Graduation thesis focuses on warm ? up in a way of running drills, so called ABC running drills. It shortly presents dilemmas of physical load and preparation of human organism by warm ? up on physical load. It continues with zoom in running skills and advances on parts dedicated to concrete running excercises. Particular drills are captured on videorecording with audio commentary and it can be found in attachment. The ending is created by possibilities a suggestions for implementation of these drills in educational practice.

A 0.24 degrees C jump of record warm global mean surface temperature (GMST) over the past three consecutive record-breaking years (2014-2016) was highly unusual and largely a consequence of an El Nino that released unusually large amounts of ocean heat from the subsurface layer of the northwestern tropical Pacific. This heat had built up since the 1990s mainly due to greenhouse-gas (GHG) forcing and possible remote oceanic effects. Model simulations and projections suggest that the fundamental cause, and robust predictor of large record-breaking events of GMST in the 21st century, is GHG forcing rather than internal climate variability alone. Such events will increase in frequency, magnitude, and duration, as well as impact, in the future unless GHG forcing is reduced.

Esta pesquisa relata o estudo da elaboração e avaliação de desempenho de misturas asfálticas mornas com uso de zeólitas naturais. Ela foi dividida em três etapas. A primeira consistiu na execução de ensaios de laboratório que buscaram conhecer algumas propriedades e o funcionamento da mistura asfáltica morna com utilização de zeólitas naturais através da determinação do projeto da mistura e da elaboração em diferentes temperaturas. A segunda etapa consistiu na preparação da usina de asfalto para misturas à quente para a fabricação de misturas a temperaturas inferiores, nas regulagens de temperatura e na verificação dos procedimentos necessários para adequar uma usina padrão para elaborar misturas mornas nas temperaturas de projeto. Na última etapa, foi feito o acompanhamento do transporte, espalhamento, compactação das misturas mornas e posterior avaliação de desempenho dos pavimentos, com o emprego de simulador de tráfego linear, em três testes, realizados em duas pistas experimentais, localizadas na Área de Testes de Pavimentos, no Campus do Vale da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. / This research reports the study of the production, implementation and performance evaluation of warm asphalt mixtures prepared by adding natural zeolites. It was divided into three stages. The first consisted of performing laboratory tests that get to know some properties and the functioning of warm mix asphalt, determining the projects of mixtures which were used in accelerated tests after analysis of specimens produced by different temperatures of manufacturing and compression. The second step consisted of preparing an asphalt plant for conventional mixtures for the manufacture of mixtures at lower temperatures, in temperature settings, and checking the necessary procedures to tailor a pilot plant to produce warm mixtures according to the temperatures of the project. In the last step, the transport, spreading and compaction of warm mixtures and subsequent performance evaluation of pavements were checked, with the use of linear traffic simulator in three tests conducted on two experimental tracks, located in Testing Pavement Area, on Valley Campus of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.

La consommation de boissons froides et l’utilisation de menthol par voie orale sont des moyens efficaces pour lutter contre des effets néfastes du climat chaud /humide sur la performance aérobie. Les buts de cette thèse étaient 1) de déterminer l’efficacité des effets cumulatifs de l’eau froide et du menthol sur la performance aérobie et 2) d'identifier la capacité de renforcer la performance par la combinaison du précooling interne et du percooling interne en environnement tropical. Les expérimentations étaient des exercices de contre-la-montre, en laboratoire ou en extérieur, dans lesquelles les sujets ont bu des boissons (i. E. , eau neutre, eau froide ou glace pilée) avec ou sans menthol. Les principaux résultats mettent en évidence que l'ingestion d'une boisson au menthol augmente la performanceet cette augmentation s’accentue en diminuant la température du liquide ingéré (étude 1). Cette glace pilée mentholée semble mieux conserver, en conditions écologiques, la capacité d’amélioration de la performance observée en laboratoire (étude 2). Une fois que la glace pilée mentholée est prise au cours de l’effort, l’adjonction pré-exercice d’un refroidissement par boisson froide devient inutile pour accroître davantage la performance (étude 3). Enfin, une boisson froide au menthol permet de limiter le stress psycho-physiologique durant l’exercice (étude 1 et 2). L’ingestion d’eau froide/mentholée ou de glace pilée/mentholée pendant l’exercice semble être une stratégie efficace pour améliorer la performance aérobie et peut être recommandée pour les athlètes lors de compétitions sportives sous climat chaud (sec ou humide). / Cold drink consumption and the use of menthol by mouth are effective ways to fight against harmful effects of hot and humid climate on aerobic performance. The aims of this thesis were 1) to determine the effectiveness of the cumulative effects of the cold water and the menthol on aerobic performance and 2) to identify the ability to enhance performance by combining internal precooling and internal percooling in a tropical environment. The experiments were time trial, in a laboratory or outdoors, in which subjects absorbed beverages (i.e., neutral water, cold water, ice-slurry) with or without menthol. The main results show that the ingestion of beverage/menthol increases exercise performance and this increase is accentuated while decreasing the temperature of ingested beverage (Study 1). The ice-slurry/menthol seems to be better in preserving, in ecological conditions, observed improvement of exercise performance in the laboratory (Study 2). When ice-slurry/menthol is absorbed in the effort, the precooling by adding cold drink becomes unnecessary to further increase the performance (Study 3). Finally, a cold beverage/menthol limits psychological and physiological stress during exercise (Study 1 and 2).The ingestion of cold water/menthol or ice-slurry/menthol during exercise appears to be an effective strategy to improve aerobic performance and is recommended for athletes in sports competitions in a hot climate (dry or wet).

Marine epibenthic communities are influenced by both pre- and post-recruitment processes. For instance, the larval supply and cues that influence settlement (pre-recruitment), as well as the growth and mortality of individuals (post-recruitment), may differ across reef type and depth. Determining the relative influence of these processes is important to understanding how epibenthic communities can develop in a region. Using both a recruitment experiment that controlled grazing by urchins and in situ photographic surveys of epibenthic communities, this study examined the recruitment and composition of epibenthos on natural limestone and artificial reefs in the eastern Gulf of Mexico (eGOM). In the experiment, tiles that were open to urchin grazing had lower percent cover of algae (-12%) and higher cover of crustose coralline algae (CCA) (13%) than those that excluded urchins. Patterns in tile cover were likely the result of CCA either resisting grazing mortality or recolonizing exposed areas after algae were removed. Prevalence of estuarine species on inshore tiles was indicative of variation in recruitment across depth. Urchin density was positively correlated with the structural complexity of the habitats, which was higher on artificial reefs than natural ones, a factor that potentially had important effects on several observed patterns. Results from photographic surveys indicated that natural reef communities had higher algal cover and lower cover of invertebrates (e.g., corals and hydroids) than artificial reefs. These findings were consistent with previous work conducted in both temperate and tropical ecosystems, and suggested that grazing from urchins plays an important role in shaping epibenthic community structure in the subtropical eGOM.

Názevpráce Komparace efektivity rozcvičení florbalistů Cíle práce Zjistit, které z vybraných druhů rozcvičení má největší vliv na rychlostní výkon florbalisty. Metoda Data pro komparaci efektivity rozcvičení budou dosažena pomocí srovnávací studie, kdy probandi podstoupí různé druhy rozcvičení. Probandi budou testováni testovou baterií, která je součástí kondičních testů české reprezentace. Využity budou fotobuňky zapůjčené od České florbalové unie. Výsledky Zobrazují efektivitu jednotlivých druhů rozcvičení florbalistů. Klíčová slova Rozcvičení, dynamický strečink, florbal, experiment, komparace

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / Playing related musculoskeletal disorder (PRMD) is common among instrumentalists, professionals, amateurs and music students with a prevalence ranging from 39-47% with an impact on playing and performance. This is synonymous to the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among other work population. Risk factors such as lack of warm ups, awkward posture, long playing hours and bad techniques has been consistently indicated as risk factors influencing the incidence of PRMDs among instrumentalists. The aim of this study is to design a warm up programme for instrumentalists. The study population and sample are instrumentalists at the Centre for Performing Arts, University of the Western Cape. A cross sectional study design with a quantitative approach was utilized in this study to determine the prevalence, severity, distribution of PRMDs and its association with quality of life. All the instrumentalists learning or playing a musical instrument of the Centre for Performing Arts was approached to participate in this study. In the first phase of the study, a self administered questionnaire was used to collect data regarding prevalence, distribution and the severity of PRMDs and health related quality of life. The instruments for this study are the standard NORDIC questionnaire for musculoskeletal disorders to determine pain distribution and prevalence, the visual analogue scale to determine the pain severity and the WHOQOL –BREF, a quality of life questionnaire and an adapted questionnaire to determine the knowledge of instrumentalists about injury prevention strategies. The second phase of the study, a systematic review of evidence was done on the pattern of warm up and practice habits of instrumentalists. The third phase of the study to design the content of the study was done using a Delphi study. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for descriptive and inferential statistics. Chi square was used to determine the association of prevalence, distribution and severity on quality of life. Alpha level was set at 0.05. Ethical clearance and permission to conduct study was sought, written informed consents from participants was sought clearly stating the right to participate and withdraw from study was respected and anonymity and confidentiality was be ensured. The results of the study show that 82.4 % lifetime prevalence and current prevalence of 23.5 % among instrumental musicians in a Centre for Performing Arts. The shoulder (41.2 %), neck (29.4 %) and the wrists and hands (29.4%) are the mostly affected region on the body. The most common symptoms are tightness and soreness. However, the results of the systematic review shows that there is a lack of operational term for warm up in the performing arts and this therefore could be responsible for the variations in the influence of warm up on the prevention of PRMDs. The content of the warm up programme was designed using a Delphi study and stretching and postural awareness were included with musical warm up as part of a regular warm up exercise, although, consensus was not reached on the duration of the warm up programme. Strengthening and conditioning were included to in a different exercise program done three times per week. Education on injury prevention strategies were also included in the programme and the mode of instruction agreed on was active learning and group instruction in classroom. The role of warm up exercise in the prevention of PRMDs using this model could reduce the incidence of PRMDs. However, it is important to note that the programme should be tested in order to determine the overall effect it has on PRMDs. / South Africa

Depuis les années 2000, les grandes entreprises routières axent leurs recherches sur l’abaissement des températures de fabrication et de mise en œuvre des enrobés bitumineux à chaud (de 30 à 50°C). Le développement de ces nouveaux enrobés, dits tièdes, a fait apparaître sur les chantiers des problématiques de maniabilité qui n’existaient pas dans le cas des enrobés à chaud, notamment lors des mises en œuvre manuelles. Ce sujet de thèse, inscrit dans cette thématique des enrobés bitumineux tièdes, vise à étudier leur comportement aux températures de mise en œuvre et à développer une démarche de caractérisation et d’évaluation de leur maniabilité. Pour cela, le travail expérimental a été réalisé à différentes échelles du matériau (liant, mastic et enrobé), sur des matériaux réels (aux liants bitumineux) et modèles (aux huiles de silicone), en s’articulant autour de deux axes principaux : les propriétés de viscosité des liants et des mastics d’une part, puis les propriétés de maniabilité des enrobés évaluées par un outil depuis peu normalisé, à savoir le maniabilimètre. Après un état de l’art sur les enrobés bitumineux, notamment tièdes, leur mise en œuvre et méthodes de caractérisation, et les propriétés rhéologiques des liants et des mastics bitumineux, une présentation des différents matériaux utilisés est faite. Les études rhéologiques menées sur liant et sur mastic sont présentées dans une première partie, depuis la mise en place des protocoles de mesure en plan-plan jusqu’à l’analyse des différents comportements, en fonction de paramètres choisis tels que la température, le taux de cisaillement, le taux de fines ou la présence d’additif tiède. Outre la vérification du caractère newtonien des bitumes et la validation des matériaux modèles, cette partie met en évidence le comportement non newtonien des mastics aux taux de fines testés, ainsi que la présence d’un phénomène de sédimentation dans les mastics, particulièrement à haute température, qui amène à s’interroger sur la pertinence de l’étude à l’échelle mastic par rapport à celle sur liant. En deuxième partie, l’analyse de la maniabilité à l’échelle de l’enrobé est menée à l’aide du maniabilimètre (NF P 98 258-1) ; l’intérêt de maîtriser la compacité de l’échantillon pour une bonne pertinence de l’essai est démontré. Une analyse de différents paramètres, tant géométriques que produits, initialement sur enrobés modèles puis réels, a permis de mettre en évidence la capacité et les limites de cet outil à caractériser la maniabilité, en corrélation avec les études rhéologiques sur liant et mastics / Since the 2000s, road industries have focused their researches on lowering the mixing and implementation temperatures of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) (from 30 to 50°C). These new asphalt concretes, called Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA), created a workability issue that did not exist in the case of HMA, especially during manual implementation. This thesis aims to study the behavior of these WMA at implementation temperatures and to develop a method to characterize and evaluate their workability. For that, the experimental work was done at several scales of the material (the binder, the mastic and the mixture), some made with bituminous binders and some with silicone oils. Two properties were studied: on the one hand the viscosity of binders and mastics, and on the other hand the workability of mixtures measured by the workability device, newly standardized. After a state of the art on asphalt concretes, in particular WMA, on their implementation and characterization techniques, on the rheological properties of bituminous binders and mastics, the different materials used are presented along with their characterizations. The rheological studies conducted on binder and mastic are exposed in a first part, from the setup of measure procedures to the analysis of different behaviors with respect to the chosen parameters such as temperature, shear rate, filler content. This part highlights not only the Newtonian nature of binders but also the non-Newtonian behavior of mastics and the sedimentation phenomenon they endured at high temperatures which leads to investigate the legitimacy of the study at the mastic scale. In a second part, the workability of the mixtures is measured with the workability device (NF P 98 258-1), showing the importance of controlling the void content of the sample to guaranty a relevant test. An analysis of several parameters highlighted the ability and the limits of this device to characterize workability, with regard to the rheological studies on binders and mastics

This study describes in detail the preparation that must be done by aspiring orchestral horn players in order to be sufficiently ready for an orchestral audition. The general physical and mental preparation, through to the very specific elements that require attention when practicing and learning a list of orchestral excerpts that will be performed for an audition committee, is investigated. This study provides both the necessary tools and the insight borne of a number of years of orchestral experience that will enable a player to take a given excerpt and learn not only the notes and rhythms, but also discern many other subtleties inherent in the music, resulting in a full understanding and mastery thereof. Ten musical examples are included in order to illustrate the type of additional information that a player must gain so as to develop an in-depth knowledge of an excerpt. Three lists are presented within the text of this study: 1) a list of excerpts that are most commonly found at auditions, 2) a list of those excerpts that are often included and 3) other excerpts that have been requested but are not as commonly found. Also included is advice regarding the audition procedure itself, a discussion of the music required for auditions, and a guide to the orchestral excerpt books in which these passages can be found. / Dissertation (MMus)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Music / unrestricted

Vocal teachers’ task is to give students a foundation for their personal practice. When the student leaves the classroom, it is their responsibility to direct their own learning. This essay examines vocal students from upper secondary school's perspective about their personal vocal practice and their practice in relation to the support and help from their vocal teachers. Five schools were contacted where a total of 120 students had access to an online survey via email, to which 56 students responded. The variables in the survey were partially analyzed and processed in the software SPSS. In this study, it was clear that students have a positive attitude towards their personal practice and generally have good practice habits. The student’s level of motivation plays a role in the number of hours that are devoted to practice and having goals with one’s practice, such as vocal lessons, are important for practice motivation, as lessons are occasions where students are assessed. The vocal teacher is important for the student's continued development but not in relation to the student’s weekly practice hours.