Submitted by Maria Eneide de Souza Araujo (mearaujo@ipen.br) on 2017-03-10T16:49:56Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-10T16:49:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A saúde do meio ambiente vem sendo comprometida devido ao descarte incorreto de produtos e seus subprodutos. Dentre os contaminantes emergentes encontram-se os fármacos, causadores de problemas ambientais por serem descartados no meio ambiente através dos efluentes. As técnicas convencionais de tratamento são insuficientes na remoção de diversos fármacos, por apresentarem resíduos resistentes e baixa biodegradabilidade. Sendo assim os processos oxidativos avançados vêm sendo estudados como alternativa para o tratamento de diferentes tipos de efluentes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi aplicar o processo de irradiação com feixe de elétrons para reduzir os efeitos tóxicos do propranolol, e de sua mistura com cloridrato de fluoxetina, em solução aquosa. Foram realizados ensaios ecotoxicológicos com o fármaco propranolol, e de sua mistura com o cloridrato de fluoxetina, utilizando como organismos-teste o microcrustáceo Daphnia similis, e a bactéria Vibrio fischeri. Observamos que o organismo D. similis mostrou-se mais sensível as amostras de fármacos quando comparado à bactéria V.fischeri. Após serem submetidas ao tratamento com radiação ionizante, todas as doses aplicadas para o propranolol e a mistura, mostraram significativa redução de toxicidade, tendo como organismo-teste D. similis. Para a bactéria V. fischeri apenas na dose de 5,0 kGy foi verificada a redução da toxicidade para o fármaco propranolol. Quanto à mistura dos fármacos, apenas as doses de 2,5 e 5,0 kGy apresentaram eficiência de remoção da toxicidade. A dose 5,0 kGy mostrou-se a melhor, apresentando redução de 79,94% para D. similis, e 15,64% para V. fischeri, quando expostas ao fármaco propranolol. Quanto à mistura, apresentou 81,59% e 26,93%, para D.similis e V.fischeri, respectivamente. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Orientador: Bruno Coraucci Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T15:44:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kanegae_AlexandrePatto_M.pdf: 1125389 bytes, checksum: dc519b3abb15e2a72d094f64448f7383 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o intuito de se verificar a utilização de filtros de areia, como um sistema de pós-tratamento de efluentes de filtros anaeróbios na remoção de organismos patogênicos presentes nos esgotos, tais como protozoários e helmintos. Para tanto, foi feita a verificação das melhores taxas de aplicação de efluente de filtro anaeróbio em 4 filtros de areia, com profundidades de 0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1,00 m. As taxas de aplicação foram de 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 Lm-2dia -1. O tempo do experimento foi de Maio de 2003 a Agosto de 2004. Para verificação dos organismos presentes no efluente utilizou-se a metodologia adotada pela Cetesb, descrita pela norma L5.550 (1989) - Hoffman modificado e os resultados foram expressos em número de organismos/L. Os resultados demonstraram que o processo de tratamento biológico ocorrido nos filtros de areia com leito mais profundo (1,00 m) foi o que apresentou melhor performance. Não houve correlação entre o número de organismos encontrados e as taxas aplicadas, mas o valor estipulado pela NBR 7229 (1993) de 100 Lm-2dia-1 de efluente aplicado, apresentou resultados satisfatórios / Abstract: This project was developed with the aim of verifying the use of sand filters as a post treatment system of effluents from anaerobic filters. Most of the pathogens found in the wastewater can be classified as protozoans and helminths. For that, the best application rates of anaerobic effluent were studied in four sand filters. They were 0,25; 0,50; 0,75 and 1,00 m deep. The application rates were 20, 40,60,80 e 100 Lm-2day-1. The experiment was run from May 2003 to August 2004. To verify the presence of the organisms in the wastewater, the methodology adopted by Cetesb was used (described as Standard L5.550, 1989) - Hoffman modified and the results were expressed in number or organisms/L. The results show that the biological process of treatment occurred in the deepest sand filter (1,00 m) was the one which presented the best performance. There was no correlation between the number of microorganisms found and the applied rates but, the value established by NBR 7229 (1993) of 100 Lm-2day-1 of effluent presented satisfactory results / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

A racionalização dos recursos hídricos tem sido uma das metas das indústrias em vários setores. Tais metas exigem inovações tecnológicas tanto para novos processos produtivos quanto para novas técnicas de tratamento e reutilização de água na cadeia de produção. Os custos elevados de água industrial no Brasil, particularmente nas regiões metropolitanas, têm estimulado as indústrias nacionais a avaliar as possibilidades de reúso. O objetivo deste trabalho é a aplicação do tratamento de águas de processo contendo polipropileno utilizando radiação ultravioleta e peróxido de hidrogênio, isto é, o sistema UV/H2O2, visando adequá-las para reúso no próprio processo, reduzindo a necessidade de captação de água pré-tratada e de descarte de efluente. A primeira parte do estudo consistiu na realização de experimentos em um sistema fotoquímico de batelada, empregando quatro diferentes correntes efluentes de processo, para a avaliação da viabilidade técnico-econômica do tratamento fotoquímico, bem como para a obtenção de dados referentes à cinética das reações fotoquímicas. Com base nas informações obtidas, na segunda parte do estudo foram realizados experimentos em um sistema fotoquímico contínuo, a fim de obter dados para o aumento de escala para aplicação industrial do processo de tratamento contínuo. Os resultados experimentais indicaram a viabilidade técnica de aplicação do sistema UV/H2O2 utilizando fonte de luz artificial para todas as correntes de processo estudadas, tendo sido alcançados níveis de remoção de matéria orgânica acima de 90%. No entanto, sob o ponto de vista econômico, apenas as correntes com baixo teor de carbono orgânico total dissolvido (COT), entre 6 e 12 mgC L-1, mostraram-se adequadas ao reúso, após o tratamento. / Rationalization of water use has been one of the goals in many industrial activities, and, in particular, in the petrochemical industry. Such goals demand technological innovations in the productive processes and in techniques for treatment and reuse of water in the production chain. The high costs of industrial water, particularly in some metropolitan regions, have stimulated the industries to evaluate the possibilities of water reuse. The objective of this work is to evaluate the feasibility of the UV/H2O2 photochemical process applied to the treatment of process waste water containing polypropylene, aiming at the reuse of the waste water in the as process water in the industrial complex, thus reducing the need for tap water supply and waste water generation rate. The first part of this study consisted of laboratory-scale experiments in a batch photochemical reactor with four different waste water streams to perform the technical and economical feasibility of the photochemical treatment, as well to obtain data on the degradation rate. Based on the results of the first part, the second part of this study consisted of experiments in a continuous photochemical reactor, aimed at obtaining experimental data for reactor scale-up. Experimental results indicate that the UV/H2O2 photodegradation process is able to remove more than 90% of the organic compounds contained in the waste water. However, only waste waters containing relatively low contaminant levels (between 6 and 12 mgC L-1) can be treated at economically favourable costs.

L’urbanisation croissante et la propagation des activités humaines entrainent l’augmentation de l’apport de nombreux micropolluants dans le milieu aquatique. Le compartiment aquatique est alors défini comme le réceptacle ultime de la pollution environnementale apportée par diverses sources : les effluents municipaux et industriels, les lixiviats des sites d’élimination des déchets solides, le ruissellement des eaux urbaines et des eaux des sites agricoles. Parmi les contaminants retrouvés dans l’eau, il y a les psychotropes (benzodiazépines, antidépresseurs,antiépileptiques, etc…) qui appartiennent à la grande famille des médicaments. Ce sont des molécules biologiquement actives, ubiquistes, qui sont principalement d’origine urbaine, qui sont apportées continuellement dans l’environnement aquatique et qui sont fortement consommées au niveau mondial. Depuis quelques années, les scientifiques commencent à s’intéresser à cette famille thérapeutique mais il existe encore un réel manque de connaissance sur l’intégralité du problème de diffusion des psychotropes,de leur passage en station d’épuration à leur présence dans l’environnement et enfin à leur impact sur les organismes aquatiques. Ces travaux de thèse cherchent donc à documenter ce point en se focalisant sur l’étude de la présence, du devenir et de l’impact des psychotropes dans la Garonne estuarienne (France) et le fleuve Saint Laurent (Québec, Canada). Dans un premier temps, une méthode analytique multi-résidus permettant l’analyse de 47 psychotropes dans les eaux usées et les eaux de surface a été développée et validée. Des échantillonneurs passifs de type POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) ont été calibrés et validés afin de permettre le suivi intégratif et continu des psychotropes dans les eaux de surface.Dans un second temps, les effluents d’entrée et de sortie de station d’épuration des agglomérations de Bordeaux en France et de Repentigny et Montréal au Québec ont été caractérisés. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les traitements épuratoires de chacune des stations d’épurations étudiées ont une efficacité limitée pour éliminer les psychotropes dans les eaux usées. Par la suite, le suivi effectué dans la Garonne estuarienne et dans le fleuve Saint Laurent a mis en évidence la présence de psychotropes dans l’environnement qui sont majoritairement apportés par l’amont des villes de Bordeaux et Montréal.La comparaison des résultats obtenus pour la France et le Québec montre qu’il existe bien des habitudes de prescriptions et de consommations différentes entre les deux pays. Même si les procédés d’épuration sont différents entre les deux pays (traitement secondaire en France et primaire au Québec),l’efficacité d’élimination sur la famille thérapeutique des psychotropes reste insuffisante. Enfin ila été observé que le débit du milieu récepteur jouait un rôle important dans la dilution et le devenir des composés.Dans un troisième et dernier temps, des études in vitro et in vivo ont montré que certains psychotropes pouvaient avoir un impact toxique sur les bivalves d’eau douce étudiés (Elliptio complanata et Corbiculafluminea) lors d’exposition de composés seuls ou en mélange à des concentrations de l’ordre du mg.L-1 (concentrations expérimentales) et même du ng.L-1 (concentrations environnementales). / Increasing urbanization and human activities cause an increase of micropollutant input in the aquatic environment. The water compartment is then defined as the ultimate receptacle of environmental pollution originating from various sources: municipal and industrial wastewaters, leachates from solidwaste disposal sites, waters of urban and agricultural runoff.Among the contaminants found in the water, there are psychotropic drugs (benzodiazepines, antidepressantsor antiepileptics) belonging to the family of pharmaceuticals. These are biologically active molecules, ubiquitous, which are mainly of urban origin, which are continuously introduced into the aquatic environment and are heavily consumed around the world.In recent years, scientists have begun to show interest for this therapeutic family, but there is still areal lack of knowledge about the full psychotropic diffusion problem; from their presence in wastewater treatment plant to their presence in the environment and finally to their impact on aquatic organisms.In this global perspective these thesis works seek to document the presence, fate and impact of psychotropic drugs in the Garonne estuarine (France) and the St. Lawrence River (Quebec, Canada).Firstly, a multi-residue analytical method for the analysis of 47 psychotropic drugs in wastewater and surface waters has been developed and validated. POCIS passive samplers were calibrated and validated for continuous integrative monitoring of psychotropic drugs in surface waters.Secondly, the treatment plant influents and effluents of Bordeaux in France and Repentigny and Montreal in Quebec have been characterized. The results of this study show that treatment processes ofstudied wastewater treatment plants have limited performances to remove psychotropic drugs in wastewaters. There after, the monitoring performed in the Garonne estuarine and in the St. Lawrence River has highlighted that the presence of psychotropic drug in the environment is mainly related toupstream input of Bordeaux and Montréal.Comparison of the results obtained in the two countries surveyed show that there are many different patterns of prescriptions and consumption between the two countries. Although the treatment processes are different between the two countries (secondary treatment in France and primary in Quebec), their removal efficiency is still insufficient for psychotropic drugs. Finally it was observed that theflow rate of the receiving environment plays an important role in the dilution and the fate of the compounds.In a third and final stage, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that some psychotropic drugs could have a toxic impact on the studied freshwater bivalves (Elliptio complanata and Corbicula fluminea) upon exposure alone or in mixture with concentrations in the order of mg.L-1 (tests concentrations) and even ng.L-1 (environmental concentrations).

Rapid urbanization has led to the generation of enormous wastewater after independence. The domestic wastewater generated in municipalities is rich in nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus along with other ions. The generated wastewater due to lack of adequate appropriate infrastructure including low treatment efficiencies are either untreated or partially treated and are let into water bodies. Present sewage treatment plants (STP’s) in the city are either under capacity or malfunctioning and hence are unable to meet the growing demand of burgeoning urban population. Water bodies have the ability to uptake nutrients (remediation by algae, bacteria, macrophytes) provided the wastewater inflow does not exceed the threshold. However, the sustained flow of wastewater beyond the water body’s treatment ability has led to the serious problem of nutrient enrichment in surface water bodies which is evident from algal bloom and profuse growth of invasive exotic macrophytes. This necessitates cost effective environmentally sound treatment options. The current research focuses on the characterisation of domestic wastewater fed ponds/lakes, understanding of nutrient regimes in wastewaters, pond dynamics, nutrient transformation and resource recovery. This has aided in devising an algae based treatment system for Bangalore city. The interplay between various biotic and abiotic factors governs water quality in a water body. Regular monitoring helps in characterisation of the water body and also helps in identifying the sources of external input (if any) to the system. Wastewater generated in urban localities in India, due to lack of adequate appropriate infrastructure including low treatment efficiencies are untreated or partially treated and are let into water bodies. Understanding the nature of the wastewater flow regimes and the turnover of biota with prevalent nutrient conditions is required to design treatment systems. Treatment involves breakdown of complex organism forms into simpler forms and transformations of organic nutrients into inorganic forms that are finally absorbed and assimilated by microbes as algae and bacteria. In wastewater fed urban pond systems, an array of microphytes as well as macrophytes grow and help in nutrient cycling in the system and still manage to remove nutrients to satisfactory levels. However, sustained inflow of wastewater with high nutrients results in the deterioration of the system as nutrient input exceed the supportive and assimilative capability resulting in proliferation of macrophytes, algal blooms, froth formations rendering the system anoxic that results in the loss of functional abilities of the urban pond systems. This biota in the system plays a major role in nutrient removal and recycles. Understanding the nutrient cycling aspects of urban wastewater fed systems is essential to find out the key players in treatment and for devising a sustainable treatment option with resource recovery. The review of wastewater generation, treatment systems highlight shortfall of the treatment systems and need for sustainable treatment for removal and recovery of nutrients such as C, N and P. Characterisation of Varthur water body (spatial extent 220 ha) located in the south of Bangalore city has been done through monthly monitoring for 18 months with the analyses of physico-chemical and biological. The analysis showed BOD removal of 70% (filterable) when the lake functioned as an anaerobic–aerobic lagoon for 6 months at an estimated residence time of 5 days. During this period, the biota of the lake, especially primary producers such as algae, treat the water through remediation of nutrients to nearly standard water quality levels. However, the growth and spread of invasive exotic macrophytes such as water hyacinth rendered the lake anaerobic which reduces its ability (due to absence of low algae) to treat the water. This highlights the role of algae especially Chlorophycean members as Chlorococcum sp., Chlorella sp. and Monoraphidium sp. in treating urban domestic wastewater and the scope for introducing algal ponds/lagoons to treat wastewater treatment and it may be used in a larger number of small towns to enable local reuse of water. The entire pond systems comprises of various components that are deeply affected by the biotic and abiotic factors in the system. Hence, studies on major biotic components were conducted especially on algae and macrophytes and the impact of abiotic factors as wind, light, and precipitation with seasonality’s. The diurnal and spatio-temporal variations in the dissolved oxygen as well other treatment parameters were used for zonation through multivariate analysis. Physico-chemical parameters confirm the nutrient enrichment (high Amm.-N) in the water body due to the sustained inflow of wastewater. High levels of nutrients together with BOD have resulted in the lower DO levels affecting the biological life. Study on biota revealed macrophytes altering the photosynthetic regime in the algae in water bodies thus, creating anoxia and nutrient re-suspension. The multivariate analysis showed three distinct zones (clusters) on the basis of physico-chemical variables and nutrient concentrations in the lake. The sedimentary C and N analysis showed a steady increase in the C: N ratio as a function of residence time. Importance of the various sub-systems in the water body in terms of nutrient uptake and accumulation showed algal systems to be efficient. C budgeting accounted to ~ 7 t/d i.e. ~2574 t/y, indicated that the lake is an accumulator of C. An estimated relatively high gas emission across the water/air interface (17 t/d) to carbon burial into sediments (2.3 t/d) further indicates very high emissions compared to sedimentation showing the dominance of internal C cycles. The overall mass balance, gas exchange and carbon burial balance showed Varthur water body as a major emitter of C due to high primary production, substantive allochthonous carbon inputs and intensive anthropogenic activities in the water body. Gaseous carbon emission accounted for 28 % of the total Influx C. The spatial profile of N in sediment ranged from 2280-3539 mg/kg of sediment dry mass. Very low value of N:P ratio in sediments suggested possible N limitation. The determination of ammonification and nitrification showed lower nitrification rates than the ammonification rates. The potentially mineralisable nitrogen content in Varthur pond sediments varied greatly from 21.65% to 75.54% and was strongly correlated (r2=0.85) to sedimentary TN. N budgeting showed NH4-N as the predominant Nr form for microbial uptake and is the major mechanism for nitrogen removal, followed by the sedimentation process. Bacterial biomass, algal biomass and macrophyte biomass accounted for 14, 4 and 1% N removal, respectively. Ammonium concentration and nitrification accounted for 27% and 2%, respectively. While bacterial uptake remained fairly constant throughout the year, micro-algae was the major player during monsoon and winter and macrophytes dominated Nr capture during summer among autotrophs. From the estimates, it has been observed that nearly 55% Nr was recovered, recycled as cell mass and transferred to a crop system when such N-captured water is used for irrigating fodder crops. About 45% of N input into the system was lost and methods to reduce this loss need to be evolved in the future. The spatial profile of P in sediment ranged from 2111.35-3982.03 mg/kg of sediment dry mass. Inorganic-P (IP) ranging from 1270.27-3505.73 mg/kg was found to be the major fraction (61.16-91.56%) of sedimentary P. High p values in both water columns and sediments showed potential P excess conditions. P concentrations in micro and macro-algae collected during the due course of the study (on dry biomass basis) were 0.347% and 0.939% P respectively. The P fractionation revealed metal oxide bound P (NaOH-P) and constituted major fraction of IP indicating, high concentrations of Fe and Al in sediments. High concentrations of sedimentary N and P indicated possible higher trophic status (bio-productivity/unit volume) signifying its towering nutrient status evidenced from the rank order of P fractions: NaOH-P > HCl-P > NH4Cl-P, which is specific for highly enriched water bodies. P budgeting showed that bulk of the P is trapped in sediment layer with a potential of ~50 % recovery from the sediments indicating, ~70% P retention within the system. The biotic components such as bacteria, algae and macrophytes accumulates a substantial amount of P, immobilising ~139, ~482 and ~131 tonness/yr of P. The sequential P extraction shows that ~70 % of sediment bound P is readily reducible during anoxic conditions which can potentially become bio-available to trigger algal growth. Assessment of treatment efficiency of facultative algal ponds, showed moderate treatment levels with 60 % total COD removal, 50% of filterable COD removal; 82% of total BOD removal and 70% of filterable BOD removal. The N removal efficiency was lower. However, a rapid decrease in the suspended solids after a faster euglenoids growth indicated particulate C removal by algal ingestion. Euglenoides dominated the facultative pond and Chlorophycean members were more abundant in the maturation ponds owing to variable surface BOD loadings. Significant correlations between algal biomass and nutrients indicate the importance of the type and nature of algal communities that can be used as an efficient tool for predicting the dynamics of various phases in wastewater treatment systems. Detailed morphological analysis of dominant algal species i.e. euglenoides was also performed. Euglenophycean members (>14 species) sampled from various locations in the facultative pond based system showed various striae patterns and distinct nano channels on the cell surface that might have possible role in cell secretions. Comparative assessment of treatment systems reveal that algal pond systems performed well under higher organic load with a COD removal efficiency of 70%, TN removal efficiency of 73% and TP removal efficiency of 22%. However, the facultative pond based systems were effective in suspended solid (SS) removal up to 93% and BOD removal up to 82%. The conventional wastewater treatment systems were efficient in terms of SS removal up to 88%, COD removal up to 74% and BOD removal up to 63%, but were highly ineffective in nutrient removal. The evaluation of treatment processes in mechanically aerated systems, facultative ponds and large shallow lake based systems in terms of capital and annual O&M costs, COD removal cost and land requirements reveals that the mechanical systems require 5 times more capital and O&M costs than ponds. The treatment systems were also ranked in terms of the total annual cost (e.g., capital, manpower, chemical, repair, electricity, land). It showed that algal pond systems followed by facultative pond based system are economically better choice than mechanical technologies. Finally, it was found that the large pond based systems could be economically the best option for the developing countries considering all factors, including economic viability and treatment efficiency. The treatment efficiency analysis showed that algal pond systems were the most effective options for treating urban wastewater. Culturing native wastewater species in growth media and wastewaters, assessment of efficient cell disruption and solvent systems, lipid profiles of wastewater algal species were studied. Wastewater grown algal species as Euglena sp., Spirogyra sp., Phormidium sp., Lepocinclis ovum, and Chlorococcum sp. are comparatively rich in lipids. These algae grow mixotrophically and can store substantial amount of wastewater carbon as TAG’s in varied environments. Among the different cell disruption methods used for the study, sonication was the most effective. The combination of maceration and methanol: chloroform: water (2:1:0.8, v/v) (Bligh and Dyer’s, solvent) gave highest lipid extraction yield among other combinations. Further more these wastewater algae as Lepocinclis ovum and Chlorococcum sp. were found to grow better in wastewaters. Increased lipid content was recorded during the cell cultures with accumulation of quality FAME with high saturates predominated by C16-C18 fatty acids. These wastewater algal lipids are suitable for bio-energy generation with potential biomass productivity (6.52 t/ha/yr) of wastewater-grown species as Euglena. The studies on Euglena sp. showed mixotrophic mode that offers an efficient removal of TOC, N and P from domestic wastewater without any pre-treatment. Lipid profiles of the extracted algal oil were similar to the vegetative feedstock oils, indicating a good quality fuel for energy generation. Mixed algal consortia’s bioremediation potential (removal of nutrients) with the scope for biofuel production highlights self flocculating abilities of algal consortia aided in the effective treatment of wastewater with substantial algal harvest. Studies on cultivating wastewater algal consortia in novel cascading algal parcel flow reactor (CAPFR) operating in continuous mode showed 70-80 % nutrient and ~90 % C removal with in a residence time of ~4 days with highest cell densities (0.91 g/l) and productivities (0.26 g/l/d) in the last stages. The lipid contents varied from 26-28 % with highest lipid productivities ~58 mg/l/d in the 2nd phase of the bioreactor. Most of the lipids were associated with the pigments as chlorophyll and carotenoids. Furthermore, the algal rector removed bacteria up to 4 log orders. Essential cations and phosphates were responsible for self clumping of algal biomass in the final stages with a high internal P content within the cell. The algal biomass also showed substantial exothermic peaks and high heat values (~18 MJ/kg). Studies on continuous cultivation of Dictyosphaerium sp. showed that this species could adapt to wastewater conditions and also showed good nutrient removal at lower HRT (2.5 days). The high biomass productivities with high lipid content (~36%) at low HRT in the continuous mode offer potential options for economic and feasible nutrient removal with biofuel production. Investigations on city wastewaters showed low nutrient ratio indicating C limitations and possible scope for algal wastewater treatment. Integration of algal ponds in the present treatment network requires an additional land ranging from ~0.37 to 2.75 ha to treat an MLD of wastewater depending on the nutrient content and influent waters fed to algal systems. The treatment plants require an additional ~1.6 ha of land to treat 1 MLD of wastewater considering an average N and P values of 18 and 5 mg/l. The continuous algal bio-processes implemented at decentralised levels would help in the economical ways for nutrient removal and recycling of the nutrient free waters after treatment. This meets multiple objectives of low cost treatment of wastewater, nutrient recovery and fuel production. Algal nutrient capture and consequent biofuel production would ensure sustainability through i) water purification ii) nutrients capture and iii) biofuel to meet the growing energy demand, and would be an optimal treatment option for urban wastewater. The thesis consists of 10 chapters and basically deals with the development of a sustainable and economically viable bioprocess for wastewater treatment and biomass production. Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction to wastewater; domestic wastewater composition, generation and treatment in developing nations and in the country and review of the various techniques for treatment of domestic wastewaters, advantages of algal processes in nutrient removal (C, N and P) and production of valued by-product such as lipid generation, for its use as biofuel. Chapter 2 is based on primary field investigations in a wastewater fed urban water body/pond systems involving monthly sampling and analysis of various physico-chemical and biological parameters. Assessment of treatment capabilities of the continuous systems through detailed characterisation of treatment parameters is explained in the second chapter. Chapter 3 discusses the role of the major biotic (algae and macrophytes) and abiotic factors in nutrient transformations, the diurnal variations in parameters especially dissolved oxygen, multivariate spatio-temporal analysis of functional abilities for zoning, the activities in the sludge/sediment and transitions in the CN ratio as a function of residence time. Chapter 4 involves studies in C, N and P quantification and budgeting in such pond systems and partitioning of the nutrients and their distribution in various biotic and abiotic subsystems. This chapter also highlights the major nutrient losses from the system and un-utilised nutrient stocks, paving way for beneficial use of nutrients from such man made lagoon wastewater systems. Chapter 5 discusses the mechanisms and efficacies of algal pond based treatment systems through a detailed study and highlight its advantages over the mechanical ASP based systems. This has been done through a comparative assessment of treatment efficiency, economics and environmental externalities. This study also provides necessary insights and potential of wastewater algal species such as Euglena for its abilities in nutrient removal and biomass generation. This provides insights to algal treatment options for optimal resource recovery and utilisation from wastewaters. Chapter 6 focuses on testing the growth, biomass and lipid production of various wastewater algae isolated from treatment ponds. The chapter identifies suitable cell disruption and extraction routes for efficient lipid extraction and assesses the potential of these wastewater grown algae for regional and national biofuel production. Chapter 7 discusses the effectiveness of wastewater grown Euglena sp. and algal consortia in nutrient removal and as a source of lipids for biofuel generation. Chapter 8 involves the design and operation of a continuous algal (uni-algal/algal consortia) bioreactor devised taking insights from earlier field based studies and their potential as efficient urban wastewater treatment systems. Chapter 9 discusses the present nutrient levels in the city wastewaters and also an analysis of the temporal and spatial variation of nutrients in city sewers and elaborates the scope for integration of the algal modules i.e. continuous algal bioreactors (designed in the previous chapter) into existing STP’s. Chapter 10 elaborates significant contributions and outcome of the research.

The oil production process is an activity that generates significant negative environmental impacts. The production water or produced water (PW) is the wastewater generated during the extraction of oil and stands out due to its high level of salinity and toxicity. Due to the large volume produced and their complex composition, the treatment of this waste presents a major challenge that requires the urgent need for accessible and efficient treatment techniques development and studies according to the economic reality of each region. In order to facilitate a biological treatment of the residue, it was diluted with Synthetic wastewater with a high sulfate concentration to stimulate anaerobic digestion via sulfidogenesis, since Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) have the characteristic of being resistant to saline environments. Therefore, an anaerobic reactor was used with suspended biomass, operated in sequential batch with cycles of 24 hours in laboratory scale. The reactor was operated with increasing proportions of PW (0%, 2% and 5%), with average chloride concentrations, respectively, 150 mg.L-1, 2.000 mg.L-1 and 4.800 mg.L-1 and COD/SO42- ratios ranging from 0.7 to 2.4. In the stimulation of sulfidogenesis phase the average COD removal efficiency was reduced by 72% (step without sulfate) to 51%, even without adding PW (COD/SO42- = 2.4 and chloride concentration of 150 mg.L- 1). When the system was fed with 2% of PW (COD / SO42- = 0.7 and chloride concentration 2,000 mg.L-1), the COD efficiency remained at 50% and only 15% of this was removed via sulfidogenesis. The proportion of 2% PW was maintained and the ratio COD/SO42- was raised to 1.5 and the average COD removal increased to 55%. By increasing the ratio of Apr to 5% (COD / SO42- = 1.8 and chloride concentration 4.800 mg.L-1) COD removal efficiency was 47%, and 68% of this was removed via sulfidogenesis. These results indicate the viability of using sulfate as an electron acceptor in the treatment of PW, given the occurrence of increase in the reduction of sulphate when the salinity was high, indicating that the effect of salinity stimulated the removal of COD via sulfidogenesis and inhibited via methanogenic. / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O processo de produção de petróleo é uma atividade geradora de significativos impactos ambientais negativos. A água de produção ou água produzida (APr) é o efluente gerado durante a extração do petróleo e destaca-se por apresentar alto teor de salinidade e toxicidade. Devido ao elevado volume produzido e à sua complexa composição, o tratamento desse resíduo apresenta-se como um grande desafio que requer a urgente necessidade do estudo e do desenvolvimento de técnicas de tratamento eficientes e acessíveis à realidade econômica de cada região. No intuito de viabilizar o tratamento biológico da APr, ela foi diluída em água residuária sintética com elevada concentração de sulfato, visando estimular a digestão anaeróbia via sulfetogênese, visto que as Bactérias Redutoras de Sulfato (BRS) possuem a característica de serem resistentes a ambientes salinos. Para tanto, foi utilizado um reator anaeróbio com biomassa suspensa, operado em bateladas sequenciais com ciclos de 24 horas, em escala laboratorial. O reator foi operado com proporções crescentes de APr (0%, 2% e 5%), apresentando concentrações médias de cloretos de, respectivamente, 150 mg.L-1, 2.000 mg.L-1 e 4.800 mg.L-1 e razões DQO/SO42- variando de 0,7 a 2,4. Na fase de estímulo à sulfetogênese, a eficiência de remoção média de DQO foi reduzida de 72% (fase sem sulfato) para 51%, mesmo sem adição de APr (DQO/SO42- = 2,4 e concentração de cloretos de 150 mg.L-1). Quando o sistema foi alimentado com 2% de APr (DQO/SO42- = 0,7 e concentração de cloretos de 2.000 mg.L-1), a eficiência de DQO manteve-se em 50%, sendo que apenas 15% dessa era removida via sulfetogênese. Foi mantida a proporção de 2% de APr e a razão DQO/SO42- foi elevada para 1,5 e a remoção média de DQO aumentou para 55%. Ao elevar a proporção de APr para 5% (DQO/SO42- = 1,8 e concentração de cloretos de 4.800 mg.L-1), a eficiência média de remoção de DQO foi de 47%, sendo que 68% dessa foi removida via sulfetogênese. Esses resultados indicam a viabilidade do uso do sulfato como aceptor de elétrons no tratamento da APr, tendo em vista a ocorrência do aumento da redução de sulfato quando a salinidade foi elevada, demonstrando que o efeito da salinidade estimulou a remoção de DQO via sulfetogênese e inibiu a via metanogênica.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:20:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 edson_rodrigues_vieira.pdf: 14210743 bytes, checksum: c69ef6f544af01646043361a15e15d51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The microbial physiology is a promising area of biotechnology for the synthesis of compounds of high value. The micro-organisms have advantages because of their shorter generation facilities to physiological and genetic changes and the wide variety of metabolic processes. The aim of this study was to degrade oils and fats from lipases produced by Yarrovia lipolytica. Factorial designs were used to investigate the effects of variables in three stages: fermentation for lipase production, bioproduct formulation for stabilization the catalytic action of lipases and treatment of whey for degradation of fats and oils. In the presence of a vegetable oil residue at 3 % and ammonium chloride at 0,2 g.L-1, during 48 h at 28 oC, lipases were produced under submerged cultivation. The cell-free liquid metabolic was stability with sodium sorbate at 0.5 %, glycerol at 5 %, RENEX-95 at 10 %. This bioproduct presented 177 UI.mL-1 of the lipase activity during 30 days of storage at room temperature (27 - 30 °C); it showed optimum pH at 5.0 and 7.0, optimum temperature of 50 oC and thermal stability for 120 min with retention of 100 % of the enzyme activity at 50 oC and pH 5,0. The application of the bioproduct at 7 % during 12 h degraded 98 % of oils and fats present in cheese whey. The lipases produced by Y. lipolytica and formulated with stability agents have potential to be applied in the degradation of oils and fats. / A fisiologia microbiana é uma área promissora da biotecnologia para a síntese de compostos de elevado valor agregado. Os micro-organismos apresentam vantagens devido ao menor período de geração, às facilidades de modificações fisiológicas e genéticas e à grande diversidade de processos metabólicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi degradar óleos e gorduras de efluente lácteo por lipases produzidas por Yarrovia lipolytica. Planejamentos fatoriais foram utilizados para investigar os efeitos de variáveis em três etapas: em fermentação para produção de lipases, em formulação de bioproduto com atividade lipásica para estabilização da ação catalítica da enzima e em tratamento de soro de queijo para degradação de óleos e gorduras. Na presença de resíduo de refinaria de óleo vegetal a 3 % e cloreto de amônio a 0,2 g.L-1 com 48 h a 28 oC, lipases foram produzidas sob cultivo submerso. O líquido metabólico livre de células com atividade lipásica foi estabilizado com sorbato de sódio a 0,5 %, glicerol a 5 % e RENEX-95 a 10 %. Esse bioproduto apresentou 177 UI.mL-1 da atividade enzimática durante 30 dias sob armazenamento à temperatura ambiente (27 - 30 oC); pH ótimo 5,0 e 7,0, temperatura ótima de 50 oC e estabilidade térmica durante 120 min com retenção de 100 % da atividade enzimática a 50 oC e pH 5,0. A aplicação de 7 % do bioproduto durante 12 h de tratamento de efluente lácteo degradou 98 % dos óleos e gorduras presentes no soro de queijo. As lipases produzidas por Y. lipolytica e formuladas com substâncias estabilizadoras tem potencial para serem aplicadas na degradação de óleos e gorduras.

Chemical (gaseous) emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are perceived as odour and can generate undesirable health reactions. These could affect the quality of life to those regularly albeit intermittently exposed, although regular exposure may result in tolerance and loss of recognition of the odour. Consequently, research is necessary to establish the role of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in ensuring that facilities such as WWTP do not pose a threat to local communities, particularly in relation to housing developments for poor communities. The aim of this study was to investigate if the EIA regulations were effectively implemented before building of the Residential Development Proiect (RDP) houses at KwaMathukuza, in Newcastle South Africa. Furthermore, the study intended to determine the impact the (WWTP) has on the health of people who reside close to the site and to establish if the families staying close to the WWTP have any common ailments such as handicapped babies, early deaths within families. Findings would also indicate if RDP houses should be built in close proximity to such sites. Data was collected through a survey of 85 residents living within five kilometers and ten residing beyond five kilometers from the WWTP. The participants were selected randomly. Municipality employees who worked with the WWTP were also sampled together with healthcare givers. Data included information about health of the community, their perception of the gases released from the WWTP as well as EIA meetings and processes related to the construction of the RDP houses. The outcome of this study revealed that EIA regulations were not adequately implemented and that this residential site was unsuitable for the construction of RDP houses. It emerged that the residence regularly experience unpleasant odours released from the WWTP. These could be associated with ill-health of the residents as well as v degradation the environment in general. The study also found that the effect of the WWTP affects even those communities who reside beyond five kilometers from the WWTP. The researcher argues for more stringent mechanisms to ensure that EIA regulations are properly implemented to prevent adverse effects on the communities. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

The aim of this diploma thesis is to theoretically, practically and experimentally explore different ways of waste heat utilization in the building industry. The work is divided into three basic passages. In the first part I analyze the theoretical nature of the various physical processes in recovery and is there a practical use. More emphasis is placed on heat recovery from wastewater, as I am using this way of recuperation in other parts of this diploma thesis. In the second point, I apply the use of heat from waste water when designing a technical solu-tion for the reconstruction of the heating system of the clinic. The design is solved in two variants. The first suggested location lokali- them, recuperative, shower exchanger operation rehabilitation, bath and massage. In the second variant, central recovery is envisaged using a heat exchanger in the accumulator well and water-water heat pump. Based on the technical and economic evaluation, the first option was selected. The second variant is ineffective and remains only in the case study. In the last section, I experimentally investigate the thermal efficiency and the relative savings of the heat exchanger, which is designed in the first variant of the second part. Measurement, processing of results and evaluation I made for laboratory conditions and for real conditions with the showering person. Finally, I appreciate the eco-nomic benefits of this facility.

This thesis is written due to the poor quality of the stream Sudický potok and the fish kills in nearby ponds supplied by the stream. The goal is evaluating the results of the water samples obtained from the four local spots. Polluted quality in the stream in the Sudice town then proceed to design three various solutions of the sewage collection systems. The first option is designing the municipal wastewater treatment plant and the draining wastewater by single sewerage or sanitary sewerage. The second choice designs the domestic waste water treatment plants. The third solution is designing the sanitary sewerage and effluent sewerage to the nearby waste water treatment plant in Šebetov town. All variants are economically evaluated. In conclusion the first solution, municipal waste water treatment plant with the single sewerage, is recommended.