在哲學史上「意志」、「自由」和「行爲」一直讓思想家反思、洞察並發表多方面地的論點。這些理論和研究結果反映了思想家們的不同生活背景和推論的能力。雖然這些思想提供甚多有價值的理念和研究綫索，但大多數的理論和觀點難以完全脫離主觀性和片面性。 現象學讓主體由現象經驗出發而發現主體内在生活原則和其行動的由來。現象學追求主體際性的「相對」客觀性，相對客觀的經驗能夠當研究依據和研究檢驗研究結果的有效性。因此使用基本現象學立場和研究工具以研究「意志」能夠提供相對普遍有效的研究成果。 漢娜‧鄂蘭（Hannah Arendt），一位當代的現象學家，對人的「意志」進行了多方面的研究。他的研究納入哲學史上不同時代對「意志」的研究成果，而她以現象學立場針對一些重要的理論理論和觀點（包括聖奧古斯丁（St. Augustine）、司各脫（Duns Scott）和康德）。鄂蘭綜合不同的論點並發表自己對「意志」的研究成果。然而，她的研究方法不顯示嚴禁的現象學方法論，而她的論點缺乏整體性和普遍有效性。 本研究發現「意志」現象的基本主軸原則：自發性是「意志」現象的必備因素，也是其充分必要條件。此原則成爲本研究的核心觀點，研究的每一部分直接連接到此基本原則。此原則讓研究者建立並發展意志現象理論架構。 本論著以現象學研究立場針對「意志」方面的現象經驗，其反思鄂蘭的研究成果，而嘗試建立一個系統性的意志現象理論架構。此架構的基本特質是其依據的相對客觀性。此理論架構建立後，需要確認其普遍性和開放性。中國哲學傳統雖然沒有直接發展「意志」觀念和理論，但也沒有忽略「意志」現象，墨家哲學在其倫理、政治和社會思想蘊含著一種特殊的「意志」理念預設。此基本預設讓墨家哲學建立一套合理的人觀和政治理論以解決具體的社會問題。因此本研究先嘗試重新研究鄂蘭所發揮「意志」思想以建立一個基本現1象學理論架構，此後使用此理論架構以詮釋墨家思想裡所蘊含的「意志」哲學，納入其基本因素以發展此理論架構並檢驗其普遍性和開放性。研究墨家思想不單單試驗現象理論的材料，而其也積極地擴充所建構的現象學理論架構，讓此理論架構克服一些内在的理論困境。 本研究確認「意志」為「意志」的自主心靈官能，其具有自由和自發性，不受思想和判斷力的約束，也不被外在和内在非意志因素所決定或引導。這些觀點與鄂蘭的相似，然而鄂蘭所發揮的「意志」觀點和原則缺乏普遍性，其「意志」現象局限於具體的行動和未來，她也非充分地研究集體的意志現象。而聖奥古斯丁和墨家思想幫助克服此局限性。聖奥古斯丁的「愛」和墨家的「兼愛」和「意志」有内在的關係，而其容許擴充「意志」的對象範圍到整個時間流（包括過去、現在和未來）和任何具體或非具體的對象和主體的任何行爲和心靈活動。此有助於研究跟意志有關的一切外在和内在因素，並建立普遍性的意志現象學理論架構。 此也容許建立基本的集體意志現象學理論架構，而此架構建立後，其能夠做研究政治和社會現象的基本理論工具。本論著的後部嘗試進行對集體意志現象研究以擴充前部所建構的主體意志現象學架構。而在此方面墨家哲學也提供一些不可或缺的觀念。具體而言，墨家哲學容許融合多主體的意志自由與主體順從專制權威可能性。 最後，一個相當有整體性和普遍性的意志現象學理論架構被形成，而此架構也經得起現象經驗和理論推理的審核以呈現其有效性。

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Committee on Social Thought, June 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA, 2004. / Abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 243-250).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA, 2004. / Abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 243-250).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA, 2004. / Abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 243-250).

Advantages and disadvantages of the at-will employment doctrine Abstract This diploma thesis is focusing on the at-will employment doctrine, which is the default principle dominating employment law in the United states of America. Its aim is to evaluate advantages and disadvantages of the at-will employment doctrine. As a prerequisite for further analysis of possible advantages and disadvantages, the thesis in its first part defines terms such as employment law, employment contract and employee in the context of legal order of the United States and takes into account significant differences arising from the differences between anglo-american and continental legal culture. As a next step in its second part this diploma thesis provides a description of basic compoments and historical development of the at-will doctrine, which is the default and key principle controlling employment relationships. In the third to fifth part the thesis is dedicated to the three main exceptions to the doctrine, which were developed by common law over time. These exceptions are public policy, implied in fact contract and a covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Each of these exceptions is at first conceptually defined and then its influence on employment relationship disputes is described. Continuously, it is summarized in which...

(Mistake in civil law) The submitted diploma thesis deals with the problematic of mistake in civil law as a form of vitiated consent. Pivotal provisions are present in § 583-585 of the act No. 89/2012 Coll., civil law. In the introduction of the thesis we can find general issues of legal action, with more detailed description of will, its characteristics, manifestation of the will and their relation to each other, as these essentials of legal actions are instrumental for the purpose of this thesis. Next chapter focuses on the main issue, mistake as it defines it in two separate ways, that is discrepancy between the genuine will of the acting person and manifestation of the will, secondly as a defect of the will. Main focus of the thesis lies within the latter case, discrepancy between genuine will of the acting person is only mentioned briefly. Afterwards the thesis focuses on different types of mistake as corresponding to the provisions in the act No. 89/2012 Coll., civil law. Special focus is put on the term decisive circumstance, necessity of participation of other party and excusable mistake, as well as extract about the mistake induced by deception. Following chapter is centred around subsidiary circumstance and how to distinguish it from a decisive one. Afterwards the thesis mentions other...

Esta tese aborda alguns aspectos da recepção de Schopenhauer durante o percurso da obra de Nietzsche, procurando compreender sobretudo o papel desempenhado pelo autor de O mundo como vontade e representação no desenvolvimento do pensamento nietzschiano. A primeira parte analisa o período de juventude da obra nietzschiana, almejando evidenciar uma peculiaridade na relação de filiação existente entre o jovem filólogo e seu denominado educador. A aparente simplicidade da relação entre um discípulo e seu mestre, sugerida pela constatação de que Nietzsche assume grande parte da doutrina schopenhaueriana durante este período de sua obra, torna-se problemática ao percebermos uma diferença crucial de posicionamento ante a questão fundamental proposta por Schopenhauer e recebida por Nietzsche como orientadora de seu pensamento: a questão do valor da vida. Esta análise insere-se numa reflexão sobre a própria concepção de filosofia. Já na segunda parte, trata-se de abordar o período intermediário da obra de Nietzsche, procurando matizar a conhecida ruptura nietzschiana em relação a Schopenhauer durante este período. O intuito principal desta parte é expor como, ao mesmo tempo em que passa a rejeitar e tecer diversas críticas à doutrina schopenhaueriana, Nietzsche permanece ainda orbitando no horizonte daquela questão fundamental proposta por Schopenhauer. Na terceira parte, procura-se demonstrar como Nietzsche efetua uma autossuperação da filosofia da vontade ao elaborar uma nova concepção do querer, na medida em que a noção de vontade de potência é erigida tendo como pano de fundo o questionamento de um pressuposto velado que sustentava a filosofia de Schopenhauer. A partir dessa nova compreensão do querer, Nietzsche é capaz tanto de reelaborar algumas noções que apareciam desde o início de sua trajetória quanto de formalizar o derradeiro papel de Schopenhauer na constituição de seu próprio pensamento: para isso, será necessária uma contextualização e depuração daquela questão fundamental. / This thesis deals with some aspects of Schopenhauers reception during the course of Nietzsches work, aiming mainly at understanding the role played by the author of The World as Will and Representation in the development of Nietzschean thought. The first part analyzes the period of the youth of Nietzschean work, intending to evince a peculiarity in the relation of filiation existing between the young philologist and his so-called educator. The apparent simplicity of the relation between a learner and his master, suggested by the verification that Nietzsche largely assumes Schopenhauerian doctrine during this period of his work, becomes problematic as we notice a crucial difference of position when facing the fundamental question proposed by Schopenhauer and received by Nietzsche as a guideline for his thought: the question of the value of life. This analysis is part of a reflection on the conception of philosophy itself. The second part approaches the middle period of Nietzsches work, looking for the nuances of the known Nietzschean rupture in relation to Schopenhauer during this period. The main goal of this part is to show how, while rejecting and criticizing Schopenhauerian doctrine, Nietzsche continues to orbit in the horizon of that fundamental question proposed by Schopenhauer. In the third part, we seek to demonstrate how Nietzsche overcomes the philosophy of Will as he elaborates a new conception of will; the notion of will to power is built having as background the questioning of a hidden presupposition that held Schopenhauers philosophy. From this new way to understand the will, Nietzsche is able to re-elaborate some notions that were present since the beginning of his work and to formalize the last role of Schopenhauer in the constitution of his own thought: for this, it will be necessary to contextualize and depurate that fundamental question.

No description available.

The concept of weakness of will, or Akrasia, relates to questions regarding the rationality of our choices. Philosophers such as Richard Holton and Alfred Mele have spearheaded the debate since the turn of the century, but quite recently arguments put forth by Nick Heather and Edmund Henden have catapulted the question into a subgenre between the medical, psychological, and philosophical fields. N. Heather argues that it can be useful to categorize addiction as a certain weakness of will meanwhile E. Henden argues against this point. In discussions around topics such as addiction and behavioral psychology, a natural part of the conversation surrounds questions regarding freedom of choice. What constitutes addiction and how does it begin? Do those who are addicted have free will, and in turn, can they be held accountable for their choices? These are some of the questions that materialize when delving into this topic that feasibly might get answered in this paper. However, a lot of the discussion regarding addiction seems to rely quite heavily on the clinical aspects of substance dependency, which can be counterproductive to the discussion as it diverges from philosophy into neurobiological medicine and clinical psychology. Furthermore, substance addictions tend to have a direct effect on habituation and motivation which bypasses certain cognitive systems. To avoid falling into these pitfalls, this paper sets out to examine a rising phenomenon through the same lens: Social Media Addiction (SMA). Since that would fall under behavioral disorder within the spectrum of addiction and therefore not have the same properties as a drug-induced addiction, this article aims to investigate if it exhibits the defining characteristics of akratic action and investigate if SMA fulfills these. In this paper, a comparison between SMA and regular addictions is made in order to identify the differences and similarities. There is a larger discussion around the topic of what acratic core action is and when it is applicable in the case of addiction but also recent arguments for and against classifying addiction as akrasia are presented. Finally, the findings suggest there are cases where addictions can be classified as a form of akrasia which has its own implications and interpretations that are brought up. Limitations of the discussion are brought up and further research is suggested.