A disponibilidade de energia a preços competitivos é fundamental para a competitividade dos produtos da indústria nacional, que está imersa num ambiente concorrencial interno e externo. Essa indústria tem inserção maciça no cotidiano de toda sociedade, contribuindo decisivamente para o bom andamento da economia brasileira. O Modelo Setorial permite a um grande consumidor optar pela contratação de energia de forma regulada ou livre, pelo que a análise da melhor estratégia de contratação torna-se fundamental. No presente trabalho, é realizado o mapeamento da composição dos preços praticados no Ambiente de Contratação Livre (ACL) e Ambiente de Contratação Regulado (ACR). As regras são definidas através da análise da legislação setorial e do comportamento observado dos agentes de mercado. Após essa etapa, são realizadas simulações, partindo de premissas macroeconômicas e setoriais, que fornecem projeções de preços para ambos os ambientes e, por fim, realizadas comparações entre as diversas estratégias de contratação. / The availability of electrical energy at competitive prices is of fundamental importance for the competitiveness of products in each industry field, considering the strong competition in internal and external markets. The industry production plays an important role in society everyday life, contributing decisively to the smooth running of the Brazilian economy. Taking into account this perspective, the Brazilian electrical sector institutional model allows a big consumer to have the option to satisfy his energy needs in the regulated or free market. Therefore, the analysis of the best contracting strategy becomes crucial. In this work, the energy pricing in Regulated Contracting Market (ACR) and in the Free Contracting Market (ACL) is deeply analyzed. The rules are defined through the analysis of the electrical sector legislation and the observed behavior of market players. After this stage, simulations are performed considering sector and macroeconomic assumptions, which provide spot prices forecast and long term energy prices forecast for both environments and, finally, comparisons between the different contracting strategies are established.

Les deux derniers siècles ont connu une révolution exceptionnelle dans l'organisation des marchés électriques dans le monde entier. Ainsi, traditionnellement organisé autour de monopoles verticalement intégrés et soumis à la régulation, le secteur électrique connait un processus de réforme et évolue vers une organisation décentralisée qui favorise les mécanismes du marché. Le passage des tarifs régulés à des prix du marché, compte tenu des structures concentrées et les caractéristiques particulières de l'industrie électrique, accroît la possibilité que certaines entreprises puissent manipuler les prix du marché en exerçant leur pouvoir de marché. Les questions de "pouvoir de marché" dans un secteur donné ont été abondamment étudiées dans la littérature de l'économie Industrielle depuis la fin des années 1970, mais des études théoriques et empiriques de "pouvoir de marché dans les marchés électriques" n'ont été développées que récemment. Dans cette thèse, nous essayons de mener une recherche approfondie autour des questions de pouvoir de marché sur les marchés de gros de l'électricité en Europe. Nous conduisons des études empiriques dans deux des plus grands marchés européens: la France (sur des données 2009-2012) et l'Allemagne (sur des données de 2011), en utilisant des méthodes économétriques et des modèles de simulation des marchés électriques. Le sujet semble pertinent dans la période de transition énergétique en Europe. / The two last centuries have witnessed an exceptional revolution in the organization of electric power markets worldwide. The industry's organization has changed from vertically integrated monopolies under regulation to unbundled structures that favor market mechanisms; known as reform process in Europe. The shift to reliance on market prices, given concentrated structures and particular characteristics of electricity industry, raises a possibility that some firms could influence the market prices by exercising their market power. The issues of "market power" in a given industry have been abundantly employed in the literatureof Industrial Organization since the late 1970s but theoretical and empirical studies of "market power in electricity markets" have only been developed recently. In this thesis, we attempt to carry out an insight research around market power questions in deregulated wholesale electricity markets in Europe, as regarding the way of defining and measuring it. We carry out empirical studies in two of the biggest liberalized electricity markets in Europe: France (2009-2012's data) and Germany (2011's data), using econometric regressions and electricity simulation models as main methodologies. The subject is particularly relevant inthe context of energy transition in Europe (transition energetique in France and Energiewende in Germany).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T14:10:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Heloisa Kazuko Omine.pdf: 4223131 bytes, checksum: 630ed4cd4d50174f7c30da42afe57ce8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-31 / This project study investigates the narratives process, specifically how visual effects are presents in fast fashion system wholesale stores, in this study, stores located in Shopping Megapolo Moda, Brazilian first fashion specialized wholesale shopping. The subject of investigation presents the store environment as a space where images and stories can be constructed being part of a fashion obsolescence phenomena, in which the fashion system accelerates products renovation. All the same, the narratives created in this environment showing ephemeral or permanents scenarios can be studied displaying the fashion trends as a cause of this programed obsolescence. This study intend to demonstrate the visual merchandising as a results of a narrative structured plan, even if, not always prearranged as a chronicle. As a results, the study presents possibility for a method development for visual narratives that can be applied as a model for fast fashion wholesale stores. / Este projeto de pesquisa tem por intuito investigar como as narrativas visuais são aportadas nas lojas de atacado de moda fast fashion, situadas no Megapolo Moda, primeiro shopping center de atacado especializado em moda do país. Seleciona o segmento de moda, e mais especificamente, a loja de atacado de moda fast fashion para a investigação, uma vez que nelas se apresenta o fenômeno da moda como prática de obsolescência programada e acelerada de produtos; sendo esses ambientes, locais propícios para se investigar a produção comunicacional através da construção de narrativas visuais permanentes ou efêmeras que vinculadas aos temas de tendências de moda da estação e adotando os recursos de visual merchandising estabelece o processo de obsolescência programada. O trabalho apresenta como resultado a estruturação de um quadro esquemático de narrativa visual que permite verificar como essas narrativas estão contidas nos ambientes de loja de atacado de moda fast fashion, mesmo não tendo sido intencional. O resultado demonstra que há sim, a possibilidade do desenvolver uma metodologia de narrativas visuais, a partir do quadro esquemático, e efetuar a aplicação da mesma como estratégia comunicacional da loja de atacado fast fashion.

Cette thèse porte sur une série de problèmes d’efficacité économique créés par le développement de masse en Europe des sources d’énergie renouvelable (SER) intermittentes. Les ressources flexibles requises pour compenser certaines de leurs propriétés (variabilité, faible prévisibilité, sites spécifiques) sont connues, mais des signaux sont nécessaires pour en assurer un développement et des opérations efficaces. Une première question qui se pose est de savoir dans quelle mesure les SER intermittentes peuvent rester en dehors des marchés de l’électricité, alors qu’elles y jouent un rôle-clé. Une seconde question est de déterminer dans quelle mesure le design de marché actuel est adapté à un système électrique contenant une part très importante de SER intermittentes. Ces deux questions sont traitées ici dans quatre contributions indépendantes.Le premier chapitre consiste en une revue critique de littérature. On y introduit et compare deux paradigmes (qui sont souvent implicites) pour l’intégration des SER. On identifie ensuite des évolutions requises afin d’adapter le design de marché au développement de SER intermittentes, telles qu’une redéfinition des produits échangés, ou une réorganisation de la séquence de marchés.On emploie dans le deuxième chapitre un modèle analytique, afin d’évaluer le potentiel des marchés infra-journaliers pour gérer la faible-prévisibilité des SER intermittentes. Cette étude démontre comment ce potentiel est en grande partie déterminé par l’évolution des erreurs de prévision.Le troisième chapitre s’intéresse aux bénéfices qui peuvent résulter d’une restriction de la production des SER intermittentes à un instant donné. Un autre modèle analytique est utilisé pour décortiquer l’influence de paramètres clés sur ces bénéfices. Une attention particulière est portée à la distribution de ces bénéfices entre les différents acteurs.Enfin on réalise dans le chapitre 4 une simulation numérique de l’évolution des bilans des gestionnaires du réseau de transport (GRTs) européens, afin de souligner les difficultés posées par la connexion des SER intermittentes au réseau de transport. Des stratégies de financement alternatives sont également évaluées. Cette étude révèle l’existence d’un déficit de financement important en cas d’évolution constante des tarifs. / This thesis centres on issues of economic efficiency originating from the large-scale development of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) in Europe. The flexible resources that are necessary to cope with their specificities (variability, low-predictability, site specificity) are already known, but adequate signals are required to foster efficient operation and investment in these resources. A first question is to what extent intermittent RES can remain out of the market at times when they are the main driver of investment and operation in power systems. A second question is whether the current market design is adapted to their specificities. These two questions are tackled in four distinct contributions.The first chapter is a critical literature review. This analysis introduces and confronts two (often implicit) paradigms for RES integration. It then identifies and discusses a set of evolutions required to develop a market design adapted to the large-scale development of RES, such as new definitions of the products exchanged and reorganisation of the sequence of electricity markets.In the second chapter, an analytical model is used to assess the potential of intraday markets as a flexibility provider to intermittent RES with low production predictability. This study highlights and demonstrates how the potential of intraday markets is heavily dependent on the evolution of the forecast errors.The third chapter focuses on the benefits of curtailing the production by intermittent RES, as a tool to smooth out their variability and reduce overall generation costs. Another analytical model is employed to anatomize the relationship between these benefits and a set of pivotal parameters. Special attention is also paid to the allocation of these benefits between the different stakeholders.In the fourth chapter, a numerical simulation is used to evaluate the ability of the European transmission system operators to tackle the investment wave required in order to manage the production of intermittent RES. Alternative financing strategies are then assessed. The findings reveal that under the current trend of tariffs, the volumes of investment forecasted will be highly challenging for transmission system operators.

A disponibilidade de energia a preços competitivos é fundamental para a competitividade dos produtos da indústria nacional, que está imersa num ambiente concorrencial interno e externo. Essa indústria tem inserção maciça no cotidiano de toda sociedade, contribuindo decisivamente para o bom andamento da economia brasileira. O Modelo Setorial permite a um grande consumidor optar pela contratação de energia de forma regulada ou livre, pelo que a análise da melhor estratégia de contratação torna-se fundamental. No presente trabalho, é realizado o mapeamento da composição dos preços praticados no Ambiente de Contratação Livre (ACL) e Ambiente de Contratação Regulado (ACR). As regras são definidas através da análise da legislação setorial e do comportamento observado dos agentes de mercado. Após essa etapa, são realizadas simulações, partindo de premissas macroeconômicas e setoriais, que fornecem projeções de preços para ambos os ambientes e, por fim, realizadas comparações entre as diversas estratégias de contratação. / The availability of electrical energy at competitive prices is of fundamental importance for the competitiveness of products in each industry field, considering the strong competition in internal and external markets. The industry production plays an important role in society everyday life, contributing decisively to the smooth running of the Brazilian economy. Taking into account this perspective, the Brazilian electrical sector institutional model allows a big consumer to have the option to satisfy his energy needs in the regulated or free market. Therefore, the analysis of the best contracting strategy becomes crucial. In this work, the energy pricing in Regulated Contracting Market (ACR) and in the Free Contracting Market (ACL) is deeply analyzed. The rules are defined through the analysis of the electrical sector legislation and the observed behavior of market players. After this stage, simulations are performed considering sector and macroeconomic assumptions, which provide spot prices forecast and long term energy prices forecast for both environments and, finally, comparisons between the different contracting strategies are established.

<p>Background: A large number of companies works as a link between manufacturers and final users. These companies buys and stores goods to be able to deliver when a need comes up later in the chain. The storage could have a negative effect on profitability and therefore places great demands on the management control systems. ABC as a method has been used with some success in manufacturing for over ten years. In wholesale companies the method is not frequently used. </p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this report is to study the design and the effects of ABC in wholesale companies. </p><p>Method: The base for this study is a company for which an ABC-model was constructed. This company also worked as an object of study to create understanding for the line of business itself (wholesale). To this base interviews with three other wholesalers who already have implemented ABC were added. These interviews were used to verify the model of the first company and to study the effect of in wholesale companies. </p><p>Results: The study have shown how an ABC-model can be designed for a wholesale company. The design should start with nature and size of the company and clearly show that it is for a wholesale company. The effects visible in two underlying aspects, line of products and customers, which after management of these leads to higher profits for the company.</p>

Background: A large number of companies works as a link between manufacturers and final users. These companies buys and stores goods to be able to deliver when a need comes up later in the chain. The storage could have a negative effect on profitability and therefore places great demands on the management control systems. ABC as a method has been used with some success in manufacturing for over ten years. In wholesale companies the method is not frequently used. Purpose: The purpose of this report is to study the design and the effects of ABC in wholesale companies. Method: The base for this study is a company for which an ABC-model was constructed. This company also worked as an object of study to create understanding for the line of business itself (wholesale). To this base interviews with three other wholesalers who already have implemented ABC were added. These interviews were used to verify the model of the first company and to study the effect of in wholesale companies. Results: The study have shown how an ABC-model can be designed for a wholesale company. The design should start with nature and size of the company and clearly show that it is for a wholesale company. The effects visible in two underlying aspects, line of products and customers, which after management of these leads to higher profits for the company.

This study intends to examine the changes in the structural relations between the actors of fresh fruit and vegetable distribution process within a time scope of thirty years perspective. In summary the following questions were tried to be answered: - Who are the actors active in the fresh fruit and vegetable distribution process? - How these actors transformed within a time scope of thirty years and how they were effected from the changes in overall economic developments and government policies? - What potentials do these actors have for the future and what are the key areas of development to sustain a winning environment for all parties involved: for producers, distributors and consumers?

Most contemporary South African businesses are facing tough times. This is the result of emerging trends such as intense global competition which requires businesses to be quick, agile and flexible; new technology available to any business willing to adopt it; more advanced customer expectations and the implementation of new strategic, proactive management approaches. In fact, many of them (including wholesalers) will succeed only if they can successfully integrate strategy, processes, business arrangement, resources, systems and empowered workforces to render their core business effectively. Choosing suppliers and purchasing products are critical wholesaling activities and often determine the success of wholesalers. Wholesaling institutions, however, vary considerably in size, activity, style of business, types of products provided and services rendered. These variables imply that the complexity of wholesaling activities differs. It therefore stands to reason that the level of sophistication with which these wholesalers manage their purchasing, sourcing and supply activities may differ. The level of sophistication with which wholesalers manage their purchasing, sourcing and supply function may vary from traditional management approaches to advanced integrated management approaches. The use of the new management approaches by businesses is a vital instrument in facilitating change. This leads to the development of more focused, specialised and high-performance organisations. Manufacturers are not geared to deal directly with the thousands of small retailers and therefore use wholesalers for this function. Wholesalers provide a vital link between manufacturers and retailers, and play a pivotal role in efficiency of the whole supply chain. Adapting to the supply chain management approach may thus mean the difference between success, failure and the continued existence of the wholesaler in supply chains. This research study was undertaken to determine to what extent wholesalers in South Africa have adapted to new demands and developments in their purchasing, sourcing and supply functions. Secondary to this objective was the need to (1) investigate the scope of wholesaling, with reference to the global and South African context; (2) investigate the concepts of and the evolution of purchasing to strategic sourcing as part of the broader supply chain management approach; (3) analyse the scope and concept of supply chain management; and (4) determine the purchasing, sourcing and supply management approaches used by the wholesale sector in South Africa. The study was conducted in several phases. Firstly, a literature research was conducted to gather and integrate secondary data in order to (1) expound the definitions, importance, types, activities and trends of wholesalers; and (2) investigate the development of purchasing to strategic sourcing and evolution of supply chain management, and to give an overview of purchasing, strategic sourcing and supply chain management. Secondly, a questionnaire was compiled containing all the relevant issues identified in the literature research to enable the researcher to establish how far South African wholesalers have advanced in adopting new approaches to managing the purchasing, sourcing and supply function. This questionnaire was pretested on two respondents to verify its validity, before proceeding to the next step. Thirdly, a letter and the refined and tested questionnaire were mailed to all the wholesalers identified to be involved in the survey, informing them of the research study and soliciting their cooperation. The letter requested the participants to return the questionnaire via facsimile. Fourthly, to improve the response rate, after the date for returning the questionnaire had lapsed, additional questionnaires were faxed to all the respondents who had not completed the initial questionnaire. The literature research established that the new demands and developments facing wholesalers in managing their purchasing, sourcing and supply function are a reality. Wholesalers are confronted with a variety of challenges concerning these demands and developments which is jeopardising their vital role in the supply chain, and they need to adopt a more sophisticated method of managing these activities, not only to ensure their own survival, but also to lower the costs of the wholesale operation, and ultimately allow an increase in shareholders' wealth. The empirical study, however, clearly indicated that South African wholesalers are still significantly focused on the tactical aspects of purchasing, incorporating only a few aspects of strategic sourcing and supply chain management. The position of South African wholesalers regarding the level of sophistication in their management approach to the purchasing, sourcing and supply chain management approach can be regarded as a mechanical approach, with proactive tendencies. It is therefore clear that South African wholesalers have not adapted to the strategic sourcing and supply chain management approaches, and need to prepare themselves for this change - or risk failure. / Business Management / M. Comm.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo, elaborar el estudio de demanda inmobiliaria que permitirá la apertura del mercado minorista y mayorista San Ignacio plaza en el Distrito de José Leonardo Ortiz – Chiclayo. Año 2017. Se concluyó, que es viable la apertura del mercado minorista – mayorista San Ignacio Plaza en al distrito de José Leonardo Ortiz como lo demuestran los resultados del estudio de la demanda potencial y efectiva. 651 puestos para el mercado minorista y de 431 puestos para el mercado mayorista. Lo que determino un total de 1,082 puestos. The objective of this research was to prepare the real estate demand study that will allow the opening of the retail and wholesale market San Ignacio Plaza in the District of José Leonardo Ortiz - Chiclayo. Year 2017 It was concluded that the opening of the retail market - wholesaler San Ignacio Plaza in the José Leonardo Ortiz district is feasible as shown by the results of the study of potential and effective demand. 651 positions for the retail market and 431 positions for the wholesale market. What determined a total of 1,082 posts.