Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Donizete.pdf: 811871 bytes, checksum: e0872efc22fd6d5f329f10241669634c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-13 / Brazil has great potential in food production, although the large scale production of grains and animal protein has increased waste generation. This justifies the study of recycling practices, such as biodigestion and anaerobic co-digestion of wastewater, excreta and solid waste from farms and processing products since the processing of potential polluting waste into biofertilizers and biogas has contributed to effective sanitation and added value to the final product. The studied wastes were reused poultry litter from six, seven and eight lots and sieved swine wastewater (SWW), from piglet production unit. Two trials were carried out: the first one aimed at verifying which system, biodigestion or anaerobic co-digestion, has recorded the greatest potential for biogas production. With those results from the first trial, the second one could be started to determine the best hydraulic retention time (40 or 55 days), according to the following evaluated parameters: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), reduction of both total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS), reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD), N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and Na contents, both in influent and effluent as well as the potential biogas production and analysis of total and thermo-tolerant coliforms. The results have shown higher biogas production (p <0.05) in treatments that used anaerobic co-digestion with SWW (0.179, 0.158 and 0.117 m3 kg added TS) for poultry litter with six, seven and eight lots, respectively. In this trial, there was no interaction among factors (poultry litter and used wastewater) or differences among treatments for COD decrease. For the second test, when hydraulic retention times were compared, the biogas production was statistically higher (p <0.05) in 55 day (0.04, 0.05 and 0.03 m3/kg TS added), respectively for poultry litter with six, seven and eight lots. According to COD decrease, the largest decreases (p <0.05) were observed at 55 days (45.83, 67.49 and 29.45%), respectively, for the poultry litter with six, seven and eight lots. There was no total or thermo-tolerant coliform in biofertilizer, in both trials. According to the chemical composition of biofertilizers, there was higher concentration of nutrients in effluent when compared to the influent due to carbon losses in biogas for both trials. In the first trial, the Mg levels remained the same in both biofertilizers from co-digestion as in anaerobic digestion. For other nutrients, the biofertilizer from co-digestion of the increases ranged from 20.2% for Ca up to 92% for N. In the first trial, both processes were compared and there was an increase on nutrients concentration in co-digestion biofertilizers and the increases ranged from 20.2% for Ca up to 92% for N. For micronutrients, the variation was from 55.2% up to 904.7% in Cu. Thus, it was concluded that the anaerobic co-digestion of sieved swine wastewater and poultry litter with six, seven or eight lots plus a 55 day hydraulic retention time is the best option for recycling energy and nutrients, although it has resulted in greater concentration of Cu and Zn in biofertilizer / O Brasil apresenta grande potencialidade na produção de alimentos, porém, a produção em larga escala de grãos e proteína animal tem levado ao aumento da geração de resíduos. Este fato justifica o estudo de práticas de reciclagem, tais como a biodigestão e a co-digestão anaeróbia de águas residuárias e resíduos sólidos oriundos de criatórios e beneficiamentos, pois a transformação de resíduos potencialmente poluidores em biofertilizante e biogás contribui para o saneamento eficaz e agrega valor ao produto final. Os resíduos utilizados nesta pesquisa foram camas de frango de seis, sete e oito lotes, além de água residuária da suinocultura (ARS) peneirada, proveniente de unidade produtora de leitões. Foram implantados dois ensaios: no primeiro ensaio, objetivou-se verificar qual dos processos, a biodigestão ou a co-digestão anaeróbia apresentaria o maior potencial de produção de biogás. Com os resultados do primeiro ensaio, iniciou-se o segundo para determinar qual o melhor tempo de retenção hidráulica (40 ou 55 dias) em função dos parâmetros avaliados, a saber: pH; condutividade elétrica (CE); redução de sólidos totais (ST) e sólidos voláteis (SV); redução da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO); teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn e Na, tanto no afluente quanto no efluente, além dos potenciais de produção de biogás e análise de coliformes totais e termotolerantes. Como resultados, observaram-se maiores produções de biogás (p<0,05) nos tratamentos em que se empregou a co-digestão anaeróbia com ARS: 0,179; 0,158 e 0,117 m3 por kg de ST adicionados, para as camas de frango com seis, sete e oito lotes, respectivamente. Neste mesmo ensaio, não se observou interação entre os fatores (cama e águas utilizadas) nem diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos para a redução de DQO. Para o segundo ensaio, ao serem comparados os tempos de retenção hidráulica, observou-se produção de biogás estatisticamente maior (p<0,05) no tempo de 55 dias: 0,04; 0,05 e 0,03 m3 por kg ST adicionados, respectivamente, para as camas de frango com seis, sete e oito lotes. Quanto à redução de DQO, as maiores reduções (p<0,05) foram observadas aos 55 dias: 45,83; 67,49 e 29,45%, respectivamente, para camas de seis, sete e oito lotes. Não foram observados coliformes totais nem termotolerantes no biofertilizante, em ambos os ensaios. Com relação à composição química dos biofertilizantes, observou-se, de maneira geral, maior concentração de nutrientes no efluente quando comparado ao afluente, devido às perdas de C via biogás, em ambos os ensaios. No primeiro ensaio, onde foram comparados os dois processos, houve aumento na concentração de macronutrientes, no biofertilizante proveniente da co-digestão, os incrementos variaram desde 20,2% para o Ca até 92% para o N. Para os micronutrientes, a variação foi desde 55,2% para o Na até 904,7% para o Cu. Concluiu-se que a co-digestão anaeróbia entre água residuária de suinocultura peneirada e cama de frango com seis, sete ou oito lotes, com tempo de retenção hidráulica de 55 dias, é a melhor opção para a reciclagem energética e de nutrientes, porém resulta em maior concentração de Cu e Zn no biofertilizante

A consideração dos fatores ambientais no processo decisório sobre a implementação de atividades econômicas é condição básica para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal avaliar a possibilidade de um serviço de água e esgoto atuar ou proceder visando a sustentabilidade ambiental, notadamente observando os dispositivos legais de gestão ambiental. Para a consecução de tal objeto, foi realizada uma ampla revisão bibliográfica para a definição dos fatores ambientais, instrumentos de gestão ambiental e dispositivos legais pertinentes que foram considerados na adequação ambiental de serviços de água e esgoto, a partir da elaboração de uma matriz de impactos, com decorrente identificação desses fatores frente aos diferentes processos dessas atividades. Foram consideradas todas as etapas, quais sejam: captação, adução, tratamento, distribuição, coleta, tratamento de esgoto e lançamento no corpo receptor, inclusive os respectivos resíduos, como o lodo. Os estudos realizados foram aplicados ao DAAE de Araraquara como um caso prático, aproveitando que este dispõe de tratamentos de água e esgoto e uma autarquia bem estruturada e com informações disponíveis. Por fim, foram apresentados os resultados obtidos no estudo de caso e feitas discussões a respeito dos impactos ambientais e das (in)conformidades diagnosticadas no DAAE Araraquara. / Consideration of environmental factors in the decision making procedure when a new enterprise is being planned is a basic condition to mantain a sustainable development. Taking this into consideration the objective of this work was the study of environmental adequateness of water and wastewater services. To reach such an objective, study and definition of environmental variables, environmental management mechanisms and related legal resources was carried out, considering the environmental fitting of water and wastewater services, through an impact matrix, with resulting identification of these variables with regard to the different procedures of these activities. All stages of the water and wastewater service were considered: pipeing, distribution, water treatment, collection, sewage treatment and disposal of the treated sewage and solids from the treatment. A case study, considering the city of Araraquara, was carried out as this city has a well structured company and a good data bank. Finally, results obtained in the case study were presented and discussions about environmental impact and (non-)conformities found in Araraquara\'s DAAE were carried through.

Because of increasing environmental demands, especially on dealing with products end of life phase, product manufacturers and designers must consider the future disposal of their products. For conventional materials like steel and aluminium well-functioning recycling methods exists. This is not the case for structures of polymer composites, which are used more extensively, especially for structures like vehicles and vessels. Several techniques do exist but they are not yet commercially available. The current disposal methods of polymer composites are landfill and incineration. Polymer composites are materials, which consist of several materials like fibre, matrix, and additives. In the form of sandwich constructions also foam core material is added. This circumstance complicates the waste treatment of composite materials. In this thesis a model for assessing possible future waste treatment techniques for polymer composites including sandwich structures is presented. The model is meant to be used as an aid for preparing future disposal for end of life products for planning waste treatment and for facilitating communication in contacts with waste receivers. Recommendations for waste treatment have been formed for a number of polymer composites. These recommendations are based on the analysis of costs and environmental effects and they compare different scenarios for mechanical material recycling and energy recovery by waste incineration. The result of this study points out material recycling as the preferable method for the main part of the studied materials. But this recommendation is strongly dependent on type of virgin material replaced by the recycled material. Energy recovery can also be considered if the polymer composite waste replaces coal, which is non renewable. Though incineration will always result in a cost for the waste producer. In the recommendations mentioned above no information concerning implementation of the different waste disposal techniques is included. Therefore, in this study a model for assessing possible waste disposal techniques for polymer composites is presented. The model is based on internal factors, which are related to the waste and to the processes. To implement the model relevant waste properties must be identified in order to fulfil the conditions set by the required processes involved. A case study was carried out using the proposed model for assessing different waste disposal techniques for the hull of the Visby Class Corvette in the Royal Swedish Navy. Six different techniques were studied for the hull structure. Since almost all the important waste properties were known and the waste was assessed to be treatable all the included techniques except one are shown to be usable in the future. Many investigations have pointed out material recycling as the best alternative considering environmental effects. This is also valid for polymer composite materials. Since recycling polymer composites is a complicated process, especially recycling thermoset composite it is important to aquire comprehensive information about the constituents of these materials. / QC 20101021

This research investigates an alternative approach to the use of two wastes from agricultural and livestock activities developed in Colombia. Swinemanure and coffee mucilage were used to evaluatean anaerobic co-digestion process focused on hydrogen production. In addition, the aims covered a further stage in order to close the cycle of the both wastes. The thesis was conducted in three phases : 1. Evaluation of hydrogen production from the co-digestion of coffee mucilage and swine manure during dark fermentation ; 2. Trends over retention time through the monitoring of microorganisms by quantitative PCR and other parameters incluiding pH, oxidation reduction potential, and hydrogen partial pressure ; 3. Treatment of the effluent from hydrogen production process by anaerobic digestion with methane production. The experimental results showed that mixtures of both wastes are able to produce hydrogen. A substrate ratio of 5:5, which was associated with a C/N ratio of 53, was suitable for hydrogen production. Moreover, the stability and optimization of the process were evaluated by increasing the influent organic load rate. This wasthe best experimental condition in terms of average cumulative hydrogen volume, production rate and yield which were 2661 NmL, 760 NmLH2/Lwd and 43 NmL H2/gCOD, respectively. This performance was preserved over time, which was verified through the repetitive batch cultivation during 43 days. Two trends were identified over retention time associated with similar cumulative hydrogen, but with differences in lag-phase time and hydrogen production rate. T.thermosaccharolyticum was the dominating genus during the short trend related to the shortest lag phase time and highest hydrogen production rate. The long trends were associated with a decrease of Bacillus sp. concentration at the beginning of the experiments and with the possible competition for soluble substrates between T.thermosaccharolyticum and Clostridium sp. The third phase showed that the use of a second stage to produce methane was useful enhancing the treatment of both wastes. Finally, the overall energy produced for both biofuels (Hydrogen andmethane) showed similar levels with other process. However, hydrogen was around the 10% of the overall energy produced in the process. In addition, both gases could be mixed to produce biohythane which improves the properties of biogas.

No description available.

Food waste from grocery stores - An analysis of municipal management inSweden and a detailed study of the situation in Umeå municipality The objective of this thesis was to analyze the municipal management of food waste fromgrocery stores in Sweden in general and in Umeå municipality in particular. Furthermore theobjective was to account for the different waste treatment methods that can be used and toevaluate them from an environmental perspective. In order to analyze the municipalmanagement a survey was sent to all of the municipalities/municipal waste companies inSweden. A general comparison of treatment methods was carried out on the basis of ascientific review and a system analysis was performed in order to compare three differenttreatment alternatives for the food waste generated in grocery stores in Umeå. The surveyshowed that the legal definition of food waste from grocery stores is unclear and variesbetween municipalities. However, a majority of the municipalities that offer any kind ofsource separation include grocery stores in the offer. The packaged food waste is oftenincinerated even if source separation is available due to the difficulties with removingpackaging materials. Concerning treatment methods, the results show that composting is theenvironmentally least advantageous method for large-scale treatment of food waste.Incineration and anaerobic digestion are about equal in their environmental impact, but thelatter was found to be favorable in principle based on the fact that it, in theory, generates bothnutrient recycling and energy recovery. For the food waste generated in grocery stores inUmeå municipality, incineration at the Dåva power and heating plant was found to be thepreferable method rather than anaerobic digestion in Skellefteå and composting in Luleå.

<p>Because of increasing environmental demands, especially on dealing with products end of life phase, product manufacturers and designers must consider the future disposal of their products. For conventional materials like steel and aluminium well-functioning recycling methods exists. This is not the case for structures of polymer composites, which are used more extensively, especially for structures like vehicles and vessels. Several techniques do exist but they are not yet commercially available. The current disposal methods of polymer composites are landfill and incineration.</p><p>Polymer composites are materials, which consist of several materials like fibre, matrix, and additives. In the form of sandwich constructions also foam core material is added. This circumstance complicates the waste treatment of composite materials. In this thesis a model for assessing possible future waste treatment techniques for polymer composites including sandwich structures is presented. The model is meant to be used as an aid for preparing future disposal for end of life products for planning waste treatment and for facilitating communication in contacts with waste receivers.</p><p>Recommendations for waste treatment have been formed for a number of polymer composites. These recommendations are based on the analysis of costs and environmental effects and they compare different scenarios for mechanical material recycling and energy recovery by waste incineration. The result of this study points out material recycling as the preferable method for the main part of the studied materials. But this recommendation is strongly dependent on type of virgin material replaced by the recycled material. Energy recovery can also be considered if the polymer composite waste replaces coal, which is non renewable. Though incineration will always result in a cost for the waste producer.</p><p>In the recommendations mentioned above no information concerning implementation of the different waste disposal techniques is included. Therefore, in this study a model for assessing possible waste disposal techniques for polymer composites is presented. The model is based on internal factors, which are related to the waste and to the processes. To implement the model relevant waste properties must be identified in order to fulfil the conditions set by the required processes involved.</p><p>A case study was carried out using the proposed model for assessing different waste disposal techniques for the hull of the Visby Class Corvette in the Royal Swedish Navy. Six different techniques were studied for the hull structure. Since almost all the important waste properties were known and the waste was assessed to be treatable all the included techniques except one are shown to be usable in the future.</p><p>Many investigations have pointed out material recycling as the best alternative considering environmental effects. This is also valid for polymer composite materials. Since recycling polymer composites is a complicated process, especially recycling thermoset composite it is important to aquire comprehensive information about the constituents of these materials.</p>

Copper based interconnects with low dielectric constant layers are currently used to increase interconnect densities and reduce interconnect time delays in integrated circuits. The technology used to develop copper interconnects involves Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) of copper films deposited on low-k layers (silica or silica based films), which is carried out using slurries containing abrasive particles. One issue using such a structure is copper contamination over dielectric layers (SiO2 film), if not reduced, this contamination will cause current leakage. In this study, the conditions conducive to copper contamination onto SiO2 films during Cu-CMP process were studied, and a post-CMP cleaning technique was discussed based on experimental results. It was found that the adsorption of copper onto a silica surface is kinetically fast (< 0.5 minute). The amount of copper absorbed is pH and concentration dependent and affected by presence of H2O2, complexing agents, and copper corrosion inhibitor Benzotrazole. Based on de-sorption results, DI water alone was unable to reduce adsorbed copper to an acceptable level, especially for adsorption that takes place at a higher pH condition. The addition of complex agent, citric acid, proved effective in suppressing copper adsorption onto oxide silica during polishing or post-CMP cleaning by forming stable copper-CA complexes. Surface Complexation Modeling was used to simulate copper adsorption isotherms and predict the copper contamination levels on SiO2 surfaces.Another issue with the application of copper CMP is its environmental impact. CMP is a costly process due to its huge consumption of pure water and slurry. Additionally, Cu-CMP processing generates a waste stream containing certain amounts of copper and abrasive slurry particles. In this study, the separation technique electrocoagulation was investigated to remove both copper and abrasive slurry particles simultaneously. For effluent containing ~40 ppm dissolved copper, it was found that ~90% dissolved copper was removed from the waste streams through electroplating and in-situ chemical precipitation. The amount of copper removed through plating is impacted by membrane surface charge, type/amount of complexing agents, and solid content in the slurry suspension. The slurry particles can be removed ~90% within 2 hours of EC through multiple mechanisms.

Diferentes resíduos são gerados pelas indústrias siderúrgicas, dentre eles o resíduo dos trituradores de sucata (RTS). O destino mais utilizado para o RTS pelas indústrias siderúrgicas brasileiras é o aterro de resíduos industriais. A pirólise se apresenta como uma alternativa para o reaproveitamento do RTS. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes parâmetros operacionais sobre as propriedades e o rendimento dos produtos do processo de pirólise do RTS para fins de um posterior aproveitamento. Um reator de pirólise de leito fixo foi utilizado e as seguintes variáveis foram testadas fazendo-se uso de um planejamento experimental 2k: temperatura (500, 600 e 700 ºC), taxa de aquecimento (5, 20, 35 ºC/min), vazão de gás inerte (N2) (0,03, 0,44 e 0,76 L/min) e razão CaO/RTS (0, 1 e 2). A utilização de uma taxa de aquecimento menor, associada a presença de CaO, resultou nos maiores rendimentos de gás não-condensável (> 50%). O poder calorífico deste gás, aumentou com o incremento da razão CaO/RTS. Este aumento foi atribuído a captura in situ do CO2. A utilização de uma vazão maior de gás inerte, também favoreceu o aumento do poder calorífico do gás não-condensável. Os maiores valores obtidos (25 MJ/Nm3) são apreciáveis, considerando o poder calorífico de outros combustíveis. Os maiores rendimentos de char (> 24%) foram obtidos nos experimentos com a utilização de uma temperatura menor, associada a ausência de CaO. A utilização de uma taxa de aquecimento mais elevada resultou em maiores rendimentos de voláteis condensáveis. Os menores rendimentos de voláteis condensáveis foram obtidos quando a vazão de inerte foi menor. Também foi possível verificar que, houve um aumento do rendimento de voláteis condensáveis com a presença de CaO para a temperatura de 700 ºC. Este comportamento foi atribuído ao maior rendimento global de estireno nas referidas condições operacionais. O rendimento global de 2,4-dimetil-1-heptano também apresentou comportamento semelhante ao observado para o rendimento de voláteis condensáveis, indicando que o AlCl3 pode ter atuado como catalisador da pirólise do PP presente no RTS. Com o aumento da razão CaO/RTS, houve uma redução da concentração de CO2. A redução da concentração de CO2 na presença de CaO está associada a formação de CaCO3. A retenção de cloro no char foi mais elevada nos ensaios conduzidos na presença de CaO. Verificou-se uma redução da retenção de cloro no char com o aumento da temperatura para os ensaios conduzidos na presença de CaO. Uma diminuição da retenção de metais no char foi verificada nos experimentos conduzidos com CaO para os seguintes metais: Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni e Zn. A remoção do cloro permitiria conduzir o processo de pirólise a temperaturas mais elevadas, aumentando a Eficiência Energética mínima (EE) do processo. Desta forma, fica clara a necessidade da remoção do cloro do RTS antes do processo de pirólise, pois a partir disto o uso do CaO contribuiria para o aumento da EE e da retenção de metais no char, e consequentemente da desejabilidade global. / Different wastes are generated by steel industries, among them the shredder residue (SR). The most commonly used destination for SR by Brazilian steel industry is the landfill of industrial waste. The pyrolysis can be considered a solution to this problem. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of different operating parameters upon the properties and yield of the SR pyrolysis process products for later use. A fixed bed pyrolysis reactor was used and the following variables were tested using a 2k experimental design: temperature (500, 600 and 700 ºC), heating rate (5, 20, 35 ºC/min), flow rate of inert gas (N2) (0.03, 0.44 and 0.76 L/min) and CaO/SR ratio (0, 1 and 2). The use of a lower heating rate, associated with the CaO presence, resulted in higher yields of non-condensable gas (> 50%). The calorific value of this gas increased with the growth of the CaO/SR ratio. This increase was attributed to an in situ CO2 capture. The use of a higher flow rate of inert gas also favored the increase in the calorific power of the non-condensable gas. The highest values (25 MJ/Nm3) are appreciable considering the calorific value of other fuels. The highest char yields (> 24%) were obtained in the experiments using a lower temperature associated with the absence of CaO. The use of a higher heating rate resulted in higher yields of condensable volatiles. The lower yields of condensable volatiles were obtained when the inert flow rate was lower. It was also possible to verify that there was an increase in the condensable volatiles yield with the CaO presence at a temperature of 700 ºC.This behavior was attributed to the higher styrene overall yield under these operating conditions. The 2,4-dimethyl-1-heptane overall yield also presented a similar behavior to that observed for the condensable volatiles yield, indicating that the AlCl3 may have acted as a catalyst for the PP pyrolysis present in the SR. With the increase in the CaO/RTS ratio, there was a reduction in the CO2 concentration. The CO2 concentration reduction in the CaO presence is associated with the CaCO3 formation. The chlorine retention in the char was higher in the experiments conducted with CaO presence. A reduction in the chlorine retention in char was observed with increasing temperature for the experiments conducted with CaO presence. A decrease in metal retention in the char was verified in the experiments conducted with CaO for the following metals: Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni and Zn. Chlorine removal would allow the pyrolysis process to be conducted at higher temperatures, increasing the minimum energy efficiency (EE) of the process. Therefore, it is clear the need to remove chlorine from the SR before the pyrolysis process, since, the CaO use would contribute to the EE increase and the retention of metals in the char, and consequently the global desirability.

This master´s thesis discusses waste recycling in selected towns in the South Bohemia region. The first part explains the concepts of waste, landfilling, recycling and waste treatment. In the second part of the thesis selected areas of South Bohemia suitable for elaboration are listed. Data collected for individual commodities (electrical appliances, metals, paper, plastics, glass and textile materials) are listed in the tables and subsequently represented in a graphical way. These charts illustrate how citizens in each area recycle or not recycle their waste. In the conclusion of the thesis is presented the amount of waste per capita for the given area and a comparison with the other areas. Afterwards, measures are proposed to improve waste recycling.