Several studies suggest that deep convection that penetrates the tropical tropopause layer may influence the long-term trends in lower stratospheric water vapor. This thesis investigates the relationship between penetrating deep convection and lower stratospheric water vapor variability using historical infrared (IR) observations. However, since infrared observations do not directly resolve cloud vertical structure and cloud top height, and there has been some debate on their usefulness to characterize penetrating deep convective clouds, CloudSat/Calipso and Aqua MODIS observations are first combined to understand how to best interpret IR observations of penetrating tops. The major findings of the combined CloudSat/Calipso and Aqua MODIS analysis show that penetrating deep convection predominantly occur in the western tropical Pacific Ocean. This finding is consistent with IR studies but is in contrast to previous radar studies where penetrating deep convective clouds predominantly occur over land regions such as equatorial Africa. Estimates on the areal extent of penetrating deep convection show that when using IR observations with a horizontal resolution of 10 km, about two thirds of the events are large enough to be detected. Evaluation of two different IR detection schemes, which includes cold cloud features/pixels and positive brightness temperature differences (+BTD), show that neither schemes completely separate between penetrating deep convection and other types of high clouds. However, the predominant fraction of +BTD distributions and cold cloud features/pixels ≤ 210 K is due to the coldest and highest penetrating tops as inferred from collocated IR and radar/lidar observations. This result is in contrast to previous studies that suggest the majority of cold cloud features/pixels ≤ 210 K are cirrus/anvil cloud fractions that coexist with deep convective clouds. Observations also show that a sufficient fraction of penetrating deep convective cloud tops occur in the extratropics. This provides evidence that penetrating deep convection should be documented as a pathway of stratospheric-tropospheric exchange within the extratropical region. Since the cold cloud feature/pixel ≤ 210 K approach was found to be a sufficient method to detect penetrating deep convection it was used to develop a climatology of the coldest penetrating deep convective clouds from GridSat observations covering years 1998-2008. The highest frequencies of the coldest penetrating deep convective clouds consistently occur in the western-central Pacific and Indian Ocean. Monthly frequency anomalies in penetrating deep convection were evaluated against monthly anomalies in lower stratospheric water vapor at 82 mb and show higher correlations for the western-central Pacific regions in comparison to the tropics. At a lag of 3 months, the combined western-central Pacific had a small but significant anticorrelation, where the largest amount of variance explained by the combined western-central Pacific region was 8.25%. In conjunction with anomalies in the 82 mb water vapor mixing ratios, decreasing trends for the 1998-2008 period were also observed for tropics, the western Pacific and Indian Ocean. Although none of these trends were significant at the 95% confidence level, decreases in the frequency of penetrating deep convection over the 1998-2008 shows evidence that could explain in part some of the 82 mb lower stratospheric water vapor variability.

Failure to maintain thermal equilibrium can cause uncontrollable increases in body core temperature beyond critical upper limits. In selecting clothing, consideration must be given to the heat transfer properties of clothing that may restrict the cooling capacity of the human body under heat stress conditions, most importantly, apparent total evaporative resistance (Re,T,a). This study calculated and compared Re,T,a for five clothing ensembles under varying heat stress conditions, including three relative humidity (RH) levels and three stages of heat stress to determine if Re,T,a values varied or remained the same with changes in heat stress conditions. A four-way mixed model analysis of variance demonstrated significant differences for estimated Re,T,a values among ensembles, RH levels, heat stress stages, and interactions among ensembles and RH levels and ensembles and heat stress stages (p < 0.0001). No significant interaction among RH levels and heat stress stages was found (p = 0.67). A Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference multiple comparison test was used to identify where significant differences occurred (p < 0.05). The results of the study indicated that Re,T,a values do change with RH levels and stages of heat stress and that the theoretical framework for explaining heat-exchange in hot environments is not yet well-established. Also confirmed was the dominance of the convection pathway over the diffusion pathway in hot environments.

This thesis consists of analysis of three different data sets: (i) Aircraft-based eddy correlation data collected above irrigated and non-irrigated agricultural land in Southern California during the California Ozone Deposition Experiment (CODE) summer 1991; (ii) micrometeorological tower data, collected over grape and cotton canopies as part of CODE; (iii) aircraft-based eddy correlation flux data above two grid sites in the Canadian boreal forest during the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS), spring and summer of 1994 and 1996. / Results from the CODE aircraft data document composition and size of the dominant structures, which transport heat and gases (H2O, CO 2 and ozone) over water stressed and non-water stressed surfaces, and the relative frequency with which structures carrying only a single scalar, or given combinations of scalars, were encountered along the flight paths. Interpretation of results provides further evidence for the existence of a second (nonphysiological) sink for ozone. The relative preponderance of structures that carry moisture, carbon dioxide and ozone simultaneously, particularly in the gradient-up mode, reflects the importance of vegetation as co-located source/sink for these scalars. The detrending procedures described in this study may help to define a more effective separation between local and mesoscale events in biosphere-atmosphere interaction. / Results from the CODE tower data indicates a single vegetated ozone sink for the grape site, but a vegetated as well as a non-vegetated sink for the cotton site. For both sites, structures simultaneously transporting significant flux contributions of CO2, H2O, heat and ozone dominate during unstable conditions. During stable conditions, unmixed single flux structures dominated over cotton but not over grape. The results of this study contribute empirical evidence about the relationship between ozone uptake and the physical and physiological state of vegetation, as well as the limitations placed on eddy scales in simulation models. / Results from the BOREAS aircraft data shows a decoupling between the surface and the atmosphere, where the patterns of vegetation, greenness and surface temperature may be quite dissimilar to those of the fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat and---to a lesser degree---CO2. Reasons for this lie in the extraordinary boundary layer conditions, high vapour pressure deficit, moist soil and hot canopies, and the response of the vegetation to these conditions. Analysis of the coherent structure compositions to some extent permits the characterization of the different sources and sinks. Overall, this study shows the importance of understanding the various interacting components of soil, vegetation and atmosphere when attempting to design process-based models for predictions in 'micrometeorologiacally' complex ecosystems.

A better understanding of the exchange processes taking place over the oceans is of great importance since the oceans cover about 70 % of the Earth’s surface. With better knowledge the turbulent fluxes can be more accurate parameterized, which is essential in order to improve the weather- and climate models. In this study, the non-dimensional gradient functions for water vapor (Φq) and carbon dioxide (Φc) in the marine boundary layer have principally been studied. The quality of the instrumentation used in the study has also been evaluated. The study is mainly based on tower measurements of turbulent fluxes and vertical profiles of water vapor and carbon dioxide, taken from the Östergarnsholm Island located in the Baltic Sea. The measurements have been shown to represent open-sea conditions for most situations when the winds are coming from the east-south sector, even though the measurements are obtained over land. It was found that the best fitting non-dimensional gradient functions for water vapor during unstable conditions were Φq = 2(1–18z/L)–1/2 and Φq = 1.2(1–14z/L) –1/2 at the 10 and 26 m level on the tower, respectively. No unique relationship could be established for Φq during stable conditions. Φq showed a dependence with wind direction and could for winds coming from the sector 80°– 160° be described with the relationship Φq = 1.2 + 10.7z/L during stable conditions. For the wind sector 50°– 80° the relationship for Φq was found to be Φq = 1.8 + 7.1z/L during stable conditions. A high degree of scatter was apparent in the calculated values of Φc during both stable and unstable conditions and did not seem to show any Monin-Obukhov similarity behaviour. The results indicate that there might be measurement problems with the instruments measuring the turbulent fluxes of carbon dioxide, but further studies are needed in order to draw a firm conclusion about the quality of the instruments. The profile measurements of water vapor seem to work fine, but more studies of carbon dioxide are needed before a statement can be made regarding the quality of the profile measurements of carbon dioxide. / Skiktet närmast marken kallas det atmosfäriska gränsskiktet och karaktäriseras av turbulens, dvs. oregelbundna virvelrörelser av olika storlekar som uppstår av vindens friktion mot jordytan (land eller hav) eller av luftens uppvärmning av jordytan. Genom turbulens kan utbyte av värme, vattenånga, momentum, koldioxid och andra gaser ske mellan jordytan och atmosfären. Turbulenta utbytesprocesser i det atmosfäriska gränsskiktet är viktiga att studera för att kunna beräkna ett turbulent flöde från en yta i väder- och klimatmodeller. Genom en ökad förståelse av flödena kan dessa bli mer noggrant parametriserade (dvs. en fysikalisk process som sker på en mindre skala eller är för komplex för att kunna beskrivas i en modell förenklas genom att beskriva processen med hjälp av ett antal kända parametrar som kan upplösas i modellen), vilket är grundläggande för att kunna förbättra modellerna. Flödena beräknas med hjälp av de s.k. dimensionslösa gradientfunktionerna, vilka relaterar flödet av en viss turbulent kvantitet, t.ex. värme, momentum, vattenånga, koldioxid etc., till dess vertikala gradient. Enligt Monin-Obukhovs similaritetsteori ska funktionerna vara universella och endast bero på den atmosfäriska stabiliteten. I denna studie har de dimensionslösa gradientfunktionerna för vattenånga (Φq) och koldioxid (Φc) i det marina gränsskiktet huvudsakligen analyserats. Kvaliteten på de instrument som har använts i studien har också utvärderats. I studien har främst data av turbulenta flöden och vertikala profiler av vattenånga och koldioxid använts som erhållits från ett torn på ön Östergarnsholm i Östersjön. Även om mätningarna sker över land har det visat sig att de för de flesta situationer när vinden blåser från sektorn ost-syd representerar likvärdiga förhållanden som gäller över öppet hav. Resultaten visade på att uttrycken Φq = 2(1–18z/L)–1/2 respektive Φq = 1.2(1–14z/L)–1/2 bäst beskriver de dimensionslösa gradientfunktionerna för vattenånga under instabila förhållanden på mäthöjderna 10 respektive 26 m. Något unikt uttryck för Φq under stabila förhållanden kunde inte fastställas. Φq visade ett beroende av vindriktning och kunde under stabila förhållanden beskrivas med uttrycket Φq = 1.2 + 10.7z/L för vindsektorn 80°– 160°. För vindar i sektorn 50°– 80° kunde Φq beskrivas enligt Φq = 1.8 + 7.1z/L under stabila förhållanden. En stor spridning syntes i de beräknade värdena av Φc under både stabila och instabila förhållanden och verkade inte följa Monin-Obukhov’s similaritetsteori. Resultatet tyder på att det kan vara mätproblem med de instrument som mäter de turbulenta flödena av koldioxid, men fler studier behövs för att kunna dra en definitiv slutsats om instrumentens kvalitet. Profilmätningarna av vattenånga verkar fungera bra, men fler studier om koldioxid måste utföras innan ett uttalande angående kvaliteten på profilmätningarna av koldioxid kan göras.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 VictorRLO_DISSERT.pdf: 1864412 bytes, checksum: 5110310795a99006bc86a9720eaeb5a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-11 / The development of biodegradable coatings has been potentially discussed due to the exacerbated use of petrochemical polymers, and their non-biodegradable load has been aggravating serious environmental problems. Furthermore the growing worldwide demand for health improvement has reached an interest in technological solutions capable of offering means of conservation and reduction of the metabolic activity of fruits and vegetables to preserve their numerous nutrients effectively for long periods of storage. Biopolymers, which are the polymeric base of the coating, add several positive points: they are attractive for their renewable characteristics, abundance, low cost and easy access in the semi-arid region. The coatings were synthesized by the casting method with three polymer bases: corn starch (3%), cassava starch (2%) and gelatin (5%); beeswax was added as a hydrophobic agent in the polymeric network at different concentrations relative to the dry biopolymer base (0%, 5% and 10%). The effect of the incorporation of the beeswax on the barrier properties was evaluated and the biofilm was determined with the best characteristics for coating in "Paluma" guavas, with a significant difference (p <0.05) in the addition of beeswax in cassava starch films 2%. The surface roughness and the contact angle of the systems containing beeswax indicated the hydrophobic behavior of the films. This was also confirmed by the water vapor transfer rate and solubility and led to a significant improvement in the elasticity of biofilms. "Paluma" guavas were harvested at physiological maturity and selected for the uniformity f shell color and absence of defects, were covered by the casting method with filmogenic solution of cassava starch, cassava starch with the addition of beeswax and uncoated, and then conditioned in regulated chamber at 15 ± 2 ° C and 90% -95% RH for 15 days. The physicochemical and sensorial analyzes showed that the use of the filmogenic solution of cassava starch with the addition of beeswax delayed the loss of chlorophyll and maintained a good maturation index, and consequently increased the shelf life of the guavas. The sensorial attributes: aroma, texture, acceptance and purchase intention, indicated a better acceptability of the fruits with cassava starch coating with addition of beeswax, demonstrating the commercial potential of this cover / O desenvolvimento de coberturas biodegradáveis tem sido potencialmente discutido devido ao uso exacerbado de polímeros petroquímicos, e sua carga não-biodegradável, alavancando graves problemas ambientais. Além disso, a crescente demanda mundial em busca de melhoria da saúde tem alcançado interesse em soluções tecnológicas capazes de oferecer meios de conservação e redução da atividade metabólica dos frutos e hortaliças para preservar seus inúmeros nutrientes de forma eficaz por períodos longos de armazenamento. Os biopolímeros, que são a base polimérica das coberturas propostos nesse trabalho, agregam diversos pontos positivos: são atrativos por suas características renováveis, de abundância, baixo custo e fácil acesso na região do semiárido. Foram sintetizadas coberturas a base de amido de milho (3%), fécula de mandioca (2%) e gelatina (5%); cera de abelha foi adicionada como agente hidrofóbico na rede polimérica em concentrações diferentes em relação à base seca de biopolímero (0%, 5% e 10%). O efeito da incorporação da cera de abelha sobre as propriedades de barreira foi avaliado e elegeu-se o biofilme com as melhores características para cobertura em goiabas “Paluma”. Propriedades mecânicas, de barreira, estruturais, de cor e térmicas foram analisadas. A rugosidade superficial e o ângulo de contato dos sistemas contendo cera de abelha indicaram o comportamento hidrofóbico dos filmes; isto também foi confirmado pela taxa de transferência de vapor de água e solubilidade, e levou a uma importante melhoria na elasticidade dos biofilmes. Goiabas “Paluma”, colhidas na maturidade fisiológica e selecionadas quanto a uniformidade de cor da casca e ausência de defeitos, foram cobertas, pelo método casting, com solução filmogênica de fécula de mandioca, fécula de mandioca com adição de cera de abelha e sem cobertura, e então acondicionadas em câmara regulada para 15ºC±2ºC e 90%-95% UR, durante 15 dias. As análises físico-químicas e sensoriais evidenciaram que o uso da solução filmogênicas de fécula de mandioca com adição de cera de abelha retardou a perda de clorofila e manteve bom índice de maturação, e consequentemente aumentou o tempo de vida útil das goiabas. Os atributos sensoriais: aroma, textura, aceitação e intenção de compra, apontaram melhor aceitabilidade dos frutos revestidos com fécula de mandioca com adição de cera de abelha, demonstrando potencial comercial desta cobertura / 2017-06-27

Le présent travail a pour objectif de comprendre l’influence des paramètres géométriques des éco-matériaux d’enveloppe, tels que le béton de chanvre, sur les mécanismes de transferts couplés de chaleur, d'air et d’humidité afin de prédire le comportement du bâtiment dans le but de le piloter et de l’améliorer dans sa durabilité. Pour cela, une approche multi-échelle est mise en place. Elle consiste à maîtriser les phénomènes physiques dominants et leurs interactions à l’échelle microscopique. S’ensuit, une modélisation à double échelle, microscopique–macroscopique, des transferts couplés de chaleur, d’air et d’humidité qui prend en compte les propriétés intrinsèques et la topologie microstructurale du matériau moyennant le recours à la tomographie rayon X conjuguée à la corrélation d’images 2D et 3D. Pour cela, une campagne de caractérisation fine des propriétés physiques et hygrothermiques du béton de chanvre confectionné au laboratoire a été réalisée. Elle s’est focalisée sur l’étude de l’impact du vieillissement, l’état thermique et hydrique du matériau sur ses propriétés intrinsèques. Les résultats montrent une excellente capacité d'isolation thermique et de régulation naturelle d’humidité du béton de chanvre. Puis, une caractérisation microscopique par différentes techniques d’imagerie a été effectuée. Les reconstructions 3D du matériau réel scanné au tomographe aux rayons X à différentes résolutions montrent que le béton de chanvre possède plusieurs échelles de porosité, allant de la microporosité au sein du liant et des chènevottes à la macroporosité inter-particulaire. Le comportement hygro-morphique sous sollicitations hydriques a été ensuite étudié. Les résultats de la corrélation d’image numérique 2D et de la tomographie aux rayons X couplés à la corrélation d’images volumiques, montrent la nature du comportement du béton de chanvre soumis à des hygrométries différentes. En effet, la chènevotte subit des déformations plus importantes que le liant, causant ainsi des modifications de la microstructure du matériau. Sur le volet de la modélisation, moyennant la technique d’homogénéisation périodique un modèle des transferts couplés de chaleur, d’air et d’humidité dans les matériaux poreux de construction a été développé. Les tenseurs de diffusion et de conductivité thermique homogénéisés ont été calculés numériquement. Ensuite, une confrontation entre les résultats du calcul des coefficients de diffusion macroscopique et ceux expérimentaux obtenus au LaSIE a été réalisée. Elle met en évidence la qualité de la prédiction. De plus, la conductivité thermique de la phase solide a été ainsi déduite. Les résultats obtenus dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse ont mis en exergue l’influence de l’état hydrique et thermique du béton de chanvre sur ces propriétés intrinsèques, et sa microstructure très hétérogène. Ils ont révélé aussi les limites des approches phénoménologiques basées sur l’établissement des bilans de masse, de quantité de mouvement et d’énergie. / The aim of this work is to understand the influence of the geometric parameters of envelope eco-materials, such as hemp concrete, on the mechanisms of coupled heat, air and moisture transfers, in order to predict behavior of the building to control and improving it in its durability. For this a multi-scale approach is implemented. It consists of mastering the dominant physical phenomena and their interactions on the microscopic scale. Followed by a dual-scale modeling, microscopic-macroscopic, of coupled heat, air and moisture transfers that takes into account the intrinsic properties and microstructural topology of the material using X-ray tomography combined with the correlation of 2D and 3D images. A characterization campaign of physical and hydrothermal properties of the hemp concrete manufactured in the laboratory was carried. It focused on studying the impact of aging, thermal and hydric state of the material on these intrinsic properties. The results show an excellent thermal insulation and natural moisture regulation capacity of hemp concrete. Then, a microscopic characterization by different imaging techniques was performed. The 3D reconstructions of the real material scanned with X-ray tomography at different resolutions show that hemp concrete has several scales of porosity, ranging from micro-porosity within the binder and hemp shiv to the inter-particle macro-porosity. The hydromorphic behavior under hydric solicitations was studied. The results of the 2D digital image correlation and X-ray tomography coupled with the volumetric image correlation show the nature of the behavior of hemp concrete subjected to different relative humidities. In fact, the hemp shiv undergoes greater deformations than the binder, thus causing changes in the microstructure of the material. On the modeling part, a model of coupled heat, air and moisture transfer in porous building materials was developed using the periodic homogenization technique. The homogenized tensors of diffusion and thermal conductivity were determined numerically. Then, a confrontation between the results of the calculation of the macroscopic diffusion coefficients and the experimental results obtained at the LaSIE was carried out. It highlights the quality of the prediction. In addition, the thermal conductivity of the solid phase was thus deduced. The results obtained in the framework of this PhD thesis have highlighted the influence of the hydric and thermal state of the hemp concrete on these intrinsic properties and its very heterogeneous microstructure. They also revealed the limitations of phenomenological approaches based on the establishment of the balances of mass, amount of motion and energy

No description available.

Title: Convective storms and lower stratospheric moisture Author: Jindřich Šťástka Department: Department of Atmospheric Physics Supervisor: RNDr. Martin Setvák, CSc., Czech Hydrometeorological Institute Abstract: The primary focus of this thesis is to diagnose contributions to upper tropo- spheric and lower stratospheric (UTLS) water vapor from convective storms. The first parts of this work introduces two approaches used for a detection of lower stratospheric water vapor above convective storm tops - brightness temperature difference (BTD) technique and EOS MLS measurements. The BTD technique is based on brightness temperature difference between the water vapor absorp- tion and infrared window bands, assuming a thermal inversion above the cloud top level. The most frequently offered explanation of positive BTD values above convective storms is presence of warmer water vapor in the lower stratosphere. Furthermore, so called BTD anomalies were described and it was proposed an algorithm for objective detection of such BTD anomalies. Characteristics of pa- rameters describing BTD, BTD anomaly, infrared window brightness temperature were investigated during storms evolution on dataset of 320 storms from the area of Europe. The analysis of these characteristics proved highly probable conection between positive...

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Stable isotope ratios in rainwater and water vapor act as a tracers of the hydrological cycle. The data on stable isotopic composition in rainwater and water vapor are limited due to the lack of observational studies across the Indian subcontinent and over the ocean. These present day observations are important database to deduce the paleo-climatic condition from geological archives. In majority of the cases, isotopic records are translated into physical factors with the present background knowledge where relationships with physical variables are well established. In case of tropical region, the primary controlling factor identified behind the stable isotopic variations is the amount of rainfall. However recent observations contradict such relationships challenging the role of amount effect and identified source moisture effect on stable isotope ratios in rainwater at Indian stations. The thesis investigated the amount effect relationship of isotopes at seasonal time scales. The long period observation covering 4 years, where daily time interval rainwater samples collected were used for our study. We used two different station locations; Thiruvananthapuram and Bangalore, where monsoonal rainfall is received for Southwest and Northeast periods. The role of mesoscale and synoptic convection and rainout along the transport pathways were found responsible for the isotopic variance. The role of moisture source regions, rainout over the advection pathways, high rainfall producing systems such as depression and cyclones, and continental recycling of water on rainwater and water isotopes ratios were major findings of the thesis work which are detailed in the chapters. Upon knowing the atmospheric and oceanic condition at the moisture source region based on satellite data and reanalysis data set we modeled our observations using the governing equations of isotope fractionation and well accepted Rayliegh’s distillation model. The observations on rainwater and water vapor isotope ratios in oceanic region are extremely limited due to difficulties in conducting sampling. Water vapor and rainwater observations over the Southern Ocean during the expedition of 2013 and estimation of the moisture recycling across the latitudes over the oceanic regions is a novel work in this thesis.