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Este estudo apresenta: (1) uma revisão atualizada sobre o desenvolvimento oocitário em teleósteos, as vias de involução no processo de regressão ovariana e a espécie modelo Astyanax altiparanae; (2) a descrição da morfologia ovariana e das células garminativas de A. altiparanae e a caracterização do seu ciclo reprodutivo; (3) a caracterização dos processos de involução de atresia folicular e complexos pós-ovulatórios de A. altiparanae e a localização de proteínas envolvidas nas vias de apoptose e autofagia ao longo desses processos. Foram apresentados neste estudo novos detalhes da oogênese para espécies de Astyanax, sendo que esses novos dados parecem ter aplicação na piscicultura. Além disso, A. altiparanae apresenta um período de desova longo, com pico reprodutivo de outubro a fevereiro, e desenvolvimento oocitário assíncrono. Por fim, parece haver uma interrelação entre as vias de autofagia e apoptose nos processos de involução ovarianos e as vias regulatórias desses processos parecem ser conservadas entre espécies de teleósteos com fertilização externa. / This study presents: (1) an updated review on oocyte development in teleosts, the involution pathways during the process of ovarian regression, and the model species Astyanax altiparanae; (2) the description of the ovarian and germ cell morphology of A. altiparanae and the characterization of its reproductive cycle; (3) the characterization of the involution processes of follicular atresia and post-ovulatory complexes of A. altiparanae and the localization of proteins involved in the apoptosis and autophagy pathways throughout these processes. New details of the oogenesis for Astyanax species were presented in this study, and these new data seem to be applied in fish culture. In addition, A. altiparanae presents a long spawning period, with reproductive peak from October to February, and asynchronous oocyte development. Finally, there seems to be a crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis pathways in ovarian involution processes and the regulatory pathways of these processes seem to be conserved among species of teleosts with external fertilization.

Na presente pesquisa analisamos as construções que envolvem as estruturas de IL sob a perspectiva da Teoria Gerativa em sua versão de Princípios e Parâmetros (Chomsky 1981, 1986). É considerado um fenômeno de inacusatividade e um fenômeno discursivo em línguas como o inglês e o espanhol. Sua estrutura padrão é a ordem PP V DP, em que o PP é um locativo (LOC) e o DP é um argumento tema em posição pós-verbal. Partimos de uma análise léxico-funcional de Bresnan (1994) que postula a Hipótese do Foco Apresentacional para explicar a função discursiva da construção. Em seguida, apresentamos a análise discursiva de Levin & Rappaport Hovav (1995) que propõem a Hipótese do Verbo Informacionalmente Leve. A terceira análise traz uma visão minimalista recente sobre a construção através da descrição de fenômenos que se inter-relacionam - a IL, a topicalização de PPs e o EPP. Para a análise da IL é fundamental investigar onde se coloca o PB atualmente dentro do parâmetro do sujeito nulo, como se dá a atribuição de Caso nominativo ao sujeito e em que contextos ocorre a inversão nessa língua. Assim, fazemos uma breve revisão da literatura do PB, partindo da Hipótese do Caso Partitivo, passando pela a Hipótese de Mono-Argumentalidade, até chegar nas sentenças com SUJs invertidos tanto com verbos mono-argumentais quanto com VTs. Referenciamos um dos primeiros trabalhos sobre a IL, em que Barbosa (1989) nos oferece algumas intuições iniciais para uma análise do fenômeno. Já Pilati (2002) descreve as construções de IL como um dos tipos de sentenças apresentativas e Quarezemin (2006) propõe que estas construções são motivadas por tal função discursiva pelo fato de seus SUJs serem interpretados como o FOC das sentenças. Em seguida, apresentamos uma proposta de análise para a IL, mostrando que há dois tipos de ILs - a IL propriamente dita e a IL discursiva. O último capítulo apresenta as considerações finais desta pesquisa, apontando algumas semelhanças entre a construção da IL e as construções de topicalização sem preposição. Mais do que propor uma análise para a IL no PB, nosso objetivo é mostrar a importância de tal fenômeno num âmbito maior dos estudos da gramática do PB, considerando que a IL pode ser uma pista que caracterizaria o PB como uma língua de traço EPP. / In this dissertation we analyse constructions that involve inversion locative (IL) structures under the Government and Binding framework of the Generative Theory (Chomsky 1981, 1986). IL is considered an unaccusativity and discourse-like phenomenon in languages like English and Spanish. Its pattern structure is the order PP V DP, in which the PP is a locative and the DP is theme argument placed in postverbal position. We departure from a lexical functional analysis from Bresnan (1994) that postulates the Presentational Focus Hypothesis in order to explain the discourse-like function of the construction. In the sequence we present a dicourse-like analysis from Levin & Rappaport Hovav (1995) that proposes the Informationally Light Verb Hypothesis. A third analysis brings a recent minimalist view of the construction through the description of some phenomena that are interrelated - the IL, the topicalization of PPs and the EPP. In order to analyse the IL in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) it is primordial to investigate where BP can be placed within the pro-drop parameter, how nominative Case can be assigned to the subject and in which contexts the inversion occurs in this language. Hence, we do a brief review of the BP literature, departuring from the partitive Case, going to the Intransitive Hypothesis up to sentences with inverted subjects with both intransitive and transitive verbs. We mention one of the first papers about IL in Portuguese, in which Barbosa (1989) offers us some intuitions for an analysis to this phenomenon. Pilati (2002) describes the IL constructions as presentational sentences and Quarezemin (2006) proposes that these constructions are motivated by a dicourse-like function since its subjects must be interpretated as the focus of the sentences. After that we present an analysis to the IL in BP, showing that there are two different kinds of IL - the IL itself and the discourse-like IL. The last chapter presents the conclusions of this research, pointing some similarities between the IL constructions and the topicalization of PPs. More than proposing an analysis to the IL in BP our goal is to show the importance of such phenomenon in a more general view of the BP grammatical studies, considering that IL can be a clue that would characterize BP as an EPP language.

Målet med den här studien är att undersöka hur barn under 15 år påverkades av Cryptosporidiumutbrottet i slutet av år 2010 i Östersunds kommun. Datamaterialet utgörs av svar på en enkätundersökning från 514 barn rörande deras hälsa relaterad till utbrottet. Dessa enkäter togs fram av svenska Smittskyddsinstitutet kort efter utbrottet och det är i uppdrag av denna myndighet som studien utförs. Analys av riskfaktorer och följdsymptom utförs med logistiska regressionsmodeller utifrån både ett Bayesianskt och ett frekventistiskt tillvägagångssätt för att på så sätt betrakta datamaterialet från fler synvinklar och samtidigt identifiera skillnader mellan dessa två tillvägagångssätten. En annan del av arbetet presenterar bortfallskalibrerade skattningar av antalet Cryptosporidiumfall både totalt och månadsvis men också skattningar av fallprevalensen i olika redovisningsgrupper. Slutligen analyseras sambanden mellan följdsymptomen med logistisk regression. Dessutom utförs variabelklustring av följdsymptom med metoden fuzzy clustering för att se hur dessa kan grupperas. Resultaten visar att Glas vatten, Inom VA. område, Tidigare lös avföring och Kön identifieras som riskfaktorer medan de bäst förklarande följdsymptomen är Vattnig diarré, Buk- eller magsmärtor, Feber och Trött/utmattad. / The purpose of this study is to analyze how children under the age of 15 years were affected by the 2010 Östersund Cryptosporidium outbreak. The data consists of responses to a questionnaire from 514 children concerning their health related to the outbreak. The questionnaire was developed by the Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control shortly after the outbreak. The analysis of risk factors and the analysis of symptoms associated with infection were performed using logistic regression models based on both a Bayesian and a frequentist approach. Using the two different approaches we thus consider the dataset from different angels and at the same time try to identify the differences between these two approaches. Another part of the paper presents estimates calibrated for nonresponse of the number of Cryptosporidium infections both totally and on a monthly basis. Additionally estimates of the prevalence of cases in various domain groups are presented. Finally, associations between the symptoms are investigated using logistic regression. With the same goal we performed variable clustering of the symptoms using the fuzzy clustering approach. The results shows that higher water intake, getting water thru the municipal water distribution system, Former loose stools and Gender could be identified as risk factors while the best-explanatory symptoms were watery diarrhea, abdominal or stomach pain, fever and tiredness/exhaustion.

Aim of the study. To estimate the requirement for public health (PH) specialists and to evaluate their withdrawal during the studies. Objectives. 1. To evaluate the changes in number and distribution of PH specialists in Lithuania in 1993-2002. 2. To evaluate the withdrawal of students of Faculty of PH of KUM during pre-diploma studies. 3. To evaluate the withdrawal of students of Faculty of PH of KUM during post-diploma studies. 4. To estimate the requirement for PH specialists until 2015. Methods. While estimating the number and distribution of PH specialists in Lithuania the data of LHIC were analyzed. While estimating the withdrawal of PH students during pre-diploma and post-diploma studies, cohort analysis of the matriculates of Faculty of PH of KUM was carried out. The requirement for PH specialists was evaluated by carrying out the Delphi survey. Results. In 1993-2002 the number of PH specialists per 10 thousand population decreased in Lithuania: mostly the number of PH specialists with non-university medical education. In 1994-2000 84.9 percent of 272 matriculates graduated from Faculty of PH of KUM. 2.5 percent of students graduated earlier than after 4 years, because they had moved from Faculty of Medicine to the third or the fourth course of PH studies. The number of students who left for other faculties was 2.9 percent. It was impossible to find out the outcome of studies of 1.5 percent of students. Totally, 10.7 percent of students have not graduated from the... [to full text]

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

The present study investigated whether the teaching of L2 vocabulary with still cartoon pictures and animated cartoon pictures would result in a significant difference in second language learners' receptive and productive knowledge of the target words. Also, the effect of test type (receptive vs. productive) on participants' retention of the target words was examined. Finally, the study tried to find out whether the semantic category of vocabulary words influences the rate of successful vocabulary retention across picture types. For the purpose, a group of 17 ESL students from a Midwestern University participated in both treatments with still and animated pictures, followed by vocabulary tests. The results showed that over 80% of the target words were successfully retrieved on the receptive knowledge tests vs. only about 40% successful retrieval on the productive knowledge tests. Yet, the results did not reveal significant differences in vocabulary gain due to picture type as both treatments showed similar success rate of retention of the target words, especially in view of receptive knowledge. Also, neither of the two types of pictures was effective in facilitating productive knowledge of the target words. In addition, the study found that some semantic categories of vocabulary words may be easier to recall than others.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:43:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2168023 bytes, checksum: c69df444d4884a55466a0901da08081d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis is inserted in the studies on the history of Brazilian Portuguese. It aims at demonstrating that the phenomenon according to which the order Verb-Subject (VS) in Portuguese is the result of discursive strategies, besides some formal factors. To carry out such investigation, I selected six factors that could analyze the VS clause in two complementary levels: the linguistic and the discursive. These factors comprised the type of verb, the realization of the Noun Phrase (NP) functionally as a subject, the informational status of the NP and the transitivity of clauses associated with the discursive level. The occurrences analyzed come from samples picked from manuscripts and papers which were organized by some criteria associated with the discursive tradition, selected by the regional team belonging to the project For the History of the Brazilian Portuguese (PHPB). Within the linguistic level, the results show that, along of two diachronies, the order VS is basically defined due to the verb-predicator and to the representation of the NP functioning as a subject. Within the discursive level, the results show the VS clauses are associated with the strategies comprised by the text continuity and discontinuity. The integration of linguistic-discursive factors made possible the characterization of four types of postponed subject: presentative VS, non-presentative VS, VS of comment and VS of reported discourse. Those constructions, depending on their scale of transitivity, may become central or peripheral portions of the text organization and, pragmatically, they accomplish the following functions: to introduce a new piece of information, to take part in the informational flow of the text and to present comments and reported discourses. / Esta tese insere-se nos recentes estudos sobre a história do Português Brasileiro e tem por objetivo demonstrar que o fenômeno da ordenação verbo-sujeito no português é resultado, além da atuação de fatores formais, de estratégias textual-discursivas. Para esta investigação, selecionei seis fatores que permitissem analisar a cláusula VS em dois níveis complementares: o linguístico e o textual-discursivo. Esses fatores foram o tipo de verbo, a realização do sintagma nominal na função de sujeito, o status informacional do SN e a transitividade das cláusulas associadas ao plano de figura e fundo. As ocorrências analisadas são de amostras recolhidas de manuscritos e impressos pernambucanos, os quais foram organizados por critérios associados à tradição discursiva, selecionados junto com a equipe regional do projeto Para História do Português Brasileiro (PHPB). No nível linguístico, resultados mostram que, ao longo de três diacronias, a ordem verbo-sujeito é definida basicamente em função do verbo-predicador e da representação do SN na função de sujeito. No nível discursivo, apontam que as cláusulas VS estão associadas às estratégias de continuidade e descontinuidade textual. A integração dos fatores linguístico-discursivos permitiu a caracterização de quatro tipos de cláusulas com sujeito posposto: VS apresentativa, VS não-apresentativa, VS de comentário e VS de discurso reportado. Essas construções, dependendo de sua escala de transitividade, podem configurar-se em porções centrais ou periféricas da organização dos textos e, pragmaticamente, cumprem a função de introduzir uma informação nova, de participar do fluxo informacional do texto e de apresentar comentários e discursos reportados.

Na presente pesquisa analisamos as construções que envolvem as estruturas de IL sob a perspectiva da Teoria Gerativa em sua versão de Princípios e Parâmetros (Chomsky 1981, 1986). É considerado um fenômeno de inacusatividade e um fenômeno discursivo em línguas como o inglês e o espanhol. Sua estrutura padrão é a ordem PP V DP, em que o PP é um locativo (LOC) e o DP é um argumento tema em posição pós-verbal. Partimos de uma análise léxico-funcional de Bresnan (1994) que postula a Hipótese do Foco Apresentacional para explicar a função discursiva da construção. Em seguida, apresentamos a análise discursiva de Levin & Rappaport Hovav (1995) que propõem a Hipótese do Verbo Informacionalmente Leve. A terceira análise traz uma visão minimalista recente sobre a construção através da descrição de fenômenos que se inter-relacionam - a IL, a topicalização de PPs e o EPP. Para a análise da IL é fundamental investigar onde se coloca o PB atualmente dentro do parâmetro do sujeito nulo, como se dá a atribuição de Caso nominativo ao sujeito e em que contextos ocorre a inversão nessa língua. Assim, fazemos uma breve revisão da literatura do PB, partindo da Hipótese do Caso Partitivo, passando pela a Hipótese de Mono-Argumentalidade, até chegar nas sentenças com SUJs invertidos tanto com verbos mono-argumentais quanto com VTs. Referenciamos um dos primeiros trabalhos sobre a IL, em que Barbosa (1989) nos oferece algumas intuições iniciais para uma análise do fenômeno. Já Pilati (2002) descreve as construções de IL como um dos tipos de sentenças apresentativas e Quarezemin (2006) propõe que estas construções são motivadas por tal função discursiva pelo fato de seus SUJs serem interpretados como o FOC das sentenças. Em seguida, apresentamos uma proposta de análise para a IL, mostrando que há dois tipos de ILs - a IL propriamente dita e a IL discursiva. O último capítulo apresenta as considerações finais desta pesquisa, apontando algumas semelhanças entre a construção da IL e as construções de topicalização sem preposição. Mais do que propor uma análise para a IL no PB, nosso objetivo é mostrar a importância de tal fenômeno num âmbito maior dos estudos da gramática do PB, considerando que a IL pode ser uma pista que caracterizaria o PB como uma língua de traço EPP. / In this dissertation we analyse constructions that involve inversion locative (IL) structures under the Government and Binding framework of the Generative Theory (Chomsky 1981, 1986). IL is considered an unaccusativity and discourse-like phenomenon in languages like English and Spanish. Its pattern structure is the order PP V DP, in which the PP is a locative and the DP is theme argument placed in postverbal position. We departure from a lexical functional analysis from Bresnan (1994) that postulates the Presentational Focus Hypothesis in order to explain the discourse-like function of the construction. In the sequence we present a dicourse-like analysis from Levin & Rappaport Hovav (1995) that proposes the Informationally Light Verb Hypothesis. A third analysis brings a recent minimalist view of the construction through the description of some phenomena that are interrelated - the IL, the topicalization of PPs and the EPP. In order to analyse the IL in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) it is primordial to investigate where BP can be placed within the pro-drop parameter, how nominative Case can be assigned to the subject and in which contexts the inversion occurs in this language. Hence, we do a brief review of the BP literature, departuring from the partitive Case, going to the Intransitive Hypothesis up to sentences with inverted subjects with both intransitive and transitive verbs. We mention one of the first papers about IL in Portuguese, in which Barbosa (1989) offers us some intuitions for an analysis to this phenomenon. Pilati (2002) describes the IL constructions as presentational sentences and Quarezemin (2006) proposes that these constructions are motivated by a dicourse-like function since its subjects must be interpretated as the focus of the sentences. After that we present an analysis to the IL in BP, showing that there are two different kinds of IL - the IL itself and the discourse-like IL. The last chapter presents the conclusions of this research, pointing some similarities between the IL constructions and the topicalization of PPs. More than proposing an analysis to the IL in BP our goal is to show the importance of such phenomenon in a more general view of the BP grammatical studies, considering that IL can be a clue that would characterize BP as an EPP language.

Bien qu’évoluant dans un cadre national dépourvu d’institutions étatiques, le Hamas exerce bel et bien une politique étrangère qui s’explique bien plus par les intérêts que par l’idéologie. L’analyse des processus de décision internes au mouvement le confirme. Agissant comme des filtrent des intérêts et des propositions idéologiques, ces processus, plus ou moins inclusifs en fonction du contexte et de la nature des décisions, illustrent l’importance des intérêts et la marginalité du rôle de l’idéologie. Seule la trêve conclue en juin 2008 avec Israël a donné lieu à des divergences idéologiques et à conduit au départ de certains membres de la branche armée du mouvement qui ont alors choisi de rejoindre des groupes salafistes. Au-delà de ces divergences, les intérêts des différents acteurs au sein du Hamas convergent au moins parce qu’ils cherchent tous à garantir la prépondérance politique de leur mouvement. La politique étrangère leur permet de réaliser un certain nombre d’intérêts à la fois extérieurs et intérieurs: obtenir la reconnaissance diplomatique et symbolique, rechercher des ressources matérielles, assurer leur domination sur la bande de Gaza et enfin concurrencer leurs adversaires nationalistes et islamistes. Les propositions idéologiques sont constamment adaptées pour accompagner la défense de ces différents intérêts. / The present thesis argues that the Palestinian movement Hamas pursues its own foreign policy even though it may be considered a non state actor, or a semi-state actor at best. The key independent variables determining this foreign policy are internal decision-making processes and various types of interests that in the vast majority of cases prevail upon ideological considerations. Decision making processes vary from period to period and sometimes from case to case. Sometimes their output reflects a compromise of competing interests, even though these compromises are always biased in favour of the stronger groups or factions within the movement. Only the 2008 truce with Israel gave rise to substantial ideological debates which left their trace in the run-up to this event and subsequent cleavages and defections, in particular to the al-Qassam brigades. In spite of various diverging interests, the leaders and members of Hamas share a basic objective which is to guarantee the political supremacy of their movement in Palestine. Its foreign policy enables Hamas to pursue a number of interests both external and internal: to obtain diplomatic and symbolic recognition, mobilize material and symbolical ressources, secure its domination over the Gaza strip, and compete with its nationalist and islamist opponents. Ideological propositions are constantly adapted to these different interests.