Submitted by Sin Eun Lee (leericardo75@gmail.com) on 2016-04-20T10:53:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SIN EUN LEE Com Ficha.pdf: 924928 bytes, checksum: 1490142e7d79b58bd3a2181a9cdac7af (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br) on 2016-04-20T12:38:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SIN EUN LEE Com Ficha.pdf: 924928 bytes, checksum: 1490142e7d79b58bd3a2181a9cdac7af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-20T12:41:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SIN EUN LEE Com Ficha.pdf: 924928 bytes, checksum: 1490142e7d79b58bd3a2181a9cdac7af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / The aim of this research is to empirically test if the working capital management adopted by multinational companies can be altered in foreign market entries of complex countries like Brazil. Based on the results of a survey of 182 companies in the electro-electronics and machinery sectors in Brazil, tests were conducted to analyze the correlation between the decisions of companies to use factoring with psychic distance and elapsed time of operation in Brazil. Results led to a higher propensity in the use of factoring as an alternative tool for short-term financing by multinationals companies with a greater psychic distance and with less elapsed time of operation in Brazil. Research on international business suggest that greater psychic distance of multinationals companies increase the uncertainty and risks avoidance, thus leading to a higher demand in cash holdings. Depending on the elapsed time of operation in the foreign market, psychic distance can be shortened through a process of organizational learning / O objetivo desta pesquisa é testar empiricamente se a gestão de capital de giro adotada pelas empresas multinacionais em outros países se altera na internacionalização em países complexos como o Brasil. Baseado nas respostas a um questionário obtido de uma amostra de 182 empresas do setor eletroeletrônico, elétrico, e de máquinas e equipamentos do Brasil, testes foram conduzidos para encontrar correlação na decisão de uso de cessão de direitos creditórios com a distância psíquica e o tempo de experiência dessas empresas no Brasil. Resultados apontam a maior propensão no uso de cessão de direitos creditórios como ferramenta alternativa de financiamento de curto prazo pelas empresas multinacionais sediadas em países mais distantes psiquicamente e com menor tempo de experiência no Brasil. Estudos sobre finanças internacionais indicam que uma maior distância psíquica das empresas multinacionais aumenta a aversão a incertezas e riscos, e, logo, a necessidade de manutenção de maiores níveis de caixa. Dependendo do tempo de experiência das empresas no mercado estrangeiro, a distância psíquica pode ser minimizada por meio de um processo de aprendizagem organizacional.

Abstract in Xhosa and English / This study aimed to examine the relationship between working capital management and the financial performance of listed food and beverage companies in South Africa. Despite the existing literature on this relationship, no notable studies have investigated it in this particular industrial sector. Various data from a sample of 12 food and beverage companies listed on the JSE during the period 2007 to 2016 were collected from iress McGregor databases. Econometric regression analysis was then conducted on the data to determine the magnitude of relationships between working capital components and the financial performance of these companies. The researcher found that adopting an aggressive working capital management strategy assists in creating shareholder wealth through improved financial performance of the firm. To sum up, the shorter the cash conversion cycle, the more profitable the firm will be. / Injongo yesi sifundo kukuphonononga unxulumano phakathi kolawulo lwemali etyalelwa ukusebenza (inkunzi) nentsebenzo yemali (inzala) eyenziwa ziinkampani ezibhalisiweyo zokutya neziselo eMzantsi Afrika. Nangona kukhona okubhaliweyo malunga nolu nxulumano, akukho sifundo sigqamileyo ngeli candelo lorhwebo. Kukho iinkcukacha ezaqokelelwa kwiinkampani ezikhethiweyo ezili-12 nezibhaliswe kwiJSE. Ezi nkcukacha zazikwingqokelela egciniweyo eyaziwa ngokuba yi ‘iress McGregor databases’. Kuye kwenziwa uhlalutyo ngokuthelekisa inzala eqhele ukwenziwa naleyo kuqikelelwa ukuba iza kwenziwa kwezi nkcukacha zikaMcGregor. Oku bekusenzelwa ukubona ubungakanani bonxulumano phakathi kwenkunzi nenzala eyenziwa zezi nkampani. Umphandi ufumanise ukuba ukwakha icebo lolawulo olungqongqo lwenkunzi kuyanceda ekudaleni ubutyebi babanini zabelo ngokuphucula inzala eyenziwa liqumrhu lorhwebo. Elokuqukumbela lithi, ngokufutshanisa ivili lokuguqula imali, iya kuba ngaphezulu inzala yequmrhu lorhwebo. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

Submitted by Gustavo Alexandre Gomes Bernardes (gustavoagbernardes@gmail.com) on 2018-09-04T03:36:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Bernardes - v6.pdf: 1006151 bytes, checksum: d6813b870325b41f7e39b7ffffa4aa3e (MD5) / Rejected by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br), reason: Seu trabalho necessita de ajustes. por gentileza entrar em contato 3799-7892 Joana on 2018-09-04T15:01:40Z (GMT) / Submitted by Gustavo Alexandre Gomes Bernardes (gustavoagbernardes@gmail.com) on 2018-09-05T03:19:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Bernardes - v6.1.pdf: 1027352 bytes, checksum: 36911eefcc4525b7f4834b58c82f7a61 (MD5) / Rejected by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br), reason: Prezado Gustavo, bom dia. Para aprovação de seu trabalho postado, deverá ajustar os seguinte: O nome da escola deverá estar em português " ESCOLA DE ECONOMIA DE SÃO PAULO" (capa, segunda pagina e folha de assinaturas) Falta o resumo em português antes do ABSTRAT. após a realização dos ajustes deverá postar novamente. Att, Joana Alves on 2018-09-05T14:12:26Z (GMT) / Submitted by Gustavo Alexandre Gomes Bernardes (gustavoagbernardes@gmail.com) on 2018-09-06T03:18:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Bernardes - v6.2 06 09 18.pdf: 1031299 bytes, checksum: 86ddb9003b1b1b681ce2ba83ea0b82c4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2018-09-06T14:12:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Bernardes - v6.2 06 09 18.pdf: 1031299 bytes, checksum: 86ddb9003b1b1b681ce2ba83ea0b82c4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-09-06T14:40:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Bernardes - v6.2 06 09 18.pdf: 1031299 bytes, checksum: 86ddb9003b1b1b681ce2ba83ea0b82c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-06T14:40:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Bernardes - v6.2 06 09 18.pdf: 1031299 bytes, checksum: 86ddb9003b1b1b681ce2ba83ea0b82c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-10 / The main goal of this study was to evaluate to what extent working capital management - mesasured through the Cash Conversion Cycle - is related to a higher profitability and to a higher creation of value for the shareholders - measured through the Tobin’s Q. The central hypoteshis are that (1) firms' with lower Cash Conversion Cycle present higher profitability and (2) companies with lower Cash Conversion Cycle show higher value generation for shareholders. This study used a database extracted from Economática, with financial details from 46 different companies listed within the INDX (BM&FBOVESPA Industrials Index as of April 18th 2018), which represents the most representative traded stocks among industrial companies in Brazil. The regressions shown herein were built using the Panel Dataset Methodology, estimated on a quarterly basis from the period between 1986 to 2017, totaling 31 years. Regression analysis were made in order to assess the relation between variables, using both Multiple OLS (Ordinary Least Square) and Fixed Effects models. The results show strong evidences that industrial companies in Brazil that have a lower cash conversion cycle also present (1) higher profitability and (2) higher creation of value for its shareholders. Breaking down the Cash Conversion Cycle into its components (Days Sales Outstanding, Days Payables Outstanding, Days Inventory Outstanding), the study found negative and significant relation between profitability and generation of value with the Days Inventory Outstanding, suggesting that companies with lower average inventory days presents higher profitability and generates more value to shareholders. The results showed a positive and significant relation between the Days Payables Outstanding with both the Gross Operating Profit and Tobin’s Q, indicating that companies that have more extended payment terms present higher profitability and higher generation of value for the shareholders. The research also found a statistically significant negative relationship between the Days Sales Outstanding and the and the Tobin’s Q, suggesting that firms with lower average collection period shows higher creation of value. The study did not find a statistically significant relation between the DSO and the GPO.According to the research, from the three components of the cash conversion cycle, the Days Payables Oustanding was the one with the higher relation with both profitability and creation of value, followed by the Days Inventory Outstanding and Days Sales Outstanding. / O principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar em que medida a gestão do capital de giro - representada pelo índice Ciclo de Conversão de Caixa - está relacionada a uma maior lucratividade e uma melhor percepção de valor pelos acionistas e pelo mercado - medido pelo Q de Tobin. As hipóteses centrais são: (1) as empresas com menor Ciclo de Conversão de Caixa apresentam maior lucratividade e (2) as empresas com menor Ciclo de Conversão de Caixa apresentam maior geração e percepção de valor para os acionistas. Este estudo utilizou um banco de dados extraído do sistema Economática, com dados financeiros de 46 empresas listadas no Índice INDX (Índice do Setor Industrial da BM&FBOVESPA com data base de 18 de abril de 2018), que representam as ações mais representativas entre as empresas industriais no Brasil. As regressões aqui apresentadas foram construídas utilizando o método de dados em painel, cujos dados foram extraídos em uma base entre o período de 1986 a 2017, totalizando 31 anos. Análises de regressão foram feitas para estimar a relação entre as variáveis, usando os modelos de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO) e Efeitos Fixos. Os resultados mostram fortes evidências de que as empresas industriais no Brasil que possuem um ciclo de conversão de caixa mais curto também apresentam (1) maior lucratividade e (2) maior criação e percepção de valor para seus acionistas. Através da quebra do Ciclo de Conversão de Caixa em seus componentes (Prazo Médio de Estocagem, Prazo Médio de Pagamento e Prazo Médio de Recebimento), o estudo encontrou relação negativa e significante entre lucratividade e geração de valor com o Prazo Médio de Estocagem, sugerindo que empresas com menor média de dias de estoque apresentam maior rentabilidade e geram maior percepção de valor para os acionistas. Os resultados também mostram uma relação positiva e significante entre o Prazo Médio de Pagamento tanto com o Lucro Operacional Bruto quanto com o Q de Tobin, indicando que as empresas que possuem prazos de pagamento mais alongados apresentam maior rentabilidade e maior geração e percepção de valor para os acionistas. A pesquisa também encontrou uma relação negativa estatisticamente significante entre o Prazo Médio de Recebimento e o Q de Tobin, sugerindo que as empresas com menor período médio de recebimento apresentam maior percepção de valor. O estudo não encontrou uma relação estatisticamente significante entre o Prazo Médio de Recebimento e o Lucro Bruto Operacional. De acordo com a pesquisa, dos três componentes do ciclo de conversão de caixa, o Prazo Médio de Pagamento apresentou a maior relação com rentabilidade e com a percepção e criação de valor, seguido pelo Prazo Médio de Estocagem e Prazo Médio de Recebimento.

PhD (Economics) / Department of Economics / This is the first study to investigate the impact of working capital management on the performance (profitability and value) of South African firms listed on the Johannesburg Securities Exchange (JSE) before, during and after the 2008/2009 global financial crisis. Richards and Laughlin’s (1980) Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) theory was used as the theoretical framework for analysing and linking working capital management to firm performance. In addition, the study investigates how the separate working capital management components impact the performance of firms. The study used both accounting and market based secondary data obtained from I-Net Bridge/BFA McGregor database and the JSE for 75 firms for the 10 year period, 2003 to 2012. Panel data regression models were used in the analyses. The key findings from the study indicate the following. First, the average profitability (ROA) for the sample firms decreased from 27% (before the financial crisis) to 20.2% during the crisis period and increased to 25.9% after the financial crisis. Second, the average market capitalisation (firm value) decreased from R18.9 billion before the crisis to R16.3 billion during the crisis period, and thereafter increased to a high of R24.4 billion after the crisis. Third, the average firm’s CCC was 28.4 days before the crisis and decreased to 12.5 days during the crisis period and later increased to 16.2 days after the crisis. Fourth, and interestingly, of the four working capital management variables, only accounts receivable conversion period is significantly negatively related to profitability during the financial crisis. Fifth, the three firm-specific variables (size, financial leverage, and current assets to total assets ratio) have no significant relation with profitability during the crisis period. Sixth, the external variable, change in GDP growth rate, has a significant positive relation with profitability. This suggests firms perform better when the economy is booming and otherwise during economic downturns, which is consistent with economic theory. Finally, and perhaps the most important contribution is that the study found an inverted U-shape relationship between working capital management (proxied by cash conversion cycle) and firm value before the crisis. This implies that there exists an optimal level of investment in working capital for which the sampled firms’ value is maximized. At this point, costs and benefits are balanced. Thus corporate managers should aim to keep as close to the optimal level as possible and try to avoid any deviations from it that destroy firm value. On the contrary, the results have not established any such relationship between working capital management and profitability for any of the three financial crisis periods. Based on the findings, it is recommended that firm managers should aim at keeping as close to the optimal working capital level as possible and try to avoid any deviations from it that may destroy firm value. / NRF

The theoretical and practical importance of working capital management (Sharma & Kumar, 2011) and its strong link with the firm’s financial stability (Wang et al., 2020, p. 2; Kamel 2015, p. 35) make it one of the most important functional areas of corporate finance. Although literature and the corporate world recognize corporate sustainability mainly through corporate social responsibility (CSR), ESG emerged in the recent past and quickly made its strong footfall as an indicator of corporate sustainability. Literature is evident that studies have mainly focused on studying both working capital management (WCM) and corporate sustainability in relation to firm financial performance (FFP), while scant research has assessed the relationship between WCM and corporate sustainability (Barros et al., 2022, p. 1). The primary purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between corporate sustainability and WCM in the Swedish market to fill this gap in the literature and contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the subject matter through its findings, especially with reference to the use of ESG rating scores.  The relationship was examined through the quantitative approach. Sample data was comprised of 418 firm-year observations retrieved from Refinitiv Eikon on 38 firms listed on Nasdaq Stockholm between 2010-2020. ESG rating scores were used to measure corporate sustainability, while two proxy measures; cash conversion cycle (CCC) and working capital requirements (WCR) were for WCM. Stata software was used to find the results of the study by running the pertinent regression models using robust standard errors. Various statistical tests were performed to satisfy all the OLS classical assumptions. The empirical results of our study revealed mixed findings. The findings connected to CCC indicated no statistically significant relationship between ESG scores and CCC which allowed us to conclude that sustainable firms in Sweden do not operate with a shorter CCC (or cash cycle). The findings connected to WCR indicated a significant negative relationship of WCR with the environmental and social score, however no relationship with ESG and governance scores. These results allowed us to conclude that sustainable firms in Sweden are able to operate with WCR (or cash requirements), however, these effects entirely come from the environmental and social pillars, which indirectly implies more sustainable firms can operate with lower levels of debt than their counterparts. Since we found no significant effect from the ESG scores for both CCC and WCR, our findings were partially in line with the shareholder theory, the stakeholders’ theory, and the legitimacy theory we used as theoretical references in our study. The overall findings of our study allow us to suggest sustainable firms in Sweden reconsider their working capital policy decisions to achieve working capital efficiency (a shorter cash cycle) while staying aligned with their sustainability goals.

[pt] A crise financeira de 2008 estimulou com que as empresas compradoras e fornecedoras, assim como os bancos, buscassem novas alternativas de financiamento para aumentar a transparência das operações, reduzindo os riscos e o custo do crédito. O foco então passou a ser a gestão integrada da cadeia de suprimentos a partir dos seus fluxos físicos, de informação e financeiros, criando uma relação de ganha-ganha para todos os elos envolvidos na cadeia. O Financiamento da Cadeia de Suprimentos (FCS) é um meio de realizar esta integração dos fluxos, gerar economias e potencializar os ganhos financeiros utilizando a própria cadeia de suprimentos como fonte de recursos. Desta forma, este trabalho foi iniciado a partir da revisão da literatura acerca do FCS, destacando a sua evolução, principais conceitos e soluções de financiamento. Em seguida foi realizado um estudo de caso com o objetivo de compreender e descrever o funcionamento e principais características do programa de FCS de uma empresa de petróleo. A partir da comparação do Ciclo de Conversão de Caixa (CCC) com outras empresas e índices referentes ao setor de petróleo, mostrou-se que o CCC da empresa estudada, em geral, situa-se acima dos demais, sendo o principal fator para este resultado o seu elevado Prazo Médio de Estocagem (PME). Pela análise de indicadores de desempenho financeiro e econômico não é possível concluir objetivamente que o programa de FCS desde a sua implementação, em 2011, até 2019 tenha contribuído para a liquidez e rentabilidade da empresa. É preciso levar em conta questões adicionais como preço do petróleo e defasagem dos preços domésticos em relação aos preços internacionais nas importações de derivados, sendo fatores que tiveram forte impacto sobre o desempenho da empresa no período. Como forma de contribuição adicional para a Gestão da Cadeia de Suprimentos (GCS), a partir da análise DuPont sobre o Retorno Sobre os Ativos Líquidos (RONA) de 2019, foi realizada análise de sensibilidade para avaliar a relação dos componentes do CCC sobre esse indicador. Este trabalho foi realizado sob a perspectiva da empresa de petróleo que é a compradora dentro do programa FCS. Portanto, a principal recomendação para trabalhos futuros é a realização de pesquisas que avaliem o impacto do programa de FCS sobre os fornecedores. / [en] The 2008 financial crisis stimulated buyers and suppliers, as well as banks, to seek new financing alternatives to increase the transparency of operations, decrease risks and the cost of credit. The integrated Supply Chain Management (SCM) based on its physical, information and financial flows became the focus, creating a win-win relationship for all links in the chain. Supply Chain Finance (SCF) is a way of integrating flows, generating savings, and enhancing financial gains using the supply chain as a source of funds. Thus, this work begins with a literature review of the SCF, highlighting its evolution, main concepts and financing solutions. Then, a case study was carried out in order to understand and define the functioning and the main characteristics of an oil company s SCF program. From the comparison of the Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) with other companies and indexes referring to the oil sector, it was demonstrated that the CCC of the studied company is in general situation above the others, being the high Days Inventory Outstanding (DIO) the main reason for this result. By analyzing financial and economic performance indicators, it is not possible to objectively realize that the SCF program since its implementation in 2011 and until 2019 has contributed to the company s liquidity and profitability, there are issues such as oil prices and the gap between domestic and international prices on imports of oil products had a strong impact on the company s performance in the period. As a form of additional contribution to SCM, from the DuPont analysis on the Return on Net Assets (RONA) of 2019, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to analyze the relationship of CCC components on the indicator. This work was carried out from the perspective of the oil company that is the purchasing company within the FCS program, therefore, the main recommendation for future work is to conduct research that evaluates the impact of the FCS program on suppliers.

M. Tech. (Department of Cost and Management Accounting, Faculty of Management Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Working capital management is an important aspect in the business in order to meet its daily activities. Permanent working capital, temporary working capital, gross working capital and net working capital are four types of working capital. The construction industry, as compared to any other industry, plays an important role in the economic growth of the country. The construction industry is regarded as the largest employer in the labour market and appropriate management of liquidity is essential. Construction contracts are divided into lump sum contracts, unit price contracts and cost plus a fee contracts and have the following role players: employer, employer’s representative, professional team, contractor, sub-contractor and adjudicator. This study analysed the relationship between working capital management and financial performance of JSE listed construction companies during the period 2009-2019. Annual financial statements, which included statement of financial position and statement of financial performance of all listed construction companies during the period 2009-2019 were extracted from the external database (IRESS) to obtain the data needed for statistical analysis. This study used a quantitative research method to analyse the relationship between working capital management and financial performance. Multiple linear regression and correlation analysis were used in this study with inventory conversion period (ICP), average collection period (ACP) and average payment period (APP) as independent variables and return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and gross operating profit (GOP) as dependent variables, in order to analyse the relationship between working capital management and financial performance of JSE-listed construction companies during the period 2009-2019. Results of this study indicated that working capital management has little or no influence on the financial performance of JSE-listed construction companies, therefore, this indicates that listed construction companies in South Africa need to manage their working capital properly by putting some new policies in place on their accounts payables and receivables, in order to have a relationship between working capital management and financial performance.