Thesis (M.E.S.)--The Evergreen State College, 2006. / Title from title screen (viewed 2/25/2010). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-117).

The purpose of this work was to explore the use of fractional evaporative crystallization as a technology that can be used to separate medium-curie waste from the Hanford Site tank farms into a high-curie waste stream, which can be sent to a Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP), and a low-curie waste stream, which can be sent to Bulk Vitrification. Experimental semi-batch crystallizations of sodium salts from simulant solutions of double-shell tank (DST) feed demonstrated that the recovered crystalline product met the purity requirement for exclusion of cesium and nearly met the requirement on sodium recovery. Batch fractional evaporative crystallization involves the removal of multiple solutes from a feed solution by the progressive achievement of supersaturation (through evaporation) and concomitant nucleation and growth of each species. The slurry collected from each of these crystallization stages was collected and introduced to filtration and washing steps. The product crystals obtained after washing were sampled for analysis by polarized light microscopy (PLM), dried, and sieved. The PLM results aided in identification of species crystallized in each stage. Carbonation was used as a supplemental method to evaporative crystallization in order to increase the sodium recovery in DST experiments. Carbonation was necessary due to the high aluminum ion concentration in the solution, which leads to formation of a viscous gel during evaporation. This gel was avoided by reacting carbon dioxide with hydroxyl ions, which modified the system behavior. Through two stages of carbonation, each followed by evaporation, the effect of carbonation on sodium recovery was demonstrated.

Abstract The chemical characteristics of spent wash, an effluent from the distillation of ethanol from molasses, can vary, depending on the initial feed stock and the operations of the factory. Spent wash from Australia contained large quantities of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), K, N and Cl with moderate to low concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, and S, and small amounts of trace elements (Fe, Al, Mn, Cu, Zn). Spent wash from Thailand was obtained from whisky distillation and generally had similar chemical attributes to the spent wash from ethanol production, although the Zn concentration was much higher (399-974 mg Zn L-1). Large differences in EC and pH were found between Australian (pH: 4.08-4.49; EC: 40.4-42.2 dS m-1) and Thai spent wash (pH: 7.86-9.20; EC: 11.3-82.4 dS m-1). However, the high concentration of K in spent wash from both manufacturing processes indicates the unique chemical characteristic of wastewater produced from molasses-based distillation. While chemical characterisations of spent wash have shown its potential value as a fertilizer, its utility needs to be more practical than by direct application. This is due to its dilute nature, associated with the presence of organic carbon (OC) and nutrients in soluble form, thus making direct application susceptible to leaching losses of nutrients, especially in soils of low cation exchange capacity (CEC). It was hypothesized that capturing OC and nutrients on a high activity exchanger would overcome this problem. Since the charge on organic components in spent wash is important to the capturing process, pH manipulation is one of the major factors affecting the efficiency of this capture. The study of the influence of pH on development of charge on organic components in spent wash was undertaken using potentiometric titration. The potentiometric titration, and derived pH buffer curve, showed that the organic components in spent wash comprised a wide range of ionizable organic functional groups behaving like a mix of weak acids. While the inflection point (s) could not be obtained from the potentriometric titration, the absorbance of spent wash in the UV waveband (250 to 400 nm) confirmed the presence of phenolic groups in spent wash. The charge on organic components in spent wash was strongly pH dependent, and highest in the pH range of 4.0-5.0. The manipulation of pH and salt concentration (EC) was shown to have an effect on flocculation/dispersion and it is inferred that this was due to changes in the molecular arrangement of organic components in spent wash. A coiled configuration is suggested at acidic pH, whereas a linear flexible configuration and macromolecular structure tending to occur at neutral and alkaline pH respectively. Ca-saturated bentonite, originally sourced from Mantuan Downs, Central Queensland, was used in an investigation of the capture of OC and nutrients from Sarina spent wash at different pH values (4.5, 6.0, 8.0). This study demonstrated that manipulation of pH and electrolyte concentration had a small effect on adsorption of OC by the clay, probably the result of effects on the charge characteristics of both clay mineral surfaces and organic molecules and also on molecular sizes of the dissolved organic matter (DOM). The highest absorption of OC was only 28% for dewatered spent wash, suggesting Ca-saturated bentonite may not be a strong sorbent for DOM from a wastewater of high EC and which contains high concentration of DOC of the composition found in spent wash. The study of the adsorption of K by bentonite in a pure inorganic system (without DOM) indicated sufficiently high concentrations of K can compete with divalent Ca2+ for exchange sites on the clay surface. The adsorption of K in an organic system (the DOM component in spent wash) showed that DOM had a positive influence on adsorption of inorganic ions (e.g. K+). Characterisation of the spent wash/ clay mixture demonstrated its potential to be used as a soil ameliorant on the basis of the large quantity of OC and nutrients it contained (especially N and K). Wet and dry organic clays were produced and assessed as ameliorants in a glasshouse trial using forage oat (Avena sativa var. Coolobah) as test species. This pot study indicated a positive influence of application of either wet or dry organic clay on crop biomass at the high application rate (equivalent to 40 tonnes ha-1). The high proportional K recovery from this high application rate application suggests that organic clays can be used as K fertilizer. The crop nutrient uptake data also indicated its use as a source of S and Mn.

Thesis (M.S. - Hydrology and Water Resources)--University of Arizona, 1982. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-142).

Univ., Diss.--Tübingen, 2003. / Literaturverz. S. 198 - 206.

Thesis (M.A.)--Washington State University, 2005. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Nov. 6, 2005). Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-84).

Thesis (M.E.S.)--Evergreen State College, 2009. / "March 2009." Title from title screen (viewed 4/8/2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-105).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T13:31:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RosanaNFQ_DISSERT.pdf: 1769302 bytes, checksum: 0f0d1958e7b311e2b453db02b50c277a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-28 / It is estimated, that is being produced every month in the city of Mossoró, 6096.55 m3 of wastewater from vehicle washing possibly contaminated. In this context, this study aimed to conduct an environmental diagnosis of the wastewater of washing enterprises for vehicles in Mossoró, RN. It was divided into two phases: the first, was conducted the survey city is of the car wash , and identified 34 businesses under the consultancy SEBRAE, within this field sampling were selected, at random, 13 enterprises, applied a questionnaire directed to owners with questions pertaining to the productive process, the source and destination of the water used; in the second stage was held the physico-chemical characterization of wastewater from three of the 13 companies surveyed in the previous step. The parameters analyzed in characterization were: oils and grease, BOD, COD, OD, ST, TSS, turbidity, total Nitrogen, P-total, temperature, Turbidity and pH. The results demonstrate that the wastewater from washing vehicles feature high concentrations of organic matter, oils and greases, turbidity and solid, which are in disagreement with specific environmental legislation. The evaluation demonstrated that although companies performed a primary treatment Water Separators and Oil (SAO), the effluent are not fit to be released into water bodies; It was found that the legal adequacy of companies Lava Jato regarding the treatment of effluents occurs only structurally. The owners are not appropriate of methods and of control standards established by current legislation for effluent discharge / Estima-se, que está sendo produzida mensalmente na cidade em Mossoró, 6.096,55m3 de residuárias de lavagem de veículos, possivelmente contaminada. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo geral realizar um diagnóstico ambiental das águas residuárias de empreendimentos de lavagem de veículos em Mossoró, RN. Para tanto, foi dividido em duas fases: na primeira, foi realizado o levantamento das empresas de lavagem de veículos da cidade, e identificou-se 34 empresas sob a consultoria SEBRAE, dentro deste campo amostral foram selecionados, aleatoriamente, 13 empreendimentos, empregou-se um questionário dirigido aos proprietários com perguntas referentes ao processo produtivo, a origem e o destino da água usada; na segunda etapa foi realizada a caracterização físico-química das águas residuárias de três das 13 empresas pesquisadas na etapa anterior. Os parâmetros analisados na caracterização foram: óleos e graxas, DBO, DQO, OD, ST, SST, turbidez, Nitrogênio total, P-total, Temperatura, Turbidez e pH. Os resultados demonstram que as águas residuárias de lavagem de veículos apresentam altas concentrações de matéria orgânica, óleos e graxas, turbidez e sólidos, que estão em discordância com a legislação ambiental específica. A avaliação demonstrou que embora as empresas realizem um tratamento primário com Separadores de Água e Óleo (SAO), os efluentes não estão aptos para serem lançados em corpos hídricos; Constatou-se que a adequação legal das empresas Lava Jato quanto ao tratamento dos efluentes gerados ocorre apenas estruturalmente. Os proprietários não estão apropriados de métodos de controles dos padrões estabelecidos na legislação vigente para lançamento de efluentes

Submitted by Simone Souza (simonecgsouza@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-13T13:40:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Gonçalo Santana Baicere.pdf: 2164770 bytes, checksum: 9a81e1203a8cdf334dbdf933b718d003 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-11-06T14:05:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Gonçalo Santana Baicere.pdf: 2164770 bytes, checksum: 9a81e1203a8cdf334dbdf933b718d003 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-06T14:05:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Gonçalo Santana Baicere.pdf: 2164770 bytes, checksum: 9a81e1203a8cdf334dbdf933b718d003 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-29 / O aumento do consumo de água potável tem refletido de forma direta no crescimento da poluição e degradação quantitativa e qualitativa dos corpos d’água, receptores que são de lançamentos de águas residuárias sem tratamento. Dessa forma, o desenvolvimento de medidas e ações que possibilitem a conservação e a redução do consumo de água potável, vem se tornando prioridades para algumas instituições. Este estudo visa o desenvolvimento e avaliação de uma tecnologia simplificada de tratamento e operação, para o aproveitamento da água de lavagem de roupa como fonte alternativa de abastecimento, para as descargas de vasos sanitários nas residências. Assim foi necessário caracterizar as águas cinzas provenientes da máquina de lavar roupas, nos seus aspectos físicos, químicos e microbiológicos. O sistema de tratamento experimental foi operado e monitorado pelo período de 12 meses, em uma residência com cinco moradores. O sistema de tratamento da Estação Experimental era composto por um decantador, seguido de um filtro de areia aeróbio de fluxo descendente e desinfecção com hipoclorito de sódio a 2% (água sanitária). Além de avaliar a eficiência da estação experimental de acordo com os parâmetros físicos, químicos e microbiológicos das normas e recomendações vigentes, foram monitorados os consumos de água potável das residências, com objetivo de verificar se havia redução no consumo aferido pela concessionária de saneamento, após a implantação do sistema de tratamento. O sistema de tratamento adotado apresentou uma elevada eficiência na remoção média de turbidez, cor, nitrato, coliformes totais, Escherichia coli, na ordem de 93,52, 94,18, 86,27, 100 e 100%, respectivamente. Em relação a DBO5, DQO e SST, o sistema apresentou uma eficiência média na ordem de 58,04, 55,72 e 60,29% de remoção. O efluente do sistema de tratamento possui características compatíveis com diversos parâmetros estabelecidos para o reúso não potável. / The growth in the consumption of potable water has reflected directly in the increase of pollution and quantitative and qualitative degradation of the water bodies, receptors of releases of untreated wastewater. Thus, the development of measures and programs that will enable conservation and reduction of potable water consumption is becoming a priority for some institutions. This study aims to develop and evaluate a simplified treatment and operation technology to take advantage of laundry water as an alternative source of supply for toilet flushing in homes. Thus it was necessary to characterize the physical, chemical and microbiological aspects of the gray water coming from the washing machines. The experimental treatment system was operated and monitored for a period of 12 months, in a house with five people. The Experimental Station was composed of a decanter, followed by an aerobic sand filter and disinfection with a filter with sodium hypochlorite at 2% (bleach). Besides evaluating the efficiency of the experimental station in accordance with the physical, chemical and microbiological standards of the existing guidelines and recommendations, the consumption of potable water of the households were monitored, in order to verify if there was a reduction in the consumption measured by the sanitation utilities, after the implementation of the treatment system. The treatment system adopted showed a high efficiency in the average removal of turbidity, color, nitrate, total coliforms and Escherichia coli, of 93.52, 94.18, 86.27, 100 and 100%, respectively. In relation to BOD5, (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and TSS (Total Suspended Solids), the system presented an average removal efficiency of 58.04, 55.72 and 60.29%. The effluent of the treatment system has characteristics which are compatible with several parameters established for the non potable reuse.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:21:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 albuquerque_cm_me_sjrp.pdf: 2192673 bytes, checksum: 95c4d486da5e0308e967a8ea5475dd6c (MD5) / A recuperação dos sólidos solúveis presentes na membrana central da laranja, separada durante a etapa de extração industrial do suco, normalmente produz um suco contendo de 5 a 6ºBrix e uma série de outros compostos insolúveis (cerca de 9%), muitos dos quais contribuem para a baixa qualidade do suco, sendo responsáveis pelo amargor e adstringência. O presente trabalho propôs-se a clarificar esse suco contendo sólidos recuperados, empregando um pré-tratamento com enzimas pectinolíticas seguido por tratamento por flotação por injeção de ar comprimido auxiliada por agentes clarificantes: bentonita, sílica sol e colágeno hidrolisado. Constituíram-se os objetivos: (i) a determinação das melhores condições (tipo de enzima pectinolítica, duas hidrolases e duas pectinases, e tempo de incubação) para a degradação enzimática da pectina presente; (ii) a determinação da melhor combinação dos agentes clarificantes visando obter um subproduto clarificado através do monitoramento de parâmetros físico-químicos (capacidade floculante e transmitância) e (iii) a avaliação do processo de flotação com diferentes concentrações de bentonita (500, 1.000 e 1.500 mg L-suco-1 e pressões (490, 680 e 880 kPa) pela determinação do grau de clarificação através de monitoramento da transmitância do clarificado, pela determinação da velocidade de flotação/separação das fases, através da verificação das frações volumétricas das fases separadas (clarificado, sedimentado e flotado), em intervalos de tempos regulares durante o processo de flotação e pela análise do produto final clarificado. Os produtos clarificados foram analisados com relação ao conteúdo de sólidos solúveis e insolúveis, pH, acidez titulável, polpa, transmitância, cor (parâmetros L*, a*, b*) proteína, pectina total, sódio, hesperidina, polifenóis e bioflavonóides. Para o tratamento... / Core membrane of the orange fruit separated during the juice extraction step in the citrus processing industrial plant, is currently submitted to a soluble solids recovery process, normally producing a by product (secondary) juice containing about 5 to 6º Brix and other insoluble components (about 9%), which contribute to the juice’s low quality, since many are responsible for the bitterness and adstringency. This research aimed to clarify this by-product juice containing recovered solids, by enzyme pre-treatment with pectic enzymes, followed by a flotation treatment with compressed air injection using fining agents: bentonite, silica sol and hydrolyzed collagen. The objectives were (i) to determine the best conditions (enzyme type, two hydrolyses and two pectin-liases and incubation time) for the enzyme treatment for pectin degradation; (ii) to determine the best combination of the fining agents to obtain a clarified by-product through monitoring physical chemical parameters (flocculating ability and product transmittance); and (iii) to evaluate the flotation process and the effects of bentonite concentration (500, 1.000 and 1.500 mg L-juice-1) and saturation pressure (490, 680 and 880 kPa) by determining the degree of clarification through monitoring the product transmittance and by determining the flotation rate (and phase separation) through measurements of volumetric fractions of the separated phases (clarified, floated and sediment) over time during the flotation and phase separation processes. Both untreated and clarified juices were analyzed for soluble and insoluble solid contents, pH, total titratable acidity, pulp content, transmittance, color (parameters L*, a* and b*), protein and pectin contents, sodium, hesperidine, poliphenols and bioflavonoids. The results indicates a purified poligalacturonase as the adequate for the enzyme treatment in 1 hour, 45ºC, with 0,05 mL... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)