An experimental and numerical study of the isothermal and non-isothermal warm formability of an AA3003 aluminum alloy brazing sheet is presented. Forming limit diagrams were determined using warm limiting dome height (LDH) experiments with in situ strain measurement based on digital image correlation (DIC) techniques. Forming limit curves (FLCs) were developed at several temperature levels (room temperature, 100ºC, 200ºC, 250ºC, and 300ºC) and strain-rates (0.003, 0.018, and 0.1s-1). The formability experiments demonstrated that temperature has a significant effect on formability, whereas forming speed has a mild effect within the studied range. Elevating the temperature to 250C improved the formability more than 200% compared to room temperature forming, while forming at lower speeds increased the limiting strains by 10% and 17% at room temperature and 250ºC, respectively. Non-isothermal deep draw experiments were developed considering an automotive heat exchanger plate. A parametric study of the effects of die temperature, punch speed, and blank holder force on the formability of the part was conducted. The introduction of non-isothermal conditions in which the punch is cooled and the flange region is heated to 250C resulted in a 61% increase in draw depth relative to room temperature forming. In order to develop effective numerical models of warm forming processes, a constitutive model is proposed for aluminum alloy sheet to account for temperature and strain rate dependency, as well as plastic anisotropy. The model combines the Barlat YLD2000 yield criterion (Barlat et al., 2003) to capture sheet anisotropy and the Bergstrom (1982) hardening rule to account for temperature and strain rate dependency. Stress-strain curves for AA3003 aluminum alloy brazing sheet tested at elevated temperatures and a range of strain rates were used to fit the Bergstrom parameters, while measured R-values were used to fit the yield function parameters. The combined constitutive model was implemented within a user defined material subroutine that was linked to the LS-DYNA finite element code. Finite element models were developed based on the proposed material model and the results were compared with experimental data. Isothermal uniaxial tensile tests were simulated and the predicted responses were compared with measured data. The tensile test simulations accurately predicted material behaviour. The user material subroutine and forming limit criteria were then applied to simulate the isothermal warm LDH tests, as well as isothermal and non-isothermal warm deep drawing experiments. Two deep draw geometries were considered, the heat exchanger plate experiments developed as part of this research and the 100 mm cylindrical cup draw experiments performed by McKinley et al. (2010). The strain distributions, punch forces and failure location predicted for all three forming operations were in good agreement with the experimental results. Using the warm forming limit curves, the models were able to accurately predict the punch depths to failure as well as the location of failure initiation for both the isothermal and non-isothermal deep draw operations.

ABSTRACT HEAT REMOVAL FROM A LARGE SCALE WARM WATER STORAGE Kayserilioglu, Yavuz Selim M.S., Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. R&uuml / knettin Oskay August 2004, 88 Pages A preliminary experimental study was performed in order to investigate the charging and heat removal characteristics of a sensible heat storage. Two sets of experiments were performed at two aspect ratios. Heat removal processes of these two sets were different while the charging processes were similar. In the first set of experiments, after the charging of the storage unit with relatively warm water was complete, heat removal process was started with simple heat exchangers from different elevations within the storage while the charging of the storage unit was continued. In the second set of experiments, after the charging of the storage unit was complete, heat removal from the storage unit was started without further charging of the storage unit. Charging water was fed into the storage from the top of one side and relatively colder water was drained from the bottom of the opposite side. Internal heat exchangers were used for the heat removal. Vertical temperature profile developments during the charging and heat removal periods were investigated. Thermal stratification was observed in all experiments. Heat exchangers extracted heat from different elevations in different experiments and the trend was that more heat can be extracted in upper elevations. Comparable heat can be extracted from the same elevation of lower and higher aspect ratio. Keywords: Sensible Heat Storage, Heat Removal, Thermal Stratification, Warm Water Storage

[Truncated abstract] The inclusion of a warm-up in the form of prior exercise (PE) is generally advocated as a preparatory strategy of choice to improve sprint performance. Although there is evidence that both increasing muscle temperature and mobilising the cardiorespiratory system prior to exercise contribute largely to the benefit of PE on sprint performance, their relative importance is unknown. Another important question relates to situations where an athlete has to engage in a sprint shortly after one or several earlier sprints. Under these conditions, is engaging in mild exercise also the most effective preparatory strategy to adopt prior to sprinting when performed after a previous sprint(s)? It was the primary aim of this thesis to address these questions. Firstly, we hypothesised that there is a temporal shift in the mechanisms responsible for the effect of PE on power output during a maximal sprint effort, with temperature-dependent mechanisms playing a more important role at the onset of the sprint and mobilisation of the cardiorespiratory system playing a more important role later. To test this hypothesis, we compared the responses of a 30-s sprint to different PE protocols designed to control for either muscle temperature or pre-exercise VO2. ... A group of trained athletes was subjected to four consecutive bouts of 30-s sprint, each separated by 20 min of either active recovery at 40% VO2 peak or passive recovery. Our results show that PP, MP-20 and MP-10 did not fall between the first and last sprints, and were not affected by active recovery. In contrast, we found that MP10 and MP30 decrease significantly between the first and last sprint of the passive recovery trial, but not when active recovery is performed between consecutive sprints. Finally, this study also showed that the fall in mean power associated with repeated 30-s sprints in the passive recovery trial resulted primarily from a fall in early, but not late power output. These findings show that the early and late mean power output of repeated sprints respond differently to active and passive recovery, with the decrease in total mean power with repeated 30-s sprints resulting primarily from a fall in early as opposed to either late power output or peak power, thus highlighting the benefit of active recovery as a favourable preparatory strategy for the performance of repeated sprints of short (<10s) or longer duration (<30s), but not for repeated peak power.

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med denna studie var att jämföra två olika fotbollsuppvärmningar och hur de gynnar den upplevda prestationen. Studien har utgått från följande frågeställning: Gynnas den upplevda prestationen mest av traditionell uppvärmning med tre faser eller en uppvärmningsform som innehåller smålagsspel? Metod För att besvara frågeställningen har en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie med hjälp av enkätundersökning använts. Två olika uppvärmningsformer jämfördes utifrån trötthet, uppvärmningens innehåll, mental förberedelse och duration. Den ena uppvärmningsformen hade en längd på 15 minuter och bestod av en allmän del på sex minuter följd av smålagspel på nio aktiva minuter. Den andra uppvärmningsformen bestod av tre olika faser, aktiveringsfas, dynamisk rörlighet och grenspecifik fas. Denna uppvärmningsform pågick under 20 minuter och tiden fördelades jämt över de tre faserna. Resultat Studien visade på en positiv signifikant skillnad gällande durationen, dock upptäcktes ingen signifikant skillnad gällande trötthet, uppvärmningsinnehåll eller mentalförberedelse. Slutsats Slutsatsen som kan dras av denna studie är att en traditionell uppvärmningsform på 20 minuter inte ger en signifikant bättre upplevd prestationseffekt jämfört med en uppvärmningsform på 15 minuter innehållande smålagsspel. Även tidigare studier Chaáre et al. (2015) och Tillar &amp; Heimburg (2016) har visat liknande resultat. Dessa resultat var dock baserade på mätning av den fysiska prestationen som sprint och hopphöjd och inte den upplevda prestationen. Vår studie tyder på att 15 minuters uppvärmning är fördelaktig då de resterande fem minuter kan användas för träna andra taktiska eller tekniska färdigheter och således inte slösa bort träningstiden (ibid).

In this study, specimens of Tridacna sp., which are reef dwelling bivalve molluscs and have been shown to live up to 60 years, collected from the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea, were sampled for geochemical profiles. The Huon Peninsula is in the heart of the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP), which plays a key role in ENSO dynamics. The uplifted reef terraces of the Huon Peninsula have been extensively studied, and are well dated, which gives the opportunity to reconstruct the local climate of this region at key intervals during the past. Previous work on Tridacna sp. has shown that they precipitate their aragonite shell in equilibrium with the surrounding seawater, and the δ18O profile of a modern T. gigas from the Huon Peninsula has been shown to correlate with precipitation and temperature anomalies, and the Niño 3.4 temperature anomaly record. Fossil samples from this region are therefore assumed to have the ability to capture changes in δ18O attributable to ENSO. Seasonally resolved δ18O measurements from Tridacna sp. from early Holocene and Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3) reefs were used to reconstruct changes in mean climate, seasonality and inter-annual variability (e.g. ENSO). Reconstructions of the mean state tend to agree with previously published studies of Holocene and MIS3 climate, showing similar temperatures to today during the early Holocene, and an average cooling of 2- 3°C during MIS3. The early Holocene Tridacna sp. samples show a reduction in seasonality, consistent with the reduction in seasonal insolation at this time, while those from MIS3 show variable seasonality between 30-60ka. ENSO appears to have been supressed during the early Holocene by up to 50% compared with the late 20th century, which is consistent with coral data and modelling studies. During MIS3, ENSO appears to have been more variable with some records showing anomalous warm and cool events as strong as those seen in the modern T. gigas, used here as a benchmark. Trace element profiles derived from the Tridacna sp. used in this study show a tentative link with temperature and local productivity, but these relationships are subject to species specific and intra-shell effects.

Esta pesquisa relata o estudo da elaboração e avaliação de desempenho de misturas asfálticas mornas com uso de zeólitas naturais. Ela foi dividida em três etapas. A primeira consistiu na execução de ensaios de laboratório que buscaram conhecer algumas propriedades e o funcionamento da mistura asfáltica morna com utilização de zeólitas naturais através da determinação do projeto da mistura e da elaboração em diferentes temperaturas. A segunda etapa consistiu na preparação da usina de asfalto para misturas à quente para a fabricação de misturas a temperaturas inferiores, nas regulagens de temperatura e na verificação dos procedimentos necessários para adequar uma usina padrão para elaborar misturas mornas nas temperaturas de projeto. Na última etapa, foi feito o acompanhamento do transporte, espalhamento, compactação das misturas mornas e posterior avaliação de desempenho dos pavimentos, com o emprego de simulador de tráfego linear, em três testes, realizados em duas pistas experimentais, localizadas na Área de Testes de Pavimentos, no Campus do Vale da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. / This research reports the study of the production, implementation and performance evaluation of warm asphalt mixtures prepared by adding natural zeolites. It was divided into three stages. The first consisted of performing laboratory tests that get to know some properties and the functioning of warm mix asphalt, determining the projects of mixtures which were used in accelerated tests after analysis of specimens produced by different temperatures of manufacturing and compression. The second step consisted of preparing an asphalt plant for conventional mixtures for the manufacture of mixtures at lower temperatures, in temperature settings, and checking the necessary procedures to tailor a pilot plant to produce warm mixtures according to the temperatures of the project. In the last step, the transport, spreading and compaction of warm mixtures and subsequent performance evaluation of pavements were checked, with the use of linear traffic simulator in three tests conducted on two experimental tracks, located in Testing Pavement Area, on Valley Campus of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.

abstract: A recent joint study by Arizona State University and the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) was conducted to evaluate certain Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) properties in the laboratory. WMA material was taken from an actual ADOT project that involved two WMA sections. The first section used a foamed-based WMA admixture, and the second section used a chemical-based WMA admixture. The rest of the project included control hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture. The evaluation included testing of field-core specimens and laboratory compacted specimens. The laboratory specimens were compacted at two different temperatures; 270 °F (132 °C) and 310 °F (154 °C). The experimental plan included four laboratory tests: the dynamic modulus (E*), indirect tensile strength (IDT), moisture damage evaluation using AASHTO T-283 test, and the Hamburg Wheel-track Test. The dynamic modulus E* results of the field cores at 70 °F showed similar E* values for control HMA and foaming-based WMA mixtures; the E* values of the chemical-based WMA mixture were relatively higher. IDT test results of the field cores had comparable finding as the E* results. For the laboratory compacted specimens, both E* and IDT results indicated that decreasing the compaction temperatures from 310 °F to 270 °F did not have any negative effect on the material strength for both WMA mixtures; while the control HMA strength was affected to some extent. It was noticed that E* and IDT results of the chemical-based WMA field cores were high; however, the laboratory compacted specimens results didn't show the same tendency. The moisture sensitivity findings from TSR test disagreed with those of Hamburg test; while TSR results indicated relatively low values of about 60% for all three mixtures, Hamburg test results were quite excellent. In general, the results of this study indicated that both WMA mixes can be best evaluated through field compacted mixes/cores; the results of the laboratory compacted specimens were helpful to a certain extent. The dynamic moduli for the field-core specimens were higher than for those compacted in the laboratory. The moisture damage findings indicated that more investigations are needed to evaluate moisture damage susceptibility in field. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2011

abstract: Many Indigenous communities in North America develop tribal museums to preserve and control tribal knowledge and heritage and counteract negative effects of colonization. Tribal museums employ many Indigenous strategies related to Indigenous languages, knowledges, and material heritage. I argue that architecture can be an Indigenous strategy, too, by privileging Indigeneity through design processes, accommodating Indigenous activities, and representing Indigenous identities. Yet it is not clear how to design culturally appropriate Indigenous architectures meeting needs of contemporary Indigenous communities. Because few Indigenous people are architects, most tribal communities hire designers from outside of their communities. Fundamental differences challenge both Indigenous clients and their architects. How do Indigenous clients and their designers overcome these challenges? This dissertation is a history of the processes of creating a tribal museum, The Museum At Warm Springs, on the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon. The focus is to understand what critical activities Tribal members, designers, and others did to create a museum whose architecture represents and serves its community. The study also considers how people did things so as to honor Indigenous traditions. Design and construction processes are considered along with strategies that Tribal members and their advocates used to get to where they were prepared to design and build a museum. Interviews with Tribal members, designers, and others were central sources for the research. Other sources include meeting minutes, correspondence, Tribal resolutions, and the Tribal newspaper. Visual sources such as drawings, photographs, and the museum itself were significant sources also. This study revealed several key activities that the Confederated Tribes did to position themselves to build the museum. They built an outstanding collection of Tribal artifacts, created and supported a museum society, and hired an outstanding executive director. The Tribes selected and secured a viable site and persisted in finding an architect who met their needs. Collaboration--within the interdisciplinary design team and between designers and Tribal members and contractors--was key. Tribal members shared cultural knowledge with designers who adapted to Indigenous modes of communication. Designers were sensitive to the landscape and committed to representing the Tribes and their world. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Architecture 2012

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-30T15:09:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GUTEMBERG GONÇALVES DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2016.pdf: 3435279 bytes, checksum: dbeee65ecc9e87071e6bd52e090b564d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-30T15:09:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GUTEMBERG GONÇALVES DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2016.pdf: 3435279 bytes, checksum: dbeee65ecc9e87071e6bd52e090b564d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-15 / Pesquisas em pavimentação têm buscado alternativas para reduzir o consumo de combustíveis e a emissão de gases causadores do efeito estufa gerados pelas misturas asfálticas convencionais. A redução das temperaturas de usinagem e compactação de misturas asfálticas é considerada uma alternativa na produção de revestimentos asfálticos capaz de proporcionar vantagens técnicas, econômicas e ambientais. Denominadas misturas mornas, várias tecnologias são utilizadas para a sua produção. Estas são capazes de diminuir as temperaturas de usinagem e compactação das misturas asfálticas sem alterar suas características. Dentro deste contexto esta pesquisa realilizou um estudo comparativo de 4 aditivos: CCBit, Cera de carnaúba, óleo de girassol e óleo de moringa utilizando teores de 1,0%;1,5%;2,0% e 2,5% visando o estudo de suas propriedades reológicas e análise da potencialidade na produção de misturas mornas. Foi observado que todos os aditivos utilizados obtiveram redução na temperatura de compactação e usinagem destacando-se o óleo de moringa que obteve uma redução de 18,3°C. Quando tratamos do melhoramento da qualidade da mistura asfáltica o CCBit ganha destaque pois por sua vez obteve um aumento em seu módulo complexo (G*) aumentando assim a resistência do material. Quando analisados os resultados de forma geral pode-se afirmar que o CCBit e a cera de carnaúba promovem aumento na resistência do ligante enquanto que os óleos indicam perda de resistência com um aumento de sua trabalhabilidade sendo todas opções viáveis de misturas mornas dependendo do local de aplicação. / Pavement researches have been looking for alternatives to reduce fuel consumption and gas emission that cause the greenhouse effect generated by the conventional asphaltic mixes. The reduction of the machining and compaction temperature of asphalt mixes is considered an alternative in production of asphaltic coatings able to provide technical, economic and environmental benefits. Named warm mixes, several technologies are used in their production. They are capable of decreasing the machining and compaction temperatures of the asphaltic mixes without altering its characteristics. In this perspective this research performed a comparative study of 4 additives: CCBit, carnauba wax, sunflower oil and ben tree oil using levels of 1,0%; 1,5%; 2,0%; and 2,5%, intending the study of its rheological properties and analysis of the potentiality in production of warm mixes. It was observed that every additive that was used obtained temperature decrease in compaction and machining especially ben tree oil that obtained a decrease of 18,3ºC. When the purpose is the quality improvement of the asphaltic mix the CCBit stands out because it obtained an increase of its complex module (G*) therefore also increasing the matter resistance. When the results are analyzed in a general way it’s possible to affirm that the CCBit and the carnauba wax stimulate increase of the binder resistance while the oils indicate loss of resistance with increase of its workability, consequently all of them are viable options of warm mixes depending on its appliance site.

A caracterização das propriedades visco-elástico-plásticas dos materiais asfálticos são importantes para uma melhor compreensão do comportamento mecânico e performance de pavimentos. O módulo complexo visa caracterizar as propriedades viscoelásticas lineares do material presente no campo das pequenas deformações. O ensaio para obtenção do módulo dinâmico pode ser realizado a partir de um carregamento senoidal uniaxial de compressão com frequências que podem variar de 0,1Hz a 25Hz e com temperaturas de -10°C a 54°C. O valor absoluto do módulo complexo é conhecido como módulo dinâmico |E*|, que pode ser definido como uma relação entre a amplitude de tensão e a amplitude de deformação. Já, a defasagem entre a tensão e a deformação é conhecida como ângulo de fase, que é um indicador das propriedades viscosas do material. Esta dissertação possuiu como objetivo caracterizar as propriedades viscoelásticas das misturas asfálticas quentes e mornas comumente utilizadas no Rio Grande do Sul, utilizando um aditivo surfactante para as misturas mornas. Para tanto foram dosadas 4 misturas asfálticas com agregados basálticos e os ligantes CAP 50/70, AMP 60/85, AB8 e CAP TLA e obtidos os parâmetros de adesividade e resistência dessas misturas quentes e mornas. Para a realização do ensaio de módulo dinâmico foi realizado uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os procedimentos de ensaio e análise de dados, posteriormente, foi adotada a metodologia adequada para os ensaios. Os mesmos foram realizados utilizando uma prensa universal MTS e a análise dos dados foi realizada com o auxílio das ferramentas do Microsoft Excel. Através do estudo foi possível concluir que as misturas com ligante convencional possuem um comportamento similar entre a mistura convencional e a morna. O mesmo não ocorre nas misturas com ligante modificado, onde ocorre uma alteração tanto da fase viscosa como da elástica, sendo esse efeito mais predominante nas misturas modificadas por polímero. / The characterization of the viscoelastic-plastic properties of asphaltic materials are important for a better understanding of the pavements’ mechanical behavior and performance. The complex module aims to characterize as linear viscoelastic properties of the material present in the field of small deformations. The assay for obtaining the dynamic modulus can be performed from a compression uniaxial sinusoidal loading with frequencies ranging from 0.1Hz to 25Hz and temperatures from -10 °C to 54 °C. The absolute value of the complex modulus is known as dynamic module | E * |, which is defined as a relation between a stress amplitude and a strain amplitude. Already, a discrepancy between stress and strain is known as phase angle, which is an indicator of the viscous properties of the material. This dissertation aimed to characterize as viscoelastic properties of hot and warm asphalt mixtures commonly used in Rio Grande do Sul, using a surfactant additive for warm mixtures. In order to do so, four asphalt concrete mixes - composed with the basalt aggregates and binders CAP 50/70, AMP 60/85, AB 8 and CAP TLA – were designed. In addition, the parameters of adhesiveness and resistance to hot and warm mixtures were obtained. For a dynamic modulus test, a literature review was performed about the data analysis and test procedure, and a suitable methodology for testing was subsequently adopted. The tests were realized with an universal testing machine of MTS and the data analysis were performed by means of the Microsoft Excel tools. Through the study it was possible to conclude that mixtures with conventional binder presented similar behavior between a conventional and a warm mixture. The same does not occur in mixtures with modified binder, where a change in both the viscous and the elastic phases occurs, and this effect is more predominant in the polymer modified mixtures.