This thesis argues that the laws of waqf in Iran lack modern relevance. Such laws have never been completely modernised, and the waqf system, no longer responsible for the delivery of public goods, still holds a vast array of properties and resources. Many of the ongoing socioeconomic and political disappointments of Iran, which, at the core, are the weakness of the country's private economic sector and its human capital deficiency, stand among the lasting consequences of the deficiency of resources which the institution of waqf has under its control. Traditional Islamic law laid the ground for the economic infrastructure of the Middle Eastern countries until the late 19th century. Among the institutions that contributed to shaping the economy of the region are the Islamic law of inheritance, which inhibited capital accumulation; the absence in Islamic law of the concept of a corporation and the consequent weaknesses of civil society; and the waqf, which locked vast resources into unproductive organisations for the delivery of social services. It is often argued that many of these obstacles to economic development were largely overcome through radical reforms initiated in the 19th century. However, the modern civil law of Iran has kept traditional Islamic law at the core of laws of waqf, and the process of modernisation of its laws remains incomplete.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第21902号 / 地博第248号 / 新制||地||92(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科グローバル地域研究専攻 / (主査)准教授 長岡 慎介, 教授 小杉 泰, 准教授 D'SOUZA Rohan Ignatious / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

This study investigates how waqf officers in two State Religious Councils (SRCs) in Malaysia undertake their responsibilities and duties of accountability to inform and improve the management of waqf properties for the benefit of beneficiaries and the public. The thesis uses the concept of holistic accountability by O'Dwyer & Unerman (2008) to conceptualise the relationship between waqf officers (accountors) and waqf stakeholders (accountees). Two key components of holistic accountability are identified, i.e., hierarchical upward and downward accountability. The religious setting of waqf presents an opportunity to examine how Islamic values influence the way holistic accountability is enacted and experienced. The thesis uses the concept of felt accountability to assess the extent to which this occurs. Semi-structured interviews are employed to understand the waqf officers' perception of the extent to which they discharge their responsibilities and duties of accountability. This data collection method is complemented by non-participant observation and documentary analysis. The study finds that Islamic values, such as belief in the Day of Judgement, encourage the officers to undertake their responsibility and duty of accountability in a proactive and creative way. This is explained in the thesis as felt accountability, an individualised . perception of accountability that provides a powerful motivation for waqf officers to discharge their downward accountability. However, the study also finds that the impact of felt accountability on holistic accountability is influenced by the organisational Structure of the SRC. Hierarchical structures may constrain officers' felt accountability whilst decentralised structures may offer too much flexibility to waqf officers.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Kiel, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 399-413) and indexes.

Cette thèse propose une perspective comparatiste pour étudier Acre et Alexandrie, aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles. La comparaison se nourrit des ressemblances et des divergences entre les deux villes. Elle se concentre cependant sur des aspects précis de leur histoire : les conflits et les échanges par le biais de leurs acteurs, de leurs impacts et de leurs conséquences à la fois sur chacune des deux cités et, plus largement, à l'échelle régionale de la Méditerranée orientale. Durant la période de domination latine en Terre Sainte, Acre et Alexandrie paraissent, à première vue, très différentes puisqu'elles s'inscrivent, au cours de cette période, dans deux sociétés disctinctes. Acre est gouvernée par une élite étrangère. Ses quartiers évoluent en fonction de conflits entre les factions occidentales et les privilèges qui leur sont accordés par le roi de Jérusalem. Alexandrie reste une ville orientale sur laquelle les Croisades ont peu d'impact. La démarche comparatiste permet une mise en cause de cette représentation trop approximative. Elle révèle à la fois d'autres différences et un certain nombre de similitudes dans l'évolution des deux villes. Le corpus disponible pour cette étude montre une transformation topographique importante d'Acre et d'Alexandrie au XIIIe siècle. Il permet également l'étude des systèmes servant à l'entretien des élites dans les deux cités ainsi que l'évolution du rôle des deux villes dans différents réseaux et espaces (la Méditerrranée, les villes portuaires à proximité, l'hinterland immédiat, les routes de pèlerinage et de commerce) en fonction des changements politiques, des conquêtes militaires, mais aussi du progrès technique. / This thesis offers a comparative study of Acre and Alexandria during the 12th and 13th centuries. The comparison draws on the similarities and differences between both cities. However, particular focus is given to some specific aspects in their history, especially through a study of the main players in conflicts and forms of exchange, and the impact and consequences of these on both cities as well as on the Eastern Mediterrranean. During the Latin domination of the Holy Land, Acre and Alexandria initially seem very different from one another because they were part of two distinct societies at this time. Acre was governed by a foreign elite. The town’s quarters evolved with the conflicts which opposed the different western factions inside the city, as well as the privileges that these groups received from the King of Jerusalem. Alexandria, on the other hand, remained an oriental city on which the Crusades had very little impact. This comparative study offers a broader view of their history, showing other differences between them as well as similarities in their historical development. The sources available for this research show important topographic development in Acre and Alexandria during the 13th century. They also contain information about the institutions allotted to support the local elites as well as on the evolving role of Acre and Alexandria within different networks and areas (the Mediterranean, nearby port cities, the immediate hinterland, trade and pilgrimage routes) in periods of political change, military conquests, but also of technical progress.

This thesis is of an historical nature and deals with two institutions in Bosnia and Hercegovina: waqf and the Library of Gazi Husrev bay. These institutions are placed in a societal context which makes it easier to understand their origins, development and decline. The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyze the history of the Library of Gazi Husrev bay and its specific characteristics as well as analyze the institution of waqf in a societal context. The questions posed by this thesis are: What is waqf and its meaning? What are its benevolent as well as hostile periods? How did the Library of Gazi Husrev bay and its mission develop? The thesis is limited to waqf in its societal context. The method used consists of a qualitative literature study with source criticism and hermeneutics as methods of interpretation. The study shows that waqf is an important societal institution which has roots dating back to early Islamic history, that waqf had/has great importance in the education of Bosnians and the development of society in general, and that it was/is a widespread phenomenon in Bosnia. The thesis also shows that waqf experienced a number of hostile and benevolent periods as well as a neutral one. When it comes to the Library of Gazi Husrev bay, the thesis shows the library’s arduous history, its mission as well as its role in the preservation of Bosnia’s cultural heritage. / Uppsatsnivå: D

It is inevitable that works on waqf written in English will employ terms from Anglo-American law to describe that institution. This study will endeavour to provide a proper understanding of these terms in order to clear up longstanding misconceptions of the nature of waqf. Through a detailed history of the Anglo-American law of endowments and its terminology, this study will create a framework through which it may be possible to obtain a clearer understanding of waqf. The study will also address two historical events in which the Islamic and Anglo-American legal conceptions of endowments have been at odds, as well as address the objections that have been raised to the continued existence of waqf , both from within Muslim society and from without. It is hoped that through this study a better appreciation of the utility of waqf for Muslim society will be achieved.

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Cette recherche décrit les évolutions du waqf des grecs-orthodoxes et des lois qui le gèrent à travers les années et donne un éclairage sur la condition des monastères de l’archevêché de l’Église grecque-orthodoxe du Mont-Liban. En mettant en correspondance, dans la première partie, les différents aspects historiques, structuraux, canoniques de cette Église et des waqfs avant la seconde moitié du XXème siècle, nous avons mis en évidence les situations et les conditions politiques et socio-économiques dans cette période qui ont influencé cette Église en général, et les waqfs des monastères, en particulier. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons présenté le monachisme dans l’Église grecque-orthodoxe d’Antioche, l’organisation des monastères dans l’archevêché du Mont-Liban et de leurs waqfs avant et après la période de renaissance et les défis rencontrés depuis la Première Guerre mondiale de 1914. En étudiant le fonctionnement des monastères et de leurs waqfs dans l’archevêché grec-orthodoxe du Mont-Liban dans la seconde moitié du XXème siècle, la période de reprise, et plus particulièrement Saint-Georges à Deir elHarf, Notre-Dame à Kaftoun, Saint-Michel à Beq‘ata, Saint-Selwan et Saint-Jean à Douma, Notre-Dame à Hamatoura et Notre-Dame elNouriyé, nous avons découvert la spécificité de chacun. Les études de terrain ont montré que c’est l’importance théologique, écologique et socio-économique qui a permis de favoriser le développement des waqfs et de permettre ainsi aux biens monastiques de contribuer avec évidence à l’épanouissement spirituel et ethico-religieux d’une partie des Libanais. Dans la troisième partie, nous avons utilisé la méthode financière de l’analyse des recettes et des dépenses de trois monastères de l’archevêché grec-orthodoxe du Mont-Liban de 2005 à 2010 ; et celle-ci, en mettant en avant les bonnes qualités de gestion et d’administration des waqfs malgré les difficultés rencontrées, nous a permis d’obtenir la preuve concrète que toutes les actions de développement ont été entreprises dans l’optique de répondre à la vocation première théologique, spirituel, écologique et socio-économique des monastères. Afin de répondre aux exigences de la conjoncture socio-économique du monde contemporain et de ne pas se laisser dépasser par les évolutions techniques, il semble indispensable d’avoir recours aux méthodes les plus modernes en matière d’économie, de gestion et de finances dans la gestion du waqf. L’étude propose différentes solutions pour atteindre ces objectifs et prendrait en compte les solutions pour faire face aux nombreux obstacles susceptibles de se dresser sur le chemin du développement des waqfs. / This research depicts the evolution through time of the Greek Orthodox waqf as well as the laws that govern it. It also highlights the condition of Mount Lebanon’s Greek Orthodox Archdiocese Monasteries. In the first part, this study introduced the different historical, structural, and canonical aspects of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and its waqf before the second half of the Twentieth century. It has showed the socio-economic and political situations and conditions that have influenced this Church in general, and the waqf and monasteries in particular. In the second part, we introduced monasticism in the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, the organization of monasteries in the Archdiocese of Mount Lebanon before and after the period of renaissance and the challenges they met since the First World War in 1914. By studying the functioning of monasteries and their waqf in Mount Lebanon’s Greek Orthodox Archdiocese in the second half of the Twentieth Century – more particularly Saint George in Deir al-Harf, the Dormition of the Theotokos in Kaftoun, the Archangel Michael in Beq’ata, Saint Selwan and Saint John in Douma, the Dormition of the Theotokos in Hamatoura, and the Lady al-Nouriyyah – we were able to discover the specificity of each one. In the second part, we introduced monasticism in the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, the organization of monasteries in the Archdiocese of Mount Lebanon before and after the period of renaissance and the challenges they met in the second half of the Twentieth Century. We followed the improvement of the structure of monasteries and their development – infrastructure, construction, new equipment, agriculture, etc. Field studies have showed that it is the theological, ecological, and socio-economic importance that helped to promote the development of waqf and thereby enable the monastic properties to contribute efficiently to the social wellbeing of some of the Lebanese. In the third part, we used financial analysis method of revenue and expenditure of three monasteries of Mount Lebanon’s Greek Orthodox Archdiocese from 2005-2010; this highlighting the good qualities of management and administration of waqf despite the difficulties, we were able to get concrete proof that all development actions were undertaken with a view to answer the monasteries’ primary mission – i.e. one that is theological, spiritual, ecological, and socio-economic – and to serve social welfare. To meet the requirements of the contemporary world’s socio-economic conditions and not be overtaken by technical evolutions, it seems essential to resort to the latest methods in economics, management and finance to manage the waqf. The study proposes various solutions to achieve these objectives and take into account the solutions to address the many barriers that may stand in the way of the development of the waqf.