Recent studies have found that large numbers of consumers innovate. In our study, we provide a re-estimation of the figures provided in the extant literature. We do so by conducting a study in which we apply two different methods of data collection: (1) telephone interviews, the method considered most valid in previous research, and (2) personal interviews, which involve much higher effort but induce better individual recollection. Using telephone interviews, we measured a user-innovator frequency of 10.8% in our sample. In stark contrast, personal follow-up interviews resulted in a frequency of 39.7%, indicating a considerable underestimation in extant research. We then used the correction factor generated to re-estimate findings on user innovation frequency in Finland, Japan, Korea, Sweden, the UK, and the USA. It appears that user innovation is indeed a mass phenomenon that should not be overlooked by policymakers or firms. (authors' abstract)

A produção de mudas via propagação vegetativa é fundamental para se obter os ganhos desejados nos programas de melhoramento genético, bem como garantir o sucesso da implantação florestal. No entanto, existem muitos fatores que impedem a sua utilização de forma abrangente na produção de mudas para algumas espécies florestais, principalmente em relação à baixa taxa de enraizamento. Para atender a essa necessidade, pesquisas com o uso de substâncias que promovam maior taxa de enraizamento de miniestacas e crescimento de mudas vem sendo desenvolvidas, como o uso de reguladores de crescimento e de bioestimulantes à base de substâncias húmicas. Dessa forma o objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar o efeito de adubos foliares e condicionadores de solo na produção de mudas clonais de híbridos de Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis vs. elliottii var. elliottii e de Pinus tecunumanii vs. caribaea var. hondurensis. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos em viveiro florestal na cidade de Paranapanema-SP, com delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 4x2, com duração de seis meses. Foram utilizados dois condicionadores de solo, sendo o C1 à base de pescados marinhos e o C2 à base de ácidos húmicos e quatro adubos foliares, sendo AF1 à base de quitosana, AF2 à base de pescados marinhos, AF3 à base de ácido húmico e AF4 extrato da alga Ascoplhyllum nodosum, além da mistura dos adubos M1AF (AF2+AF3+AF4) e o M2AF (AF1+AF3+AF4). Foram instalados dois experimentos: 1) híbrido de P. caribaea var. hondurensis vs. elliottii var. elliottii, testando a combinação dos dois condicionadores de solo e os adubos AF2, AF3, AF4 e M1AF e 2) híbrido de P. tecunumanii vs. carearia var. hondurensis em que a única alteração nos tratamentos foi o AF2 por AF1 e o M1AF por M2AF. As mudas foram avaliadas nas três fases da seguinte forma: 1) casa de vegetação: taxa de enraizamento; 2) casa de sombra: altura, massa seca e verde da parte aérea e radicial e a relação entre elas; e 3) rustificação: avaliadas as mesmas variáveis da casa de sombra, além do estado nutricional das acículas. Para o experimento 1, a taxa de enraizamento com C2 + AF3 foi 46,67% maior quando comparada à testemunha, comprovando o efeito positivo das substâncias húmicas no enraizamento. Já na fase de rustificação, a interação C1 + AF3 promoveu maior crescimento das mudas. Para o experimento 2, não houve diferença nas taxas de enraizamento na casa de vegetação, devido a característica de rápido crescimento do P. tecunumanii. E, na fase de rustificação, o adubo foliar AF4 promoveu maior crescimento somente em altura. Na casa de sombra, os tratamentos testados não promoveram crescimento significativo para ambos os híbridos. Os teores nutricionais analisados nas acículas estão dentro dos níveis adequados para ambos os experimentos. Somente o Mn apresentou baixo teor, mas sem sintomas de deficiência no experimento 2. Os híbridos obtiveram respostas diferentes quando submetidos a tratamentos semelhantes e a determinação do tratamento adequado vai depender do gargalo na produção de mudas, podendo este ser o enraizamento ou o crescimento. / The production of cuttings by vegetative propagation is essential to obtain the desired accomplishment in genetic improvement programs and ensure the success of forest establishment. However there are many factors that prevent their use in a comprehensive manner considering the production of cuttings for some forest species especially in low rooting rate. In order to meet this need research on the use of substances that promote greater rooting rates of minicuttings and growth of cuttings have been developed with the use of growth regulators and biostimulants based on humic substances. Thus the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of foliar fertilizers and soil conditioners in the production of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis vs. elliottii var. elliottii and Pinus tecunumanii vs. caribaea var. hondurensis hybrids cuttings. The experiment was conducted in the city of Paranapanema-SP using cutting nursery with delineation of randomized blocks in a factorial arrangement 4x2, lasting six months. It used two soil conditioners, the C1 based on marine fish and C2 based on humic acids and 4 foliar fertilizers, the AF1 chitosan base, AF2 based on marine fish, AF3 based on humic acid and AF4 by Ascoplhyllum nodosum seaweed extract, besides the mixture of fertilizers M1AF (AF2;AF3;AF4) and M2AF (AF1;AF3;AF4). Two experiments were implemented: 1) hybrid of P. caribaea var. hondurensis vs. elliottii var. elliottii, testing the combination of two soil conditioners as well as fertilizers AF2, AF3, AF4 and M1AF and 2) hybrid of P. tecunumanii vs. caribaea var. hondurensis in which the only change in treatment was the AF2 by AF1 and M1AF by M2AF. Cuttings were evaluated in three phases as follows: 1) greenhouse: rooting rate; 2) shade house: higher, aerial drywet mass and radicial part as well as the relationship between them; 3) hardening: the shade house had the same variables evaluated, in addition with the nutritional status of needles. For the experiment 1, the rooting rate with C2 + AF3 were 46.67% higher compared with the control, this stated the positive effect of humic substances on rooting. Considering the hardening phase C1 + AF3 interaction promoted greater seedling growth. For the experiment 2 there was no difference in rooting rates at greenhouse, because the characteristic of fast growth of P. tecunumanii. In hardening phase, the foliar fertilizer AF4 promoted greater growth only in height. In the shade house treatments did not promote significant growth for both hybrids. Nutritional contents analyzed the needles leaves are within appropriate levels for both experiments. Mn showed only low level, but without deficiency symptoms in the experiment 2. Different answers were obtained on hybrids when subjected to similar treatment and to determine the appropriate treatment will depend on the obstaclecuttings production, which may either rooting or growth.

Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia de Serviços e Gestão. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2013

The novels of Iris Murdoch, Doris Lessing and V.S. Naipaul are studied in the light of statements they have made in essays and interviews regarding the ethical implications of writing fiction. The purpose of this research is to examine the nature of the problems they have identified in the creative process of writing and the strategies each has used to address the ethical problems they perceive, and to assess the relative success of their chosen methods. It can be seen that, although for each of them the quest for truth is their highest concern, they have each developed very different ways of dealing with the problems they believe are connected with writing truthfully, and in addition, they have defined the particulars of these problems in different ways. It is concluded that the more carefully examined and individually defined these problems are, the greater the internal consistency and credibility which is achieved by the strategies they have developed to address the problems, and the more their work has developed in the course of their careers.

<p>Methodology The foundation to my essay has been created using both primary and secondary data. Inquiries have been handed out to Handelsbanken. This data is completed with appropriate theories and ends in an analysis and finally a result and suggestion to continuing studies.</p><p>Conclusions My conclusion is that the employees and the management has the same opinion on the bonussystem Oktogon. Both parts sees the system as a motivation factor in the organization. But still not enough effect on the employees to call it an effective strategy.</p>

Methodology The foundation to my essay has been created using both primary and secondary data. Inquiries have been handed out to Handelsbanken. This data is completed with appropriate theories and ends in an analysis and finally a result and suggestion to continuing studies. Conclusions My conclusion is that the employees and the management has the same opinion on the bonussystem Oktogon. Both parts sees the system as a motivation factor in the organization. But still not enough effect on the employees to call it an effective strategy.

Although differences between selective pressures in hatcheries and streams have been theorized to cause genetic divergence between hatchery and wild salmonids, evidence of this is lacking. This study was initiated to document the presence or absence of genetic change in hatchery and wild stocks by characterizing genetic traits in fish of various life history stages within a single generation. Nine biochemical traits (enzyme loci) and 12 meristic traits were characterized for adult fall chinook and one or more juvenile stages of their progeny of the 1984 brood year. Study groups consisted of hatchery-reared and naturally-reared subunits of populations in two tributaries of the lower Columbia River: Abernathy Creek and the Lewis River. Parents of both groups from Abernathy Creek were primarily of hatchery origin, whereas parents of both groups from the Lewis River were primarily of wild origin. The experimental design thus included reciprocal comparisons of hatchery and wild-reared groups from each of two stocks: one that has been propagated under hatchery conditions for at least five generations and one that has evolved in a stream environment. Both biochemical and meristic traits varied among adult and juvenile stages within hatchery and wild groups. Changes in some of these traits appear to have been caused by natural selection. This was true even for Abernathy hatchery and Lewis wild groups, which have been in the same environment for many generations. The direction and/or degree of change in some biochemical and meristic traits differed between hatchery and wild groups from a given stream, suggesting that selective pressures of the hatchery and wild environments differed in those cases. However, it could not be determined from these data whether the observed divergence of traits reflects general differences in hatchery and stream environments, or if it reflects population-specific responses to site-specific environmental conditions. The extent to which patterns of genetic change within a single generation might vary among year classes or generations is likewise unknown. Evidence of temporal changes in biochemical and meristic traits of hatchery and wild fish within a single generation has important implications regarding the use of those traits to characterize stocks. Assumptions of temporal stability of biochemical or meristic traits within or between year classes should be applied with caution. Sampling strategies of studies involving these characters should account for the possibility of temporal heterogeneity. Finally, these results suggest that workers using allozymes as genetic tags should test the assumption of selective neutrality of the particular allozyme markers being used. / Graduation date: 1991

Newly emerged steelhead fry (Oncorhynchus mvkiss) of hatchery and wild origins were studied in laboratory stream channels and natural streams. Objectives of the study were to determine if and how earlier emerging hatchery fry influence the emigration, realized densities, growth, habitat use, social structure, and activity patterns of localized populations of wild steelhead fry when the hatchery fry have a competitive advantage conferred by larger size and prior residence. During 1986 and 1987, the above variables were observed daily among hatchery and wild steelhead fry in laboratory stream channels for 8 weeks following emergence in June. The habitat use and social activities for fry of both origins were observed weekly in natural stream reaches from June through August in 1987 to corroborate lab findings. In lab channels, both hatchery and wild fry received 2 treatments: living alone (allopatry) and living together (sympatry). In the lab, fry of hatchery origin emerged 7 to 10 d prior to wild fry and remained larger in size during the 8 weeks of study both years. In natural stream reaches, fry of each origin were observed only in allopatric situations. Wild fry in the field emerged from natural redds while hatchery fry were released in stream reaches as unfed, newly emerged (swim-up) fry. Hatchery and wild fry in lab sections were found to be very similar in their emigration rates, distances to nearest neighbor, growth rates, and use of habitat. Both fry types, regardless of treatment or environment (lab or field), established similar stable social structure and used the same types of aggressive acts. Among all lab groups, once a fry became dominant, it retained that social status to the end of the study period. Significant differences (P<.05 both years) among comparison tests were: 1) in allopatric lab sections, wild fry maintained larger densities than hatchery fry, 2) in sympatry, hatchery fry had a greater tendency to establish stable focal points and social hierarchies more readily, defend larger areas, have better condition, prefer pools with overhead cover more frequently, be more aggressive, and reach stable densities more quickly than the wild fry, 3) fewer hatchery fry in sympatry maintained nomadic positions than wild fry in both treatments, 4) in sympatry, hatchery fry directed more acts of overt aggression toward wild fry than other hatchery fry, 5) wild fry in sympatry usually used defensive or less offensive acts of aggression when interacting with other fry, 6) fry of both origins in natural stream reaches maintained greater distances to their nearest neighbor than fry in allopatric lab sections, 7) dominant hatchery fry in both treatments maintained larger focal areas than subdominant fry, 8) hatchery fry maintained longer lengths than wild fry through the duration of the study, and 9) hatchery fry were more aggressive in sympatry than in allopatry. Potential differences (P<.05 in one year and P<.1 in the other year) were: 1) wild fry in sympatry had lower realized densities, maintained smaller focal areas, had greater proportions of nomadic individuals, and established stable social hierarchies slower than wild fry in allopatric lab sections, 2) wild fry in sympatry had poorer condition than all other fry groups in lab sections, 3) in sympatry, wild fry were the recipients of the majority of aggressive acts perpetrated by hatchery fry and other wild fry and usually assumed the subordinate positions within the social hierarchy, 4) all fry in the lab showed a high preference for pools with overhead cover and low preference for gravel and fines and run areas, and 5) wild fry in allopatric lab sections were more socially active than hatchery fry while the reverse was observed in the natural streams. Any influences that could be attributed to inherent differences between stock origins were probably masked by size differences between fry types. The study would have been more complete had I included sympatric lab sections where wild fry emerged first and where fry types emerged simultaneously, and sympatric reaches in natural streams. Results were further confounded by the limited number of wild adults used for broodstock in the lab segment of this study. Progeny produced from so few adults (5 adults of each sex each year) would have very limited genotypic variation compared to what occurs in natural streams. This may partially explain why some findings from lab sections and natural stream reaches differed. Likewise, genotypic expression among wild fry in lab sections may have varied greatly between years. This could explain differences found between years in behavior of wild fry in similar lab treatments. Although this study does not simulate all possible scenarios, results support suspicions that introductions of hatchery fry of larger size and earlier emergence into streams containing wild stocks could disrupt the social structure and negatively influence the realized densities, spatial distribution, growth, and behavior of wild juveniles in recipient streams. / Graduation date: 1991

The aim of this study is to investigate whether upper-secondary school students, studying English as a foreign language (EFL) in Sweden, prefer to learn from Native English speaking teachers (NEST) as opposed to Non-native English speaking teachers (NNEST). Furthermore, the present study seeks to identify, from the EFL learners’ perspective, why certain characteristics of both NNEST and NEST are felt to be more prestigious than others which in turn might affect the students’potential to acquire a desired identity.

No description available.