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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
141

Analysis of airborne flux measurements of heat, moisture and carbon dioxide, and their correlation with land cover types in BOREAS

Ogunjemiyo, Segun Ojo. January 1999 (has links)
No description available.
142

Investigation of film forming properties of β-chitosan from jumbo squid pens (Dosidicus gigas) and improvement of water solubility of β-chitosan / Investigation of film forming properties of beta-chitosan from jumbo squid pens (Dosidicus gigas) and improvement of water solubility of beta-chitosan

Chen, Jeremy L. 27 April 2012 (has links)
The objectives of this project were to investigate the critical factors impacting the physicochemical and antibacterial properties of β-chitosan based films derived from jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) pens, and to evaluate the feasibility of improving water solubility of β-chitosan through Maillard reaction. The studies examined the effect of molecular weight (1,815 and 366 kDa), acid (formic, acetic, propionic, and lactic acid), and plasticizer (glycerol and sorbitol) on the film properties, as well as reducing sugar (fructose and glucosamine) and heat treatment (high temperature short time (HTST), low temperature long time (LTLT)) on water solubility of chitosan. Results on β-chitosan were compared with α-chitosan in both studies. Tensile strength (TS) and elongation (EL) of β-chitosan films were influenced by molecular weight (Mw), acid and plasticizer types (P < 0.05). High molecular weight (Hw) β-chitosan films had an overall TS of 44 MPa, 53% higher than that of low molecular weight (Lw) β-chitosan films (29 MPa) across all acid types used. The mean TS of β-chitosan acetate and propionate films (43 and 39 MPa) were higher (P < 0.05) than that of β-chitosan formate and lactate films (34 and 29 MPa). Films incorporated with plasticizer (32 MPa) had lower TS than those without plasticizer (48 MPa). Mean EL of Hw β-chitosan films was 10% versus approximately 4% in Lw β-chitosan films. Formate and acetate films had higher EL than that of propionate film. Glycerol and sorbitol increased (P < 0.001) EL 151% and 106% compared with the films without plasticizer, respectively. Water vapor permeability (WVP) of the films was affected by acid and plasticizer. Formate films (34 g mm/m² d KPa) had higher WVP than other acid films. Adding plasticizer increased (11% to 31%) WVP of propionate films except the Lw β-chitosan propionate film with sorbitol. The antibacterial activity of Lw β-chitosan and α-chitosan films delayed (P < 0.05) the proliferation of E. coli, where lactate films showed the strongest effect. The growth of L. innocua at 24 h was completely (P < 0.05) inhibited by chitosan films except Hw β-chitosan acetate film. A soft and cotton-like water soluble chitosan with mesopores was acquired after freeze-drying the Maillard reacted chitosan-sugar solution. The yield of β-chitosan-derivatives (8.48%) was 1.21 times higher than that of α-chitosan products (7.00%) (P < 0.01). Heat treatment only affected the yield of chitosan-glucosamine derivatives. Sugar type did not indicate any impact on the yield of the chitosan-derivative products in general (P > 0.05). The solubility was affected by sugar type (P < 0.01) only occurred in the β-chitosan products prepared with LTLT (P<0.05), where β-chitosan-fructose derivatives (9.56 g/L) had higher solubility than the glucosamine (5.19 g/L).LTLT treatment had given all chitosan-derivatives a higher solubility (8.44 g/L) than HTST (3.83 g/L) did (P<0.001). The results from this study demonstrated the feasibility of creating β-chitosan based film from jumbo squid pens with similar mechanical, water barrier and antibacterial properties compare to α-chitosan films as a food wrap and controlled the properties with several important factors, and developing water soluble chitosan through Maillard reaction that possess the potential as functional substance in a wider range of applications. / Graduation date: 2012
143

Analysis of airborne flux measurements of heat, moisture and carbon dioxide, and their correlation with land cover types in BOREAS

Ogunjemiyo, Segun Ojo. January 1999 (has links)
The landscape of the boreal forest in north-central Canada is characterised by mosaics of broad-leaved deciduous trees (aspen, Populus; birch, Betula), evergreen conifers (black spruce, Picea mariana; jack pine, Pinus banksiana; and larch, Larix), fens and lakes. The forest has been cited as the possible location of a global carbon sink, and its likely response in the event of global climate change remains unclear. To improve our current understanding of the links between the boreal forest ecosystem and the lower atmosphere, the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) was executed in a series of field experiments in 1994 and 1996. This thesis documents the efforts made to characterise and map temporal and spatial distributions of the fluxes of heat, water vapour and CO2 over two 16 km x 16 km heterogeneous sites at the BOREAS study sites. / Most of the data in this thesis were obtained from the airborne observations by the Canadian Twin Otter Aircraft, operated by the Institute for Aerospace Research of the Canadian National Research Council, at the BOREAS Northern Study Area (NSA), and Southern Study Area (SSA). The research aircraft was flown at a fixed altitude of about 30 m agl. The data acquired in 1994 were primarily used to develop an objective deterending scheme in eddy-correlation flux estimates, that took into consideration the physical nature of turbulent transport during convective daytime conditions, and to map the spatial distribution of sensible heat, latent heat and CO2 fluxes over three intensive field campaigns. Maps of spatial patterns of the surface characteristics, such as the surface temperature excess over air temperature (Ts-T a) and Greenness index (GI), were also constructed. The mapping procedure involved generation of an array of grid points by block averaging the parameter of interests along the flight lines, spaced 2 km apart, over 2 km windows, with 1 km overlap between adjacent windows. The (Ts-Ta) maps showed, not surprisingly, that surface temperatures were relatively cooler over the mature forests than over the disturbed, regenerating and burn areas. However, they also showed a decoupling between sensible heat flux and T s-Ta not seen in less complex terrain. By contrast, close correspondence was observed between maps of CO2 flux and greenness, suggesting that the potential to infer CO2 exchange from remote sensing observations of the surface is higher than that for energy exchange. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
144

Contribution à l'étude et à l'optimisation d'une torche à plasma à arc non transféré / Contribution to the study and optimization of a non-transferred arc plasma torch

Marboutin, Yves 10 July 2012 (has links)
Le contexte de cette thèse est la production du vecteur énergétique hydrogène par thermolyse de la vapeur d’eau consistant en la dissociation de la molécule H2O en oxygène (O) et hydrogène (H). Le dispositif employé est une torche à plasma d’arc non transféré développée au LAEPT. Après l’exposition de la théorie sur la physique des plasmas et la spectrométrie d’émission atomique nécessaire à l’exploitation des mesures, cette thèse présente l’évolution de la torche à plasma ainsi que son environnement nécessitée par la présence de gaz instables et explosifs. Les mesures des différentes grandeurs électriques, hydrauliques et spéctrométriques ont permis la détermination des caractéristiques physique et chimique d’un plasma formé d’un mélange de vapeur d’eau – d’argon. La détermination de grandeurs telles que la température du jet plasma, la conductivité électrique, l’enthalpie massique et la densité électronique, est basée sur la comparaison entre expérimentation et théorie. / The context of this thesis is the production of hydrogen as an energy vector by steam thermolysis consisting in the dissociation of H2O molecule into oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H). The process used is a plasma torch device developed by the LAEPT. After presenting the theory of plasma physics and atomic emission spectroscopy which will help to make the most of the measured realized, this thesis will show the evolution of the plasma torch device and the experimental environment required to work with explosive and unstable gases. Some measurements like electrical, hydraulic and spectroscopy magnitudes made it possible to determine the chemical and physical characteristics of a water vapor – argon plasma. A comparison between experiments and theoretical knowledge will enable to determine the temperature of a flow of plasma, electrical conductivity, enthalpy and the electronic density.
145

Efeitos da interação de vapor d’água, de nitrogênio e de hidrogênio com estruturas dielétrico/SiC / Effects of the interaction of water vapor, of nitrogen and of hydrogen with dielectric/SiC structures

Corrêa, Silma Alberton January 2013 (has links)
No presente trabalho, foram investigados os efeitos de tratamentos térmicos em vapor d’água, em óxido nítrico e em hidrogênio nas propriedades físico-químicas e elétricas de filmes dielétricos crescidos termicamente e/ou depositadas por sputtering sobre lâminas de carbeto de silício. A caracterização foi realizada antes e após tratamentos térmicos nesses ambientes através de técnicas que utilizam feixes de íons. Em alguns casos, a caracterização elétrica também foi realizada. A investigação da incorporação e distribuição em profundidade de hidrogênio e oxigênio após tratamentos de SiO2/SiC e SiO2/Si em vapor d’água mostrou que há diferenças marcantes na interação da água com as duas estruturas. Observou-se maior incorporação de oxigênio no filme pré-existente de SiO2 sobre o SiC do que em SiO2/Si, evidenciando uma maior concentração de defeitos nos filmes sobre SiC. A incorporação de hidrogênio também foi maior nas estruturas SiO2/SiC, sendo observada em todas as regiões do filme de SiO2 crescido sobre SiC. Nos filmes crescidos sobre Si, no entanto, a incorporação deuse, principalmente, na região da superfície do filme de óxido. A interação do vapor d’água com estruturas SiO2/SiC e SiO2/Si com filmes depositados por sputtering também foi investigada. Foi constatada uma incorporação distinta da observada para essas estruturas quando seus óxidos foram crescidos termicamente. A incorporação de hidrogênio do vapor d’água em estruturas com filmes de SiO2 depositados por sputtering sobre SiC e sobre Si ocorre, principalmente, na interface SiO2/substrato. A distribuição em profundidade de oxigênio após a exposição a vapor d'água a 800°C revelou que ele é incorporado em toda a espessura dos óxidos depositados sobre ambos os substratos, evidenciando a alta mobilidade dos átomos de oxigênio nesses filmes de óxido. O crescimento térmico antes da deposição de SiO2 sobre o SiC levou à incorporação de menores quantidades de hidrogênio, quando comparadas com as estruturas relativas a filmes apenas depositados. No entanto, à medida que o tempo de oxidação térmica foi aumentado, observou-se maior incorporação de hidrogênio, o que foi atribuído à formação de defeitos no filme de óxido susceptíveis à interação com o mesmo. O crescimento térmico por um tempo curto seguido pela deposição de SiO2 e o crescimento térmico não seguido de outro tratamento levaram a menores incorporações de D do que a deposição não seguida de outro tratamento, o que pode ser correlacionado com as melhores características elétricas observadas nessas estruturas. Outro tema abordado foi a incorporação de hidrogênio através de tratamento térmico em 2H2, com e sem a presença de um eletrodo de platina, em filmes dielétricos crescidos em atmosfera de O2, NO e via tratamento térmico sequencial nesses dois gases. Quando o crescimento térmico em O2 foi seguido de tratamento em NO, foi observada uma forte troca isotópica entre o oxigênio da fase gasosa e o oxigênio do filme de SiO2, evidenciando a alta mobilidade dos átomos de oxigênio nesses filmes. A incorporação de hidrogênio mostrou-se fortemente dependente da rota utilizada no crescimento do filme dielétrico. Sem a presença do eletrodo de platina, o crescimento do filme dielétrico direto em NO foi a rota que apresentou a maior incorporação de hidrogênio. A presença de platina, por sua vez, promoveu um aumento na incorporação de hidrogênio nos filmes dielétricos obtidos através das três rotas de crescimento. Em todos os casos, observou-se que a incorporação de hidrogênio ocorre, principalmente, na região da interface entre o filme dielétrico e o SiC. A incorporação de maiores quantidades de hidrogênio foi associada com a presença de N previamente incorporado. A atmosfera reativa utilizada no crescimento térmico dos filmes dielétricos também mostrou influência nas características elétricas das estruturas analisadas. A caracterização por curvas C-V mostrou um aumento no deslocamento da tensão de banda plana após tratamentos térmicos em 2H2, indicando o aumento e/ou formação de carga positiva. Por fim, a interação de vapor d'água em estruturas de SiO2/SiC e de SiO2/Si com filmes crescidos termicamente e tratadas em NO foi investigada. Observou-se que as estruturas SiO2/SiC que foram submetidas a tratamentos térmicos em NO apresentaram menor incorporação de hidrogênio, devido à exposição a vapor d'água. Esse efeito também foi observado em estruturas SiO2/SiC quando o pós-tratamento em NO foi substituído por um póstratamento em argônio na mesma temperatura e tempo, indicando que a temperatura de tratamento é a responsável pelas menores incorporações de hidrogênio, não a reatividade do gás empregado. / In the present work, effects of thermal treatments in water vapor, in nitric oxide, and in hydrogen in the physicochemical and in the electrical properties of dielectric films thermally grown and/or deposited by sputtering on silicon carbide were investigated. The characterization was performed using ion beam analyses before and after thermal treatments in these atmospheres. In some cases, the electrical characterization was also performed. The investigation of the incorporation and depth distribution of hydrogen and oxygen after annealing of SiO2/SiC and SiO2/Si in water vapor evidenced that there are striking differences regarding water interaction with these two structures. It was observed larger oxygen incorporation in the pre-existent SiO2 film on SiC than in the SiO2/Si, which evidences higher concentration of defects in oxide films on SiC. The incorporation of hydrogen was also larger in SiO2/SiC structures, being observed in all regions of the dielectric film. In oxide films grown on Si, however, the incorporation occurred mainly in the surface region of the oxide. The interaction of water vapor with SiO2/SiC and SiO2/Si structures, whose films were deposited by sputtering, was also investigated. A distinct incorporation was observed when comparing results from structures whose oxides were thermally grown. The incorporation of hydrogen from water vapor in structures in which SiO2 films were deposited by sputtering on SiC and on Si, occurred mainly in the SiO2/substrate interface. The oxygen depth distribution after exposure to water vapor at 800°C revealed that it was incorporated in all depths of the oxides that were deposited on both substrates, evidencing the high mobility of oxygen atoms in these oxide films. The thermal growth prior to SiO2 deposition on SiC led to the incorporation of smaller amounts of hydrogen, compared with structures with films that were only deposited. Nevertheless, as the thermal oxidation time increases, a larger incorporation of hydrogen was observed, which was attributed to the formation of defects in the oxide film that are more likely to interact with hydrogen. The thermal growth for short time followed by the deposition of SiO2 and the thermal growth not followed by any other treatment led to lower amounts of hydrogen, when compared with the deposition not followed by another treatment, which can be correlated with the improvement in the electrical characteristics observed in these structures. Another subject investigated was the incorporation of hydrogen by 2H2 anneal, with and without the presence of platinum, in dielectric films thermally grown in O2, NO, and in sequential thermal treatments in these two atmospheres. In the case of thermal growth in O2 followed by NO anneal, it was observed a notable isotopic exchange between oxygen from the gas phase and oxygen from the SiO2 film, evidencing that oxygen atoms are highly mobile in these films. The incorporation of hydrogen was showed to be highly dependent on the route employed in the dielectric film growth, being the direct growth of dielectric films in NO the one that presented larger incorporation without the presence of Pt electrode. The presence of this metal increases the incorporation of hydrogen in all dielectric films. In all cases, it was observed that the incorporation of hydrogen occurred mainly in the interface region between the dielectric film and the SiC. The incorporation of larger amounts of hydrogen was associated with the presence of N that was previously incorporated. The reactive atmosphere employed in the thermal growth of dielectric films also was observed to affect electrical characteristics in analyzed structures. The characterization by C-V measurements evidenced an increase in the flatband voltage shift after annealing in 2H2, indicating the increase and/or the formation of positive charge. Finally, the interaction of water vapor in SiO2/SiC and SiO2/Si structures with dielectric films thermally grown and annealed in NO was investigated. It was observed that SiO2/SiC structures that were submitted to NO anneal presented less hydrogen incorporation due to exposure to water vapor. This behavior was also observed in SiO2/SiC structures when the NO anneal was replaced by an annealing in Ar at the same temperature and time, indicating that the temperature of the annealing was responsible by the less incorporation of hydrogen instead of the reactivity of the gas employed.
146

Caractérisation photoélectrochimique d'oxydes thermiques développés sur métaux et alliages modèles / Photoelectrochemical characterization of thermal oxide developed on metal and model alloys

Srisrual, Anusara 05 July 2013 (has links)
La Corrosion Haute Température (HTC), en environnements divers et sévères, d'alliages métalliques toujours plus élaborés en termes de composition et micro-structure, est un sujet industriel et scientifique très complexe. La PhotoElectroChimie (PEC) est une technique de choix pour caractériser les propriétés physico-chimiques et électroniques des couches d'oxydation très hétérogènes formées en HTC. Sur des exemples d'alliages modèles mais représentatifs de la réalité industrielle (aciers duplex, base-Nickel 690), ce travail présente le développement et la validation d'un dispositif expérimental permettant d'appliquer pour la première fois tout l'arsenal des techniques PEC à l'échelle mésoscopique (typiquement 30 µm), ainsi que la validation d'une modélisation originale développée au SIMaP des spectres de photocourants en énergie, qui permet de les décrire et ajuster finement et d'en extraire notamment avec précision les gaps des oxydes semiconducteurs présents dans la couche thermique. / High Temperature Corrosion (HTC), in various and severe atmospheres, of continually more elaborated (composition, micro–structure) metallic alloys, is a rather complex industrial and scientific topic. PhotoElectroChemistry (PEC) acquired a special place in the characterization of physico–chemical and electronic properties of the highly heterogeneous oxidation layers formed in HTC. Through studies of model but industrially representative samples (duplex stainless steel, Ni–base alloy 690), this work presents the development and validation of an experimental set–up allowing for the first time to use the whole set of PEC techniques at the mesoscopic level (typically 30 µm), as well as the validation of an original model of photocurrent energy spectra, developed at SIMaP, allowing to well describe, and accurately fit the latter spectra, and thus yielding, notably, precise bandgap values for the semiconducting components of the thermal scale.
147

Efeitos da interação de vapor d’água, de nitrogênio e de hidrogênio com estruturas dielétrico/SiC / Effects of the interaction of water vapor, of nitrogen and of hydrogen with dielectric/SiC structures

Corrêa, Silma Alberton January 2013 (has links)
No presente trabalho, foram investigados os efeitos de tratamentos térmicos em vapor d’água, em óxido nítrico e em hidrogênio nas propriedades físico-químicas e elétricas de filmes dielétricos crescidos termicamente e/ou depositadas por sputtering sobre lâminas de carbeto de silício. A caracterização foi realizada antes e após tratamentos térmicos nesses ambientes através de técnicas que utilizam feixes de íons. Em alguns casos, a caracterização elétrica também foi realizada. A investigação da incorporação e distribuição em profundidade de hidrogênio e oxigênio após tratamentos de SiO2/SiC e SiO2/Si em vapor d’água mostrou que há diferenças marcantes na interação da água com as duas estruturas. Observou-se maior incorporação de oxigênio no filme pré-existente de SiO2 sobre o SiC do que em SiO2/Si, evidenciando uma maior concentração de defeitos nos filmes sobre SiC. A incorporação de hidrogênio também foi maior nas estruturas SiO2/SiC, sendo observada em todas as regiões do filme de SiO2 crescido sobre SiC. Nos filmes crescidos sobre Si, no entanto, a incorporação deuse, principalmente, na região da superfície do filme de óxido. A interação do vapor d’água com estruturas SiO2/SiC e SiO2/Si com filmes depositados por sputtering também foi investigada. Foi constatada uma incorporação distinta da observada para essas estruturas quando seus óxidos foram crescidos termicamente. A incorporação de hidrogênio do vapor d’água em estruturas com filmes de SiO2 depositados por sputtering sobre SiC e sobre Si ocorre, principalmente, na interface SiO2/substrato. A distribuição em profundidade de oxigênio após a exposição a vapor d'água a 800°C revelou que ele é incorporado em toda a espessura dos óxidos depositados sobre ambos os substratos, evidenciando a alta mobilidade dos átomos de oxigênio nesses filmes de óxido. O crescimento térmico antes da deposição de SiO2 sobre o SiC levou à incorporação de menores quantidades de hidrogênio, quando comparadas com as estruturas relativas a filmes apenas depositados. No entanto, à medida que o tempo de oxidação térmica foi aumentado, observou-se maior incorporação de hidrogênio, o que foi atribuído à formação de defeitos no filme de óxido susceptíveis à interação com o mesmo. O crescimento térmico por um tempo curto seguido pela deposição de SiO2 e o crescimento térmico não seguido de outro tratamento levaram a menores incorporações de D do que a deposição não seguida de outro tratamento, o que pode ser correlacionado com as melhores características elétricas observadas nessas estruturas. Outro tema abordado foi a incorporação de hidrogênio através de tratamento térmico em 2H2, com e sem a presença de um eletrodo de platina, em filmes dielétricos crescidos em atmosfera de O2, NO e via tratamento térmico sequencial nesses dois gases. Quando o crescimento térmico em O2 foi seguido de tratamento em NO, foi observada uma forte troca isotópica entre o oxigênio da fase gasosa e o oxigênio do filme de SiO2, evidenciando a alta mobilidade dos átomos de oxigênio nesses filmes. A incorporação de hidrogênio mostrou-se fortemente dependente da rota utilizada no crescimento do filme dielétrico. Sem a presença do eletrodo de platina, o crescimento do filme dielétrico direto em NO foi a rota que apresentou a maior incorporação de hidrogênio. A presença de platina, por sua vez, promoveu um aumento na incorporação de hidrogênio nos filmes dielétricos obtidos através das três rotas de crescimento. Em todos os casos, observou-se que a incorporação de hidrogênio ocorre, principalmente, na região da interface entre o filme dielétrico e o SiC. A incorporação de maiores quantidades de hidrogênio foi associada com a presença de N previamente incorporado. A atmosfera reativa utilizada no crescimento térmico dos filmes dielétricos também mostrou influência nas características elétricas das estruturas analisadas. A caracterização por curvas C-V mostrou um aumento no deslocamento da tensão de banda plana após tratamentos térmicos em 2H2, indicando o aumento e/ou formação de carga positiva. Por fim, a interação de vapor d'água em estruturas de SiO2/SiC e de SiO2/Si com filmes crescidos termicamente e tratadas em NO foi investigada. Observou-se que as estruturas SiO2/SiC que foram submetidas a tratamentos térmicos em NO apresentaram menor incorporação de hidrogênio, devido à exposição a vapor d'água. Esse efeito também foi observado em estruturas SiO2/SiC quando o pós-tratamento em NO foi substituído por um póstratamento em argônio na mesma temperatura e tempo, indicando que a temperatura de tratamento é a responsável pelas menores incorporações de hidrogênio, não a reatividade do gás empregado. / In the present work, effects of thermal treatments in water vapor, in nitric oxide, and in hydrogen in the physicochemical and in the electrical properties of dielectric films thermally grown and/or deposited by sputtering on silicon carbide were investigated. The characterization was performed using ion beam analyses before and after thermal treatments in these atmospheres. In some cases, the electrical characterization was also performed. The investigation of the incorporation and depth distribution of hydrogen and oxygen after annealing of SiO2/SiC and SiO2/Si in water vapor evidenced that there are striking differences regarding water interaction with these two structures. It was observed larger oxygen incorporation in the pre-existent SiO2 film on SiC than in the SiO2/Si, which evidences higher concentration of defects in oxide films on SiC. The incorporation of hydrogen was also larger in SiO2/SiC structures, being observed in all regions of the dielectric film. In oxide films grown on Si, however, the incorporation occurred mainly in the surface region of the oxide. The interaction of water vapor with SiO2/SiC and SiO2/Si structures, whose films were deposited by sputtering, was also investigated. A distinct incorporation was observed when comparing results from structures whose oxides were thermally grown. The incorporation of hydrogen from water vapor in structures in which SiO2 films were deposited by sputtering on SiC and on Si, occurred mainly in the SiO2/substrate interface. The oxygen depth distribution after exposure to water vapor at 800°C revealed that it was incorporated in all depths of the oxides that were deposited on both substrates, evidencing the high mobility of oxygen atoms in these oxide films. The thermal growth prior to SiO2 deposition on SiC led to the incorporation of smaller amounts of hydrogen, compared with structures with films that were only deposited. Nevertheless, as the thermal oxidation time increases, a larger incorporation of hydrogen was observed, which was attributed to the formation of defects in the oxide film that are more likely to interact with hydrogen. The thermal growth for short time followed by the deposition of SiO2 and the thermal growth not followed by any other treatment led to lower amounts of hydrogen, when compared with the deposition not followed by another treatment, which can be correlated with the improvement in the electrical characteristics observed in these structures. Another subject investigated was the incorporation of hydrogen by 2H2 anneal, with and without the presence of platinum, in dielectric films thermally grown in O2, NO, and in sequential thermal treatments in these two atmospheres. In the case of thermal growth in O2 followed by NO anneal, it was observed a notable isotopic exchange between oxygen from the gas phase and oxygen from the SiO2 film, evidencing that oxygen atoms are highly mobile in these films. The incorporation of hydrogen was showed to be highly dependent on the route employed in the dielectric film growth, being the direct growth of dielectric films in NO the one that presented larger incorporation without the presence of Pt electrode. The presence of this metal increases the incorporation of hydrogen in all dielectric films. In all cases, it was observed that the incorporation of hydrogen occurred mainly in the interface region between the dielectric film and the SiC. The incorporation of larger amounts of hydrogen was associated with the presence of N that was previously incorporated. The reactive atmosphere employed in the thermal growth of dielectric films also was observed to affect electrical characteristics in analyzed structures. The characterization by C-V measurements evidenced an increase in the flatband voltage shift after annealing in 2H2, indicating the increase and/or the formation of positive charge. Finally, the interaction of water vapor in SiO2/SiC and SiO2/Si structures with dielectric films thermally grown and annealed in NO was investigated. It was observed that SiO2/SiC structures that were submitted to NO anneal presented less hydrogen incorporation due to exposure to water vapor. This behavior was also observed in SiO2/SiC structures when the NO anneal was replaced by an annealing in Ar at the same temperature and time, indicating that the temperature of the annealing was responsible by the less incorporation of hydrogen instead of the reactivity of the gas employed.
148

Efeitos da interação de vapor d’água, de nitrogênio e de hidrogênio com estruturas dielétrico/SiC / Effects of the interaction of water vapor, of nitrogen and of hydrogen with dielectric/SiC structures

Corrêa, Silma Alberton January 2013 (has links)
No presente trabalho, foram investigados os efeitos de tratamentos térmicos em vapor d’água, em óxido nítrico e em hidrogênio nas propriedades físico-químicas e elétricas de filmes dielétricos crescidos termicamente e/ou depositadas por sputtering sobre lâminas de carbeto de silício. A caracterização foi realizada antes e após tratamentos térmicos nesses ambientes através de técnicas que utilizam feixes de íons. Em alguns casos, a caracterização elétrica também foi realizada. A investigação da incorporação e distribuição em profundidade de hidrogênio e oxigênio após tratamentos de SiO2/SiC e SiO2/Si em vapor d’água mostrou que há diferenças marcantes na interação da água com as duas estruturas. Observou-se maior incorporação de oxigênio no filme pré-existente de SiO2 sobre o SiC do que em SiO2/Si, evidenciando uma maior concentração de defeitos nos filmes sobre SiC. A incorporação de hidrogênio também foi maior nas estruturas SiO2/SiC, sendo observada em todas as regiões do filme de SiO2 crescido sobre SiC. Nos filmes crescidos sobre Si, no entanto, a incorporação deuse, principalmente, na região da superfície do filme de óxido. A interação do vapor d’água com estruturas SiO2/SiC e SiO2/Si com filmes depositados por sputtering também foi investigada. Foi constatada uma incorporação distinta da observada para essas estruturas quando seus óxidos foram crescidos termicamente. A incorporação de hidrogênio do vapor d’água em estruturas com filmes de SiO2 depositados por sputtering sobre SiC e sobre Si ocorre, principalmente, na interface SiO2/substrato. A distribuição em profundidade de oxigênio após a exposição a vapor d'água a 800°C revelou que ele é incorporado em toda a espessura dos óxidos depositados sobre ambos os substratos, evidenciando a alta mobilidade dos átomos de oxigênio nesses filmes de óxido. O crescimento térmico antes da deposição de SiO2 sobre o SiC levou à incorporação de menores quantidades de hidrogênio, quando comparadas com as estruturas relativas a filmes apenas depositados. No entanto, à medida que o tempo de oxidação térmica foi aumentado, observou-se maior incorporação de hidrogênio, o que foi atribuído à formação de defeitos no filme de óxido susceptíveis à interação com o mesmo. O crescimento térmico por um tempo curto seguido pela deposição de SiO2 e o crescimento térmico não seguido de outro tratamento levaram a menores incorporações de D do que a deposição não seguida de outro tratamento, o que pode ser correlacionado com as melhores características elétricas observadas nessas estruturas. Outro tema abordado foi a incorporação de hidrogênio através de tratamento térmico em 2H2, com e sem a presença de um eletrodo de platina, em filmes dielétricos crescidos em atmosfera de O2, NO e via tratamento térmico sequencial nesses dois gases. Quando o crescimento térmico em O2 foi seguido de tratamento em NO, foi observada uma forte troca isotópica entre o oxigênio da fase gasosa e o oxigênio do filme de SiO2, evidenciando a alta mobilidade dos átomos de oxigênio nesses filmes. A incorporação de hidrogênio mostrou-se fortemente dependente da rota utilizada no crescimento do filme dielétrico. Sem a presença do eletrodo de platina, o crescimento do filme dielétrico direto em NO foi a rota que apresentou a maior incorporação de hidrogênio. A presença de platina, por sua vez, promoveu um aumento na incorporação de hidrogênio nos filmes dielétricos obtidos através das três rotas de crescimento. Em todos os casos, observou-se que a incorporação de hidrogênio ocorre, principalmente, na região da interface entre o filme dielétrico e o SiC. A incorporação de maiores quantidades de hidrogênio foi associada com a presença de N previamente incorporado. A atmosfera reativa utilizada no crescimento térmico dos filmes dielétricos também mostrou influência nas características elétricas das estruturas analisadas. A caracterização por curvas C-V mostrou um aumento no deslocamento da tensão de banda plana após tratamentos térmicos em 2H2, indicando o aumento e/ou formação de carga positiva. Por fim, a interação de vapor d'água em estruturas de SiO2/SiC e de SiO2/Si com filmes crescidos termicamente e tratadas em NO foi investigada. Observou-se que as estruturas SiO2/SiC que foram submetidas a tratamentos térmicos em NO apresentaram menor incorporação de hidrogênio, devido à exposição a vapor d'água. Esse efeito também foi observado em estruturas SiO2/SiC quando o pós-tratamento em NO foi substituído por um póstratamento em argônio na mesma temperatura e tempo, indicando que a temperatura de tratamento é a responsável pelas menores incorporações de hidrogênio, não a reatividade do gás empregado. / In the present work, effects of thermal treatments in water vapor, in nitric oxide, and in hydrogen in the physicochemical and in the electrical properties of dielectric films thermally grown and/or deposited by sputtering on silicon carbide were investigated. The characterization was performed using ion beam analyses before and after thermal treatments in these atmospheres. In some cases, the electrical characterization was also performed. The investigation of the incorporation and depth distribution of hydrogen and oxygen after annealing of SiO2/SiC and SiO2/Si in water vapor evidenced that there are striking differences regarding water interaction with these two structures. It was observed larger oxygen incorporation in the pre-existent SiO2 film on SiC than in the SiO2/Si, which evidences higher concentration of defects in oxide films on SiC. The incorporation of hydrogen was also larger in SiO2/SiC structures, being observed in all regions of the dielectric film. In oxide films grown on Si, however, the incorporation occurred mainly in the surface region of the oxide. The interaction of water vapor with SiO2/SiC and SiO2/Si structures, whose films were deposited by sputtering, was also investigated. A distinct incorporation was observed when comparing results from structures whose oxides were thermally grown. The incorporation of hydrogen from water vapor in structures in which SiO2 films were deposited by sputtering on SiC and on Si, occurred mainly in the SiO2/substrate interface. The oxygen depth distribution after exposure to water vapor at 800°C revealed that it was incorporated in all depths of the oxides that were deposited on both substrates, evidencing the high mobility of oxygen atoms in these oxide films. The thermal growth prior to SiO2 deposition on SiC led to the incorporation of smaller amounts of hydrogen, compared with structures with films that were only deposited. Nevertheless, as the thermal oxidation time increases, a larger incorporation of hydrogen was observed, which was attributed to the formation of defects in the oxide film that are more likely to interact with hydrogen. The thermal growth for short time followed by the deposition of SiO2 and the thermal growth not followed by any other treatment led to lower amounts of hydrogen, when compared with the deposition not followed by another treatment, which can be correlated with the improvement in the electrical characteristics observed in these structures. Another subject investigated was the incorporation of hydrogen by 2H2 anneal, with and without the presence of platinum, in dielectric films thermally grown in O2, NO, and in sequential thermal treatments in these two atmospheres. In the case of thermal growth in O2 followed by NO anneal, it was observed a notable isotopic exchange between oxygen from the gas phase and oxygen from the SiO2 film, evidencing that oxygen atoms are highly mobile in these films. The incorporation of hydrogen was showed to be highly dependent on the route employed in the dielectric film growth, being the direct growth of dielectric films in NO the one that presented larger incorporation without the presence of Pt electrode. The presence of this metal increases the incorporation of hydrogen in all dielectric films. In all cases, it was observed that the incorporation of hydrogen occurred mainly in the interface region between the dielectric film and the SiC. The incorporation of larger amounts of hydrogen was associated with the presence of N that was previously incorporated. The reactive atmosphere employed in the thermal growth of dielectric films also was observed to affect electrical characteristics in analyzed structures. The characterization by C-V measurements evidenced an increase in the flatband voltage shift after annealing in 2H2, indicating the increase and/or the formation of positive charge. Finally, the interaction of water vapor in SiO2/SiC and SiO2/Si structures with dielectric films thermally grown and annealed in NO was investigated. It was observed that SiO2/SiC structures that were submitted to NO anneal presented less hydrogen incorporation due to exposure to water vapor. This behavior was also observed in SiO2/SiC structures when the NO anneal was replaced by an annealing in Ar at the same temperature and time, indicating that the temperature of the annealing was responsible by the less incorporation of hydrogen instead of the reactivity of the gas employed.
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Estimations du profil du rapport isotopique de la vapeur d'eau dans la troposphère à partir de spectres mesurés dans l'infrarouge thermique par le sondeur IASI: méthodologie d'inversion et analyses des premières distributions spatiales

Lacour, Jean Lionel 29 January 2015 (has links)
La vapeur d’eau est le principal gaz à effet de serre de l’atmosphère et implique un processus de rétroaction climatique positif qui se traduit par une augmentation importante de l’humidité dans la troposphère dans les prochaines décennies. La vapeur d’eau joue également un rôle primordial dans le système climatique, notamment via le transport d’énergie de l’équateur vers les pôles. Malgré ceci, la compréhension des mécanismes qui contrôlent la distribution de la vapeur d’eau sur le globe reste insuffisante, ce qui se répercute sur les prédictions de l’évolution de notre climat. Depuis quelques années, les observations de la composition isotopique de la vapeur d’eau se sont révélées être particulièrement utiles pour aider à mieux comprendre les processus hydrologiques car les différents isotopologues de la vapeur d’eau (H216O, H218O, HDO) se comportent différemment selon les processus en jeu.<p>Dans cette perspective, les mesures de radiances du système terre-atmosphère dans l’infrarouge thermique par l’Interféromètre Atmosphérique de Sondage Infrarouge (IASI) à bord de la plateforme météorologique MetOp, peuvent fournir des observations du rapport isotopique δD (rapport HDO/H216O), à l’échelle globale et à haute résolution spatio-temporelle, pour autant que la restitution du rapport puisse être obtenue avec une précision suffisante.<p>Dans ce travail, nous présentons une méthodologie robuste et précise pour la restitution du profil de δD à partir des spectres IASI. Basée sur la méthode d’estimation optimale, elle consiste à appliquer des contraintes d’inversion adaptées afin d’obtenir des profils de δD fiables. Nous décrivons le choix de celles-ci et nous montrons que la méthode mise en place permet de fournir des profils de δD qui présentent un maximum de sensibilité dans la troposphère libre. L’adéquation de la méthode mise en place est ensuite évaluée grâce à une étude d’inter-comparaison avec des mesures dérivées de l’instrument spatial TES (Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer sur AURA) et FTIR localisés au sol. L’exactitude des profils IASI a aussi pu être déterminée grâce à des comparaisons avec des mesures in situ. <p>Dans une autre partie du travail, nous nous attachons à préciser les applications liées à l’utilisation des nouvelles mesures dans le domaine des géosciences. Nous documentons ainsi les capacités du sondeur IASI à fournir des mesures de δD à une résolution spatio-temporelle inégalée et décrivons les diverses distributions obtenues. Nous montrons et analysons notamment les premières cartes globales à haute résolution de δD dans la troposphère. Les mesures de δD et de l’humidité sont analysées conjointement à l’aide de modèles simples et permettent de démontrer la plus-value mesures de δD depuis les satellites. Parmi les résultats les plus significatifs, citons la mise en évidence de la signature isotopique des différentes sources de la vapeur d’eau (évaporation continentale/océanique), et celle de l’empreinte des différents processus hydrologiques qui contrôlent l’humidification de l’atmosphère (convection, mélange de masse d’air, ré-évaporation des gouttes de pluie). <p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
150

Étude de la variabilité de la vapeur d'eau dans la troposphère et la basse stratosphère en région (sub)tropicale et des processus associés / No English title available

Vérèmes, Hélène 03 June 2016 (has links)
Dans un contexte de changement climatique, il est important d'étudier les processus de distribution et les tendances des gaz à l'état de traces dans l'atmosphère tels que l'ozone et la vapeur d'eau. L'observatoire atmosphérique du Maïdo, situé à 2160 m, héberge un ensemble d'instruments de mesures atmosphériques in-situ et par télédétection, dont le Lidar1200, pour la mesure de profils verticaux de vapeur d'eau. La validation, l'évaluation et une première exploitation des données du Lidar1200 font l'objet de cette thèse. Des comparaisons avec des radiosondages ont permis de valider les profils de vapeur d'eau du lidar depuis la basse troposphère jusqu'à 22 km d'altitude dès lors qu'un nombre suffisant de données est intégré. À courte échelle de temps, le Lidar1200 est capable de suivre temporellement des structures de l'ordre de la centaine de mètres d'épaisseur jusqu'à une dizaine de kilomètres d'altitude. L'analyse des données montre le potentiel du Lidar1200 de surveillance de la vapeur d'eau à long-terme dans la basse stratosphère avec un ou deux points de mesure par mois. La base de données 2013-2015 apporte des informations sur la variabilité saisonnière de la vapeur d'eau au-dessus de La Réunion. Les données de vapeur d'eau permettent de documenter divers processus atmosphériques dont les échanges stratosphère-troposphère. Des signatures d'intrusion stratosphérique ont été observées sur des observations lidar quasi simultanées et co-localisées d'ozone et de vapeur d'eau pendant la campagne de mesure MALICCA (MAïdo LIdar Calibration Campaign, La Réunion), le 4 avril 2013, suggérant un processus d'intrusion stratosphérique avec plusieurs origines. / In a context of climate change, it is important to study distribution processes and the trends of trace atmospheric gases such as ozone and water vapor. The Maïdo atmospheric observatory, located at 2160 m in height, hosts a set of atmospheric in-situ and remote sensing instruments, including the Lidar1200 providing vertical water vapor profiles. This thesis aims to provide a thorough work of validation, evaluation and analysis of the Lidar1200 data. Comparisons with radiosoundings allowed to validate the water vapor profiles of the lidar from the lower troposphere up to an altitude of 22 km if a sufficient number of data is integrated. At a smaller temporal scale, the Lidar1200 is able to follow temporally structures in the range of a hundred of meters thick up to a dozen of kilometers in altitude. The data analysis show the potential of the lidar in monitoring the water vapor in the lower stratosphere on a long term with one to two points of measurements by month. The database 2013-2015 brings information on the seasonal variability of the water vapor over Reunion Island. The water vapor data allow to study various atmospheric processes including stratosphere-troposphere exchanges. Signatures of stratospheric intrusions were observed on quasi-simultaneous and co-localized ozone and water vapor observations realized by two lidars of the Maïdo Observatory during the measurement campaign MALICCA-1 (MAïdo LIdar Calibration CAmpaign, Reunion Island), on April 4, 2013, suggesting stratospheric intrusions with multiple origins.

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