如今世界貿易的型態大多以中間財貿易為主，這些中間財貿易，來自於國與國之間的委外代工，中間財或者零組件透過貿易的方式運送回母國組裝。然而Melitz(2003)指出生產力差異是新貿易理論重要的議題，也就是說，研究今日的委外代工行為，必須考慮廠商之間生產力的差異，而本文就是以此點當作立論的依據，進行模型分析。 　　因為異質生產力的因素，使得每一家廠商的邊際生產力皆不相同，於是中間財委外代的程度亦不相同。並且，考慮委外代工產生的固定成本，生產力對於委外代工程度的影響關係曲線呈現凹性，這使得工資水準和委外代工程度的關係呈現不確定的現象。 　　我們將產業的類型區分為高中間財依存度廠商，例如製造產業就是屬於這類型；以及高最終財依存度廠商，例如高科技產業屬於這類型。在高中間財依存度的產業中，開放海外生產，會使得產業的平均工資上漲，壓縮良好的工作，擴張劣等工作，均衡失業率上升。當開放海外生產，高最終財部門依存度產業中，國內的平均工資與失業率變化是不確定的。 / Most of the types of world trade today are dominated by intermediate trade, which are derived from outsourcing or offshoring. Melitz (2003) pointed out that the difference in productivity is an important issue in the new trade theory, that is, the study of today's outsourcing foundry behavior, we must consider the difference between the productivity of manufacturers, and this article is based on this point as a basis, Carry out model analysis. Because the heterogeneity of productivity factors, making each company's marginal productivity are not the same, so the level of the middle finance committee is not the same. Moreover, considering the fixed costs generated by the outsourcing of foundry, the relationship between the productivity and the degree of subordinate foundry is concave, which makes the relationship between the wage level and the degree of outsourcing found an uncertain phenomenon. We classify the types of industries into Manufacturing and Headquarter industry. In Manufacturing industries, offshoring will make the industry's average wage rise, a good job compression, expansion of poor work, increases unemployment rate. However, under Headquarter industry, the domestic average wage and unemployment rate changes will be uncertain, if they decide offshoring.

近年來台灣製造業委外代工至大陸已是十分普遍的現象。從國外購買中間財貨、到國外設立跨國公司、購買國外製成品以國內的品牌進行銷售、或到國外找尋特殊投資關係合夥人等，都包含在委外代工的定義內。委外代工帶來了二個值得探討的議題：第一是委外代工對勞動市場的影響，包括失業問題和相對薪資的變化；第二，委外代工和經濟邊緣化問題之間存在尚未澄清的關聯，例如委外代工是不是會導致台灣經濟邊緣化、產業空洞化？因此，本論文分成兩大獨立的結構分別討論上述問題。 關於委外代工對勞動市場的影響，文獻上大多觀察下列現象（Feenstra and Hanson, 1995; Wood,1995）：製造業的就業規模是否縮減、整體製造業的技術勞動就業比例是否逐漸增加、整體製造業的非技術勞動就業比例是否逐漸下降、以及技術勞動和非技術勞動之間的薪資差距是否也逐漸擴大（反應出就業比例的改變）。本文對台灣的勞動市場進行研究，的確發現上述現象的產生。根據研究結果顯示，政府沒有理由限制傳統產業外移到大陸，反而要創造更好的高科技環境，積極地留住台灣的高科技產業。亦即，不同的產業需要不同的產業政策加以因應，雙向產業政策將是需要的。例如傳統產業，政府可以將政策提升到「委外代工國」的立場考量，讓獲利率低、生產不效率的產業委由大陸製造；對高科技產業政策政府則可試著採取「被委外代工國」的立場，積極創造更科技的產業環境，留住台灣科技產業和保住台灣科技產業代工王國的版圖。 對委外代工與台灣邊緣化議題的探討，主要源起於泛藍和泛綠在兩次總統大選中的兩岸政策的爭議─是否要「三通」。事實上，針對台灣是否會被邊緣化兩大陣營均尚未整理出一個完整的說明。透過Krugman and Venables（1995）模型闡述可以清楚地了解：邊緣化只是運輸成本下降的一個過程，不會是最終的結果。同時，運輸成本的下降並不是會造成邊緣化的唯一決定因子。產業關聯性和產品之間的替代程度都扮演相當重要的角色。因此，對不同產業設定特定政策才能達到抗邊緣化的效果。 / Outsourcing is the current trend between Taiwan and Mainland China in recent decade. Inclusive of importing intermediate inputs, setting up multinational firms, purchasing final goods produced abroad, outsourcing brings two topics worthy to discuss. My thesis is structured into two independent projects: one is to discuss the effects of outsourcing on unemployment and changes in relative wages, and the other focuses on the issue of whether outsourcing leads to Taiwan deindustrialization. The main findings in the first project are consistent with the major conclusions suggested by several studies（Feenstra and Hanson, 1995; Wood,1995）that: declining share of manufacturing employment in total employment, increasing share of skilled workers’ in total manufacturing employment and in total wage bill, while the converse in unskilled workers. Therefore, we have no reasons to limit the unprofitable and traditional industries to move out. What we should do is to develop and expand the higher-skilled sector and to encourage high-technology industries to upgrade the production with the most comparative advantage. Different industrial policies applicable to different features of each industry are necessary. To announce a rough and uniform policy will probably do more harms than goods. What unearthed from the second project is that concerns of economic periphery voiced by Pan-KMT and Pan-DPP alliances did not tell the full story. Krugman and Venables（1995）can be applied to show that economic periphery is just one of the points in the process of a dynamic development with reducing transportation cost. Besides, transportation cost is not the only contributor to “core and periphery” pattern. Share of intermediate input and elasticity of substitution for manufactured goods are also playing important roles. Therefore, different industries should be applicable for different policy arrangement.

近年來服務創新風起雲湧，由服務科學在世界研究之進展，可以看出「服務科學」將成為下一個熱門學科的風潮。國內外著名大學或研究中心投入甚多資源於服務科學之研究與人才培育，就算是製造業，對於服務的提供亦是相當重視，希望透過服務增加價值、強化競爭力，以利與同業進行對抗。因此在現今服務相關的學術領域中，如何透過服務創新以強化競爭力就變得是重要的議題。 本研究以服務創新為架構針對流程差異化進行探討，選擇我國筆記型電腦代工產業進行研究，期望能幫產業找到出路，也為服務創新開創新猷。我國筆記型電腦代工產業由於對於國際大廠之忠誠度與服務滿意度均獲肯定，是故世界上有90%的筆記型電腦代工均是由我國廠商進行，本研究以服務創新解析筆記型電腦產業，進而了解其流程差異化對於競爭力之影響。 本研究將使用Rob Bilderbeek與Pim DenHertog等學者於1998年8月發表之論文中指出服務創新的四個構面進行個案撰寫，素材則是深度訪談與次級資料並用，個案的公司是我國筆記型電腦第一大廠－廣達電腦（Quanta），以及由研究者立意選的華宇電腦（Arima）與精英電腦（Elitegroup）。最後將產業分析與個案分析進行比對，做出本研究之結論與建議，並針對流程差異化在筆記型電腦產業所引發的服務創新相關議題進行省思。 / The service innovation in Taiwan has been thriving in recent years. With the development of service science, we can see its future potential to be the next trend of popular study. Many famous colleges and research centers all over the world invest a lot in research of service science and the cultivation of the experts. Even a manufacturing industry will put a high emphasis on its services. They hope to compete with their counterparts by adding the value and strengthening their competiveness through service. Therefore, how to strengthen competitiveness through service innovation has become an important issue. This research will use service innovation as a framework to discuss process differentiation, expecting to find much more profound thoughts of innovation services and then open a new gate for industry. Taiwan’s notebook computer fundry industry composes 90 percent in the world market thanks to the acknowledgement from global brand-names in terms of loyalty to the brand and satisfaction of service. This research will analyze the notebook industry from the aspect of service innovation and then the effect of process differentiation has on competitiveness. Rob Bilderbeek and Pim DenHertog’s essay in August 1998 discussing service innovation in four dimensions are used in my essay, which are: new service concept, new client interface, new service delivery system and technological options. Interviews in depth and secondary data will be used at the same time. The case studies included are Quanta, Arima and Elitegroup. Quanta have the largest scale in Taiwan notebook industry which may be resulted from their service innovation that enhances their competitiveness. Through their case, I hope to find the edge of those similar companies in Taiwan. To sum up, this research touches on the innovation services especially of notebook computer industry. Comparing industry analysis and case study can lead us to think about the following issues: whether service innovation is easy to be come up with, whether there are too many similar aspects in this industry, what competitive situation or custom can lead to such a desirable result, and how we can deal with the problem when there are too many people doing the same thing.

本文內容包含三個主題相近的議題，首先我們探討在貿易互動的情況下，國際能源價格衝擊所帶來的跨國衝擊效果，接著根據多個年度的資料，延用第一個議題的模型分析跨國衝掔效果的演變，以及這樣的演變與貿易趨勢之間的關係，最後則探討委外代工的貿易活動對經濟體系勞動市場的影響，企圖尋找台灣近年工資不均度逐漸下降的原因。 由第一個議題的分析結果可以發現，若要有效降低原物料價格上漲所帶來的衝擊，可從國內高耗能的產業 (如石油煉製品業) 著手，藉由技術移轉、跨國產業合作或研發投入等方式提升耗能產業的技術，改善生產結構；此外，藉由分散進口來源，可以有效降低進口拉動的物價上漲；最後，在國際能源價格上漲時，公用事業部門的價格管制，可以有效控制物價上漲，尤其對於天然資源缺乏的國家效果較為顯著，且愈多國家採行價格管制策略時，對降低物價衝擊的效果愈好。。 由第二個議題的分析可得知，各國的個別產業在三個不同的年度受到相同衝擊時，當產業的中間投入裡，能源及石油煉製品的占比愈高，則價格衝擊反應便愈大，這樣的影響效果主要反應了直接效果。若仔細檢視國內的各產業委外代工活動對價格衝擊效果的影響，則可以發現在產業別資料時，兩者間的關係並不明顯，但若將分析層級提高到整體國家的話，便可以發現委外代工比例或是國際專業分工程度愈高的國家，其受到的物價衝擊似乎稍微較低，而此一部份則是反應了跨國貿易傳遞效果。 最後，由第三個分析議題可以發現，台灣過去25年來技能與非技能勞工的工資差距逐漸拉近，這樣的趨勢與近年文獻所觀察的結果有明顯的不同，仔細檢視其中的端倪，我們可以發現台灣工資不均度雖然與相對勞動雇用仍為正相關，但工資不均度卻受到委外代工與對外直接投資負向的影響，其中，僅電子電機及機械類別的委外代工對工資不均度具有影響顯著，但民生工業及重工業類別卻不顯著，這樣的結果與近年台灣電子業發展的模式有關，雖然此產業委外生產比例日益攀升，但隨著台灣電子業在全球舉足輕重的地位，產值逐年大幅成長，雖然其中零組件愈來愈多仰賴委由開發中國家生產，但於台灣進行組裝仍需大量非技能勞工，因此委外生產將使工資不均度的情形減緩。另外，從資料中也發現，近年台灣日益減緩的工資不均度情形，主要是由於相對勞動供給的增量大於相對勞動需求所致。 / This thesis contents three approximate subjects for discussion. First of all, we confer the interaction of trades when the rise of international raw material price influences multinational; according to the data taken from many years, we employed the model of the first subject to analyze the development of inter-regional impact, its effect and also the relationship between the development and the trade tendency. Lastly, the influence of outsourcing towards the labor market in the economy will be discussed, in order to search for the reason, which is responsible for the chronicle decrease of wage inequality. The result of the first discussion shows us, to slow down the price impact which is caused by the rise of the raw material, we can undertake national companies with high energy consumption industries (e.g. petrochemical industry); on these excuses: Technique shifting, international industrial cooperation or investment of researches and so on, the technology of high energy consuming industries could be promoted to improve the production structure. Further than that, dispersing import resources could efficiently reduce the price increase caused by import. The price control at public utility could bridle price rise effectively, when international energy price is arising. This is especially obvious in countries with lack of natural resource, not forget to mention the more nations introduce price control tactic, the better it is to reduce the price impact. By the analysis of the second discussion, it is said when each country in each industry at three different years experienced the same impact, the higher the industrial’s usage of energy and petro-products for intermediate inputs, the strong is the reaction of price impact and this influence mainly responded to the direct effect. If we examine the relationship between price impact and proportion of outsourcing, we could notice that the relationship is not very conspicuous in industrial level data. But if we move the analyze level higher to the whole nation, we could discover that the higher the percentage of outsourcing is, the lower is the resulted price impact. And this is because of the transmission effect of the international trade. Last but not least, the third discussion let us know, that in the past 25 years in Taiwan, the wage inequality of high skill and low skill labor was reducing chronically. Such a trend is clearly different from the result which is shown in the recently studies. Even the wage inequality is positive proportioned with the relative labor employed, but it has been negatively influenced by outsourcing and outward direct investments. The negative relationship counts to the most outstanding in electronics and electrical machinery industries, but civil industry and heavy metal industry is not much remarkable. This result is related to the expand model of Taiwan in the recent years. Although, the percentage of outsourcing grows day by day, but with the importance of Taiwan’s electronics industry, the production arises substantially annually, even though more and more of its components is sourcing from development countries, but we still need many non-skilled personnel to fabricate those in Taiwan. That’s why outsourcing will decrease the wage inequality. Further than that, the recent wage inequality decrease in Taiwan is mainly effected by the surplus of relative labor supply.

1980-2004年，台灣製造業勞動薪資隨時間持續增加，但是技術與非技術勞動之相對薪資卻大致呈現下滑趨勢。根據過去文獻，影響技術與非技術勞動相對薪資的原因有很多，諸如貿易、對外投資等國際分工方法。本研究主要分析對外投資影響台灣技術與非技術勞動薪資變動的情形，至於貿易等其他因素造成之影響，本文將不進行討論。 我們先從廠商利潤極大化之角度出發，推導出本研究所需之薪資決定方程式後，利用1980-2004年間，台灣製造業之整合資料，以三階段最小平方法，同時對技術及非技術勞動薪資方程式，進行迴歸分析。融合林祖嘉與黃啟宏（2006）之研究，得到下列結果： 1.整體製造業對外投資促進產業升級。廠商在既有的產出下，對外投資增加技術勞動需求，減少非技術勞動需求。同時，技術勞動供給增加，且幅度小於需求增加之幅度，使得技術勞動均衡雇用量及薪資皆上揚。非技術勞動之薪資也因需求減少而下降。 2.資本密集製造業在對外投資的過程中，僅增加了技術勞動的需求，並未減少非技術勞動的需求。相反的，台商赴海外投資非資本密集製造業，將減少其非技術勞動需求。顯示資本密集製造業勞動在對外投資中受益，非資本密集製造業勞動在對外投資中受害。 3.對個別勞動者而言，無論其為技術或非技術勞動，在資本密集製造業工作，都能使其免於承受台商對外投資，間接造成之薪資銳減。 如同我們的預期，技術勞動供給因教育普及而增加，技術勞動的均衡薪資可能隨之降低，但因為對外投資抵銷了技術勞動供給的影響，甚至使技術勞動薪資上升。另一方面，非技術勞動因對外投資，造成產業之需求銳減，使其薪資下降。因此製造業技術及非技術勞動的薪資差距，會因為對外投資金額增加而上升。

為了在競爭的環境中生存甚至是成長，企業可能會採取外包策略，請外部廠商負責處理非核心業務，而專注企業之有限資源於具有核心競爭力的活動。如何選擇外包廠商對於外包策略的執行成效有深切的影響，因為外包廠商會直接影響到企業價值鏈的最終產出結果。因此，本論文採取個案研究法對三家跨國公司進行深度訪談，以了解電子業之品牌廠商對於委外代工廠（製造服務供應商或研發製造服務供應商）的選擇程序與評估項目。 根據研究結果，本論文提出一套一般性的委外代工廠選擇程序。依照所考慮的委外代工廠種類之不同，該選擇程序建議五至六個階段（Market Research, General Survey, Specific Survey, Trial Run (optional), Verification Survey, and Decision Making），同時建議各階段應考慮的評估項目。本論文亦根據研究結果，對於欲建立委外代工廠選擇程序之品牌廠商以及委外代工廠提出相關建議。 / In order to survive and even to grow in the competitive environment, enterprises may adopt outsourcing strategy to focus on their core competency and to have external suppliers to handle the other activities. How to select a proper outsourcing supplier is very critical to the implementation of outsourcing strategy because outsourcing suppliers will affect the final outcome of the whole value chain very much. Therefore, this thesis studies in the electronic industry to understand the process and evaluation criteria of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to select contract manufacturers (which are electronic manufacturing services, EMS, providers or original design manufacturers, ODMs). Case study is applied as the research method and three multinational companies are in-depth interviewed for this study. Based on the research results, a general contract manufacturer selection process is proposed. This general process has five to six stages (Market Research, General Survey, Specific Survey, Trial Run (optional), Verification Survey, and Decision Making), depending on the kind of contract manufacturers under consideration. Corresponding evaluation criteria are also recommended for usage in each stage of the selection process. According to the research results, recommendations are made for OEMs which are planning to establish a contract manufacturer selection process and for contract manufacturers which are being surveyed.