ich, ob die Erkenntnisse des Modells mit dem empirisch beobachteten Verhalten übereinstimmen. Der dritte Aufsatz skizziert eine (mögliche) Verhaltensstruktur und notwendige Bedingungen auf Mikroebene, die zu den beobachteten Verhaltensunterschieden in prosozialem Verhalten zwischen dem ländlichen und städtischen Raum führen. Den Rahmen des hier entwickelten Modells bildet das bekannte Gefangenen Dilemma, das wiederholt mit zufällig zugeordneten Partnern einer großen Gesellschaft gespielt wird. Das Modell bezieht Merkmale ein, die sich häufig in realen Begegnungen wiederfinden: imperfekte Information, freiwillige Teilnahme und eine Neigung sich dem Verhalten anderer anzupassen. / This thesis consists of three essays that analyze choices and beliefs to explore how both lead to adaptive behavior. The first essay examines the positive net migration flow from the eastern to western parts of Germany. The migration decision is substantially based on expectations about future developments. With economic conditions changing substantially over the past 20 years in the eastern part of Germany, the incentives to migrate have also altered, so changing the composition of the east-to-west migrant body. This essay explores variations in economic disparities between the region of origin and region of destination, relating them to changes in the skill level, age and labor force status of the migrant population. Analyzing SOEP data from 1993-2011, the findings suggest that, with falling wage differentials, older migrants are less frequent job-to-job movers and are more likely to be non-working prior to migration. Furthermore, while migrants tend to be younger and better educated than stayers, the group of movers becomes partly less distinct from the group of stayers with respect to the skill and age composition when regional disparities in employment opportunities increase. The second and the third essay of this thesis model the decision making process in social interactions between strangers. In these situations, choices are often affected by beliefs about others behavior. In the second essay of this work, I develop a simple model of prosocial behavior for encounters between strangers. By abstracting from the possibility of reputation building and punishment between anonymous partners, I remove the main strategic motives for prosocial behavior so reducing it to a simple non-strategic decision. The principal motivation to behave prosocially is then intrinsic, based on altruism, with a taste for conforming to the behavior of others. In this way, individual decisions are conditional on the behavior of others. Emerging equilibria will then explain the occurrence of prosocial or cooperative behavior within a given society. In a second step, I analyze whether the model’s predictions are consistent with the empirical evidence on the link between beliefs and prosocial behavior using data on blood donations. The third essay outline a (possible) micro-structure and conditions which lead to the observed urban-rural differences in cooperative behavior using agent-based modeling. The model presented here adapts the familiar framework of a prisoners dilemma which is played repeatedly with randomly matched members of a large population. I introduce features that are often found in real world interactions: imperfect information, voluntary participation and a taste for conforming to majority behavior. In this analysis, peoples beliefs about the level of cooperation in the population and their resulting behavior are determined endogenously. Both are governed principally by the experience that they derive from interactions. I present results of an agentbased simulation in order to study the emerging dynamic relationships, to examine how cooperative behavior evolves over time under different circumstances, and to determine how urban-rural differences in behavior emerge. The factors that give rise to rural-urban differences are heterogeneity in individual loss aversion or risk taking, and limited migration possibilities between rural and urban areas.