[pt] A desigualdade salarial de gênero tem sido amplamente estudada e há muitas explicações. Há evidências crescentes de que as empresas desempenham um papel importante na explicação dessa desigualdade. Neste artigo, utilizo um ambiente único onde firmas sofrem choques de demanda exógenos, a fim de identificar se há evidência de rent-sharing pelas empresas e se o efeito difere entre trabalhadores homens e mulheres. Controlando pela qualidade dos trabalhadores, encontro que um aumento no valor do choque de demanda não leva a aumentos salariais. Os choques de demanda não afetam os salários de homens nem de mulheres e portanto, tampouco afeta a desigualdade salarial de gênero. Além disso, uso um novo conjunto de dados que contém informações sobre o gênero do dono da empresa e examino se as empresas lideradas por mulheres e por homens se comportam de maneira diferente em relação a seus empregados. Não encontro nenhuma evidência de que firmas lideradas por homens ou mulheres diferem com relação a rent-sharing. / [en] Gender wage inequality has been widely studied and many explanations have been advanced in the literature. There is growing evidence that firms play an important role in explaining this inequality. In this paper, I make use of a unique setting with exogenous demand shocks to firms to identify if there is evidence of rent-sharing by firms and whether it differs between male and female workers. Controlling for worker quality, I find that increases in the value of the demand shock per worker do not lead to increases in wages. Demand shocks do not have effects on neither male nor female wages. Furthermore, I use a new dataset containing information on gender of firm s owner and I examine if female and male-led firms behave differently towards their employees. I find no evidence of differential rent-sharing through the structure of the firms ownership.

本文內容包含三個主題相近的議題，首先我們探討在貿易互動的情況下，國際能源價格衝擊所帶來的跨國衝擊效果，接著根據多個年度的資料，延用第一個議題的模型分析跨國衝掔效果的演變，以及這樣的演變與貿易趨勢之間的關係，最後則探討委外代工的貿易活動對經濟體系勞動市場的影響，企圖尋找台灣近年工資不均度逐漸下降的原因。 由第一個議題的分析結果可以發現，若要有效降低原物料價格上漲所帶來的衝擊，可從國內高耗能的產業 (如石油煉製品業) 著手，藉由技術移轉、跨國產業合作或研發投入等方式提升耗能產業的技術，改善生產結構；此外，藉由分散進口來源，可以有效降低進口拉動的物價上漲；最後，在國際能源價格上漲時，公用事業部門的價格管制，可以有效控制物價上漲，尤其對於天然資源缺乏的國家效果較為顯著，且愈多國家採行價格管制策略時，對降低物價衝擊的效果愈好。。 由第二個議題的分析可得知，各國的個別產業在三個不同的年度受到相同衝擊時，當產業的中間投入裡，能源及石油煉製品的占比愈高，則價格衝擊反應便愈大，這樣的影響效果主要反應了直接效果。若仔細檢視國內的各產業委外代工活動對價格衝擊效果的影響，則可以發現在產業別資料時，兩者間的關係並不明顯，但若將分析層級提高到整體國家的話，便可以發現委外代工比例或是國際專業分工程度愈高的國家，其受到的物價衝擊似乎稍微較低，而此一部份則是反應了跨國貿易傳遞效果。 最後，由第三個分析議題可以發現，台灣過去25年來技能與非技能勞工的工資差距逐漸拉近，這樣的趨勢與近年文獻所觀察的結果有明顯的不同，仔細檢視其中的端倪，我們可以發現台灣工資不均度雖然與相對勞動雇用仍為正相關，但工資不均度卻受到委外代工與對外直接投資負向的影響，其中，僅電子電機及機械類別的委外代工對工資不均度具有影響顯著，但民生工業及重工業類別卻不顯著，這樣的結果與近年台灣電子業發展的模式有關，雖然此產業委外生產比例日益攀升，但隨著台灣電子業在全球舉足輕重的地位，產值逐年大幅成長，雖然其中零組件愈來愈多仰賴委由開發中國家生產，但於台灣進行組裝仍需大量非技能勞工，因此委外生產將使工資不均度的情形減緩。另外，從資料中也發現，近年台灣日益減緩的工資不均度情形，主要是由於相對勞動供給的增量大於相對勞動需求所致。 / This thesis contents three approximate subjects for discussion. First of all, we confer the interaction of trades when the rise of international raw material price influences multinational; according to the data taken from many years, we employed the model of the first subject to analyze the development of inter-regional impact, its effect and also the relationship between the development and the trade tendency. Lastly, the influence of outsourcing towards the labor market in the economy will be discussed, in order to search for the reason, which is responsible for the chronicle decrease of wage inequality. The result of the first discussion shows us, to slow down the price impact which is caused by the rise of the raw material, we can undertake national companies with high energy consumption industries (e.g. petrochemical industry); on these excuses: Technique shifting, international industrial cooperation or investment of researches and so on, the technology of high energy consuming industries could be promoted to improve the production structure. Further than that, dispersing import resources could efficiently reduce the price increase caused by import. The price control at public utility could bridle price rise effectively, when international energy price is arising. This is especially obvious in countries with lack of natural resource, not forget to mention the more nations introduce price control tactic, the better it is to reduce the price impact. By the analysis of the second discussion, it is said when each country in each industry at three different years experienced the same impact, the higher the industrial’s usage of energy and petro-products for intermediate inputs, the strong is the reaction of price impact and this influence mainly responded to the direct effect. If we examine the relationship between price impact and proportion of outsourcing, we could notice that the relationship is not very conspicuous in industrial level data. But if we move the analyze level higher to the whole nation, we could discover that the higher the percentage of outsourcing is, the lower is the resulted price impact. And this is because of the transmission effect of the international trade. Last but not least, the third discussion let us know, that in the past 25 years in Taiwan, the wage inequality of high skill and low skill labor was reducing chronically. Such a trend is clearly different from the result which is shown in the recently studies. Even the wage inequality is positive proportioned with the relative labor employed, but it has been negatively influenced by outsourcing and outward direct investments. The negative relationship counts to the most outstanding in electronics and electrical machinery industries, but civil industry and heavy metal industry is not much remarkable. This result is related to the expand model of Taiwan in the recent years. Although, the percentage of outsourcing grows day by day, but with the importance of Taiwan’s electronics industry, the production arises substantially annually, even though more and more of its components is sourcing from development countries, but we still need many non-skilled personnel to fabricate those in Taiwan. That’s why outsourcing will decrease the wage inequality. Further than that, the recent wage inequality decrease in Taiwan is mainly effected by the surplus of relative labor supply.

La presente tesi raggruppa tre contributi che analizzano la partecipazione dei minori ad attività lavorative e scolastiche in Marocco, le variabili correlate con il benessere individuale e le differenze nei livelli salariali in Albania. I tre saggi tentano di fornire analisi empiriche basate sulla letteratura più recente e di contribuire allo sviluppo della metodologia quantitativa più comunemente utilizzata. / The present thesis is a collection of three contributions which investigate children’s schooling and labour participation in Morocco, the correlates of subjective well being and the differences in wage levels in Albania. The papers try to carry out empirical analyses of these issues based on the most recent developments in the relevant literature and to contribute to the empirical methodology commonly used.