Orientador: Roberto Alves de Oliveira / Coorientador: Maria Inês Tiraboshi Ferro / Banca: Mariana Carina Frigieri Salaro / Banca: Valéria Del Nery / Resumo: As águas residuárias do processamento de frutos de cafeeiro por via úmida (ARC) constituem-se num importante resíduo orgânico com grande potencial poluente. A digestão anaeróbia em dois estágios combinado com o pós-tratamento aeróbio, possibilita a produção de subprodutos com valor agregado. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a combinação de dois reatores UASB em série (R1 e R2) seguidos de um reator em batelada sequencial (RBS), para a produção de metano e efluente estabilizado com e sem suplementação de fósforo. Foi aplicado o aumento gradual de cargas orgânicas volumétricas (COV) de 0,5 a 6 g DQOtotal (L d)-1, com tempos de detenção hidráulica de 60, 30 e 24 h no R1, R2 e RBS, respectivamente. A demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) dos afluentes aumentou de 6974 para 14939 mg L-1 O2, com isto, as remoções diminuíram de 87% para 80%, e a suplementação de fósforo não teve um efeito significativo sobre a remoção da matéria orgânica. A correção nutricional permitiu melhorar a qualidade dos efluentes, aumentando as eficiências de remoção de fenóis de 70% para 94% com fósforo, porém não houve aumento da produção de biogás com a correção nutricional. As maiores produções de metano ocorreram no R1, e foram de 0,29 e 0,74 L CH4 (L d)-1 nos diferentes ensaios. Adicionalmente, o sistema anaeróbio - aeróbio removeu de 40% a 71% de nitrogênio total Kjeldahl (NTK) e fósforo total (PT) sem correção nutricional do afluente, e 41% e 81% de NTK e PT quando o afluente foi corrigido. Houve remoções de elementos inorgânicos como Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mg, Ca e K, principalmente durante a digestão anaeróbia. Observou-se baixo desempenho para a produção de biogás e qualidade do efluente no R2, embora permitisse estabilizar os choques de carga e compostos tóxicos, como fenóis, durante as mudanças nas características físico-químicas das ARC. No RBS ocorreram fenômenos de nitrificação e remoção... / Abstract: Coffee processing wastewater (CPWW) is an important organic waste with high pollution potential. Anaerobic digestion in two-stages combined with post-treatment with aerobic phase, can enable the production of by-products with added value. In this study we evaluated the combination of two-stage UASB reactors (R1 and R2) followed by Sequencial Batch Reactor (SBR), for the stabilized effluent and methane production, with and without phosphorus supplementation. We applied gradual increase of organic loading rate (OLR) from 0,5 to 6 g CODtotal (L d)-1, with hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 60, 30 and 24 h in R1, R2 and SBR, respectively. The affluent COD was increased from 6974 to 14939 mg L-1 O2, thus decreased of removals from 87% to 80%, while phosphorus supplementation had no significant effect on the organic matter removal. Although, the nutritional correction improved effluent quality, increasing the phenol removal efficiencies from 70% to 94% with phosphorus addition, however did not induce differences in the biogas production. The highest methane production occurred in R1 and were 0,29 and 0,74 L CH4 (L d)-1 in the different tests. Additionally, the anaerobic - aerobic system removed from 40% to 71% of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP) without affluent nutritional correction, and from 41 to 81% of TKN and TP when the affluent was corrected. Similarly, obtained inorganic elements removal such as Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mg, Ca and K, especially during anaerobic digestion. The R2 showed low performance both for the production of bioenergy as to improve the quality of the effluent, although helped to stabilize the load shocks and toxic compounds such as phenols before changes in physical and chemical characteristics of CPWW. In the RBS were observed nitrification and biological phosphorus removal phenomena, although it decreased the aerobic reaction time and will add one anoxic reaction cycle. UASB system showed an ... / Mestre

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-100). / Concern for environmental degradation has been a motivating factor in the efforts to reuse or recycle construction and demolition waste. The intention is not only to reduce environmental desecration, but also to recycle the construction and demolition waste into potential building materials to be reused elsewhere. This study investigated the supply and demand of recycled construction materials in the Western Cape, and aimed to determine the perception held by important stakeholders about these materials. A qualitative analysis of the case study results revealed that poor waste management plans implemented on construction and demolition sites have affected the quality, supply and price of recycled materials. In addition to this it was also revealed that the negative perceptions regarding recycled materials were the major barriers to creating an established secondary market. Inadequate knowledge and experience were major contributors to resistance to change of perceptions. A case study was conducted on Malans Quarries Recyclers in order to determine the supply of raw materials (construction and demolition waste) reaching the recycling plant; the supply of recycled materials to the end user (consumer); and the recycling process that takes place. A sample of fifteen respondents from a variety of large, medium and small construction contractors, as well as consultants and civil engineering companies, completed a questionnaire to determine the demand for and perceptions about these materials. The qualitative analysis of the results of the questionnaires showed that the majority of respondents still preferred to use primary materials over recycled materials. However, it appears that the gap between respondents who prefer to use primary materials, and those who utilize recycled materials, has narrowed in comparison to results obtained in previous studies. It seems that there may be more usage of recycled materials in the future. The results also revealed that tax cuts, could be a good economic incentive to encourage the use of recycled material. The questionnaire results also revealed that the majority of the respondents believed that landfill taxes where not effective in discouraging the illegal dumping of waste, and that the lack advertisements, and difficulties in obtaining recycled materials played a crucial role in the under-use of recycled materials.

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Faced with rising energy costs, forest industries have been seeking ways to better utilize wood residues for fueling plant operations. A major problem with this fuel is its high moisture content when produced from green trees, which seriously reduces the heat of combustion. In light of this a study was conducted to determine the moisture content, drying rates, and fuel value of logging residues produced in three of Virginia's physiographic zones. Samples were taken from the residues at intervals over a two year period to monitor moisture and fuel value changes under a variety of environmental conditions. It was concluded that these residues (tree tops, branches, and cull trees) had become dry enough for fuel use after as little as one or two months of field-drying in a suitable location. In other situations, drying rates were too slow to consider the method a viable alternative. The main factors affecting the field drying process were found to be size of the residue, geographic location, and season. / Master of Science

Master of Science

The buildings that are being renovated, enlarged or built considerably increased in the last decade, having, as consequence, the creation of civil construction waste (RCC) in large volume. These materials can cause serious environmental, sanitary, economic and social problems, once in several Brazilian cities, part of this waste is underhand put in places, such as wastelands, riverbanks and streets outlying neighborhoods. Thus it is believed that the adoption of concerned policies to manage the waste coming from civil construction can significantly minimize the social impacts and specially the environmental ones. In this perspective, considering that the municipality of Lagarto city, in the state of Sergipe, presents a similar situation, this study had as an objective to propose a managerial model l able to minimize the current problems associated to the management of construction waste (RCC) in the urban area of this municipality Therefore, it was done a bibliographical research, in order to meet and address the RCC management, and collecting data through field research. A Lot of data was collected in the City Hall of Lagarto in the system of licensing works such as in the collect department, in order to estimate the amount of RCC generated. Structured interviews were performed in this City Hall, in civil construction companies, and also with the RCC transporters and carters operating in the urban area. Aiming the spatialization of information, it was elaborated a mapping of irregular RCC disposal points after in loco identifying. Moreover, there was the characterization of these residues from collected samples from irregular deposition points. As a result, it was found there are 51 points of irregular RCC deposition in wastelands and margins of several roads and streets, and seven boot-outsides located on private acres in the urban area of Lagarto city and there aren t specializing companies for the collection of these residues; Most of the works, public or private, there aren t any RCC management plans and there are no points for legalized RCC deposition in small or large volumes. It Was estimated, for the daily urban area the generation of about 51.34 tons of RCC that revealed potential for such waste reuse and recycling after its performed characterization. The obtained results were used as input to the proposal drafting of a management model that aims to contribute to minimize problems concerning to RCC management in the urban area of Lagarto city. / As edificações que estão sendo reformadas, ampliadas ou construídas aumentaram consideravelmente na última década, tendo como consequência, a geração de grandes volumes de resíduos de construção civil (RCC). Estes materiais podem causar sérios problemas ambientais, sanitários, econômicos e sociais, uma vez que, em diversas cidades brasileiras, parte desses resíduos é depositada clandestinamente em locais como: terrenos baldios, margens de rios, em ruas de bairros periféricos. Assim, acredita-se que a adoção de políticas voltadas ao gerenciamento dos resíduos oriundos da construção civil, minimize significativamente os impactos sociais e, principalmente, os ambientais. Nessa perspectiva, considerando que o município de Lagarto, em Sergipe, apresenta situação semelhante, este trabalho teve como objetivo propor um modelo gerencial capaz de minimizar os problemas atuais associados à gestão dos resíduos de construção civil (RCC) na zona urbana deste município. Para tanto, foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica, a fim de conhecer e abordar a questão da gestão dos RCC, e levantamento de dados através de pesquisa de campo. Na Prefeitura Municipal de Lagarto, dados foram coletados no sistema de licenciamento de obras bem como no setor de coleta, com vistas a estimar a quantidade de RCC gerada. Entrevistas estruturadas foram realizadas na prefeitura, em empresas de construção civil, e também com os transportadores de RCC, carroceiros e caçambeiros, atuantes na zona urbana do município. Objetivando a espacialização das informações, um mapeamento dos pontos de descarte irregular dos RCC foi elaborado, após a identificação in loco. Além disso, realizou-se a caracterização desses resíduos a partir de amostras coletadas de pontos de deposições irregulares. Como resultado, verificou-se que, na zona urbana do município de Lagarto, há: 51 pontos de deposição irregular de RCC em terrenos baldios e em margens de diversas estradas e ruas, além de sete bota-foras localizados em terrenos particulares; não existem empresas especializadas na coleta desses resíduos; na maioria das obras, pública ou privada, inexistem planos de gerenciamentos de RCC; há ausência de pontos legalizados para deposição do RCC, de pequenos ou grandes volumes. Estimou-se para a zona urbana do município, geração diária aproximada de 51,34 toneladas de RCC, que revelou, após realizada sua caracterização, potencial de reaproveitamento e reciclagem desses resíduos. Os resultados alcançados serviram de subsídio para elaboração da proposta de um modelo gerencial que visa contribuir para minimização dos problemas relacionados à gestão dos RCC na zona urbana do município de Lagarto.

Orientador: Elson Luciano Silva Pires / Banca: Silvia Selingardi Sampaio / Banca: Pedro Roberto Jacobi / Banca: Claudio Antônio Di Mauro / Banca: Luciana Aparecida Iotti Ziglio / Resumo: Diante do agravamento dos problemas ambientais, a reciclagem tem se apresentado como uma das principais questões no âmbito das discussões socioambientais, sendo notada, ainda, uma evidenciação do aspecto econômico da atividade recicladora, em detrimento dos aspectos ambientais e sociais, o que tem conduzido ao desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva da reciclagem no Brasil. O entendimento é de que se trata de uma atividade econômica promissora, que surge como um mercado novo e em desenvolvimento, incentivado pela própria Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de analisar a cadeia produtiva da reciclagem como reflexo da condução de políticas públicas adotadas para o desenvolvimento do setor no território nacional, no anseio de explicitar as reais capacidades de ação e execução de tais políticas, de forma transparente e coletiva, pelo caminho da governança, em seu processo de construção complexa. Ademais, buscou-se analisar a estruturação/organização da cadeia produtiva da reciclagem, atentando-se, principalmente, para as particularidades da indústria recicladora no Brasil, bem como identificar os diversos atores envolvidos intrinsecamente nessa atividade econômica, suas estratégias organizacionais, formas de atuação e funções, buscando definir a composição e atuação do Estado, dos membros da sociedade civil e dos empresários, a partir de uma tipologia capaz de demonstrar o caráter público, privado ou tripartite da governança. Para o desenvolv... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Faced with the aggravation of environmental problems, recycling has been presented as one of the main issues in the socio - environmental discussions, and it is also noticed an evidence of the economic aspect of the recycling activity, to the detriment of environmental and social aspects, which has led to the development of the recycling chain in Brazil. The understanding is th at this is a promising economic activity, which emerges as a new and developing market, encouraged by the National Policy on Solid Waste. Thus, the objective of this research was to analyze the productive chain of recycling as a reflection of the conduction of public policies adopted for the development of the sector in the national territory, in the desire to make explicit the real capacity of action and execution of such policies, in a transparent way and collective, by way of governance, in its complex construction process. In addition, we sought to analyze the structuring/organization of the recycling chain, taking into account, mainly, the particularities of the recycling industry in Brazil, as well as to identify the various actors involved in this economic activity intrinsically, their organizational strategies, forms of action and functions, seeking to define the composition and performance of the State, members of civil society and entrepreneurs, based on a typology capable of demonstrating the character public, private or tripartite governance. For the development of the proposed objectives ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Long term durability is a major concern for wide-scale use of recycled aggregate materials in civil engineering construction. The purpose of this study is to provide an insight into the damaging effects of combined wet-dry cycles and repeated mechanical loading in a recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) base course material made from recycled crushed concrete aggregate and cement. A coordinated experimental program followed by a mechanistic pavement modeling and life cycle analysis was conducted as part of this research study. This laboratory investigation was divided into three phases each consisting of both wet-dry exposed specimens (WD), and control or non wet-dry exposed specimens (NWD). Phase I experiments involved monotonic loading tests under compression and flexure to evaluate the strength properties. Phase II involved testing a total of 108 cylindrical specimens in cyclic compressive loading at three different stress ratios. After each regime of cyclic loading, residual compressive strengths were determined. In addition, the load-deformation hysteresis loops and the accumulated plastic deformation were continuously monitored through all loading cycles. Phase III included a flexural fatigue test program on 39 beam specimens, and fracture testing program on 6 notched beam specimens, each one having 19-mm initial notch. Traditional SR-N curves, relating the Stress Ratio (SR) with the number of cycles to failure (N or Nf), were developed. Fatigue crack growth rate and changes in Stress Intensity Factors were obtained to determine Paris Law constants and fracture toughness. A mechanistic analysis of a typical highway pavement incorporating RAC base was performed with KENPAVE program, followed by a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) using the GaBi software. It was found that the specimens subjected to wet-dry cycles suffered significantly higher damage expressed in terms of accumulated plastic deformation, and loss of residual compressive strength, modulus, fatigue endurance limit, and design life, compared to specimens not exposed to wet-dry cycles. Although such degradation in material properties are important considerations in pavement design, a concurrent Life Cycle Analysis demonstrated that recycled aggregate concrete base course still holds promise as an alternative construction material from environmental stand point. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Orientador: Wanderley José de Melo / Banca: Mara Regina Pessoa da Cruz / Banca: José Marques Junior / Banca: Cássio Hamilton Abreu Junior / Banca: Maria Olímpia de Oliveira Rezende / Resumo: A adição de lodo de esgoto ao solo tem aspectos positivos para a melhoria dos solos agrícolas, uma vez que contêm nutrientes como fósforo, nitrogênio, enxofre, zinco, dentre outros, além de propiciar melhorias em atributos químicos, físicos e biológicos do solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito aplicação de doses de LE por dezesseis anos consecutivos sobre os atributos químicos e bioquímicos, a produtividade, o teor de macro e micronutrientes a folha diagnose e o teor de elementos-traço no solo, na planta e nos grãos de milho cultivado em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico (LVef) e Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (LVd). O experimento foi instalado em condições de campo em Jaboticabal, SP. O delineamento experimental foi blocos casualizados com 4 tratamentos e 5 repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1= testemunha (fertilização mineral, sem aplicação de LE), T2 = 5 t ha-1 LE, T3= 10 t ha-1 LE e T4= 20 t ha-1 LE (base seca). O lodo de esgoto provocou aumento no teor de K no LVef e diminuição no LVd. O LE aumentou o teor de P no LVef e o teor de matéria orgânica no LVd. A dose de 20 t ha-1 de lodo de esgoto, base seca, promoveu incremento na atividade da enzima fosfatase ácida no LVef e na atividade da enzima arilsulfatase, na respiração basal e no quociente metabólico no LVd. A aplicação de 10 e 20 t ha-1 LE, base seca, aumentou o teor de Cu no solo LVef e os teores pseudototais de Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn no solo LVd, entretanto, sem ultrapassar os valores de prevenção estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. Os teores de Cd, Ni, Pb e Zn na parte aérea de plantas de milho cultivadas em LVd e LVef aumentaram com a aplicação de lodo de esgoto, mas não houve diferença entre doses de 5, 10 e 20 t ha-1. Os teores dos metais As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mo e Pb nos grãos de milho permaneceram abaixo dos limites estabelecidos para o consumo humano. Apenas o Ni apresentou efeito das doses de LE aplicadas aos dois ... / Abstract: The addition of sewage sludge (SS) to soil have positive aspects for the improvement of agricultural soils, since they contain nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur, zinc, among others, as well as providing improvements in chemical, physical and biological soil properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation effect of doses of SS for sixteen consecutive years on chemical and biochemical attributes, yield, content of macro and micronutrients on leaf diagnosis and the content of heavy metals in soil, plant and grains corn grown in Typic Eutrorthox (LVef) and Typic Haplorthox (LVd). The experiment was conducted under field conditions in Jaboticabal, SP. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four treatments and five repetitions. The treatments were: T1 = control (mineral fertilization, without application of LE), T2 = 5 t ha-1 SS, T3 = 10 t ha-1 SS and T4 = 20 t ha-1 S (dry basis). Sewage sludge caused an increase in K content in LVef and decreased in LVd. Sewage sludge increased P content in LVef and the organic matter content in LVd. The dose of 20 t ha-1 of sewage sludge, dry basis, promoted an increase in the activity of the enzyme acid phosphatase in soil LVef and arylsulfatase enzyme activity in basal respiration and metabolic quotient in soil LVd. The application of 10 and 20 t ha-1 SS, dry basis, increased the Cu content in the soil LVef and Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the soil LVd, however, without exceeding the values of prevention established by legislation Brazilian. The content of Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn in plants of corn grown in LVef and LVd increased with application of sewage sludge, but without difference between doses of 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1. The levels of the metals As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mo and Pb in the grains of corn remained below the limits for human consumption. Only the Ni present effect of doses of LE applied to two soils. There was no significant difference between treatments ... / Doutor