This diploma thesis consists of two parts, part research and part attachments. The first section describes the literary problems of today's way of cleaning wastewater from small producers and characteristics of wastewater. The work is focused on the aspect of nature and all of these methods are directed towards this direction. The literary section is devoted to anaerobic environment, which is just one of the natural ways of treatment of waste water, in our case in a septic tank. The second part of the thesis deals with modeling of flow and behavior of sludge and water mixture in the cesspit septic tank sludge with variable densities and flow speeds. Modeling and calculations are made using COMSOL Multhiphysics. The conclusion is then summarized findings from the flow cesspit septic tank with the results and the assessment of whether a septic tank still has its place among the modern methods of wastewater treatment.

Pharmaceuticals are biological active compounds with different functional groups, physico-chemical and biological properties. These chemical compounds are called as “new contaminants” which cumulate in various environmental components. These contaminants input to environment from industrial processes, hospitals and health care institutions or household sources and these pollutants can to negatively interact with environmental components. Pharmaceuticals are separated according to structure and their effects to live organisms. On the basis of drug consumption in Czech Republic the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most using pharmaceuticals, because these drugs can be obtain without prescriptions. The choosing analgesics for study were monitored in waste water from waste waters treatment plant (WWTP Brno – Modřice) and in surface water from two sampling sites of river Kretinka. Pharmaceuticals were monitored in surface waters in Czech Republic, in Scotland (river Thurso) and in Taiwan (river Erren, Agongdian, Yanshuei and canal of Tainan) Solid phase extraction (SPE) is used for extraction of study pharmaceutical from water system. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection or mass spectrometry was used for determination of drugs in surface waters from Czech Republic. The water samples from Scotland and Taiwan were analysed and the high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) was used for determination of pharmaceuticals. The method of HPLC/MS enables the determination of study compounds in the very low range of concentrations (ng ? l-1). All monitored pharmaceuticals were identified and quantified in water samples from river Kretinka in Czech Republic, river Thurso (Scotland) and rivers Erren, Agongdian, Yanshuei and canal of Tainan in Taiwan and the obtained data were compared.

This work is focused on the determination of polar pesticides in surface and waste waters. In this study Mecoprop-P, MCPA, Dichlorprop-P, 2,4-D and MCPBA in differently loaded surface waters and communal waters from sewage treatment plants were analyzed. These herbicides are included in the group identified as environmental quality standards. Some of herbicides (2,4-D and MCPA) were selected because their consumption in the Czech Republic exceeds 30 tons a year. Samples were collected prom three rivers near town of Jaroměř (Elbe, Úpa and Metuje Rivers), from one river near the town of Brno (Svratka River) and from inflow and outflow of two sewage treatment plants (WWTP Jaroměř, WWTP Brno – Modřice). Particular rivers were chosen for monitoring due to the probability of occurrence of herbicides, because they flow through agriculturally cultivated areas. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was used for the isolation of target compounds and their concentration. Gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) was used for the determination of target analytes in surface and waste waters. Selected herbicides were detected in all collected samples.

Byggnader i Sverige står för en stor del av landets totala energianvändning och det är därför viktigt att man försöker hitta energieffektiviseringar kring detta område. Ibland kan det vara enklare än man tror att komma på billiga energibesparande lösningar. En självklar sak är att termodynamikens andra lag även gäller avlopp. Eftersom avlopp i hus är öppna system, exponerade mot bistra uteklimatet genom hål eller små skorstenar i taket och det kommunala avloppsystemet, så borde det rimligtvis försvinna värmeenergi från huset även där. Man kan tänka sig att det sker kallras på vintern eller ett luftflöde som drar igenom husets avloppssystem. Detta drag borde kyla ner avloppsystemet. Vi kunde konstatera med hjälp av luftflödesmätare att detta drag på grund av skorstenseffekter ofta är riktat så att det kommer in kall luft från det kommunala avloppssystemet och ut igenom avluftningen på taket. Durgo är ett företag som tillverkar avluftningsventiler. Avluftningsventilen fungerar som så att den bara tar in luft när det blir undertryck i avloppet. Därmed kommer det inte ut någon illaluktande luft från avloppet vilket gör att man kan ha avluftningen installerad inomhus exempelvis på en vind. Om man sätter en avluftningsventil istället för att ha en öppen genomföring via taket sätter man stopp för det drag som kommer från kommunens avloppsnät. Därmed blir det minskad avkylning vid kall väderlek i husets avloppsledningar. Avloppsledningar i hus kan ofta vara oisolerade, även om de kan befinna sig i mer eller mindre isolerade utrymmen så kyler de ner konstruktionen och närliggande rum. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att ta reda på om det går att spara energi med en avluftningsventil. Vi bygger en experimentanläggning för att simulera energiåtgången. Experimentanläggningen består av två isolerade tankar, en luftad med avluftningsventil, den andra med öppen skorsten. Sen gör vi två olika typer av experiment där vi mäter temperaturen i tankarna. Första sättet tittar vi på hur snabbt vatten avkyls i två isolerade tankar där ena tanken är ventilerad som om det vore ett traditionellt avluftat avloppssystem och den andra tanken är ventilerad med en avluftningsventil. Andra sättet jämför vi hur mycket energi det går att upprätthålla en viss temperatur i dessa isolerade tankar. På så sätt kan vi enkelt se om det finns skillnader mellan de olika systemen. Vårt förväntade resultat var att man skulle spara energi om man använde sig av en avluftningsventil. Efter att vi gjort våra experiment kunde man se att vår hypotes mycket väl stämde överens med verkligheten. Vårt experiment visar att ju kallare det är utomhus desto större energibesparing gör man med en avluftningsventil. Energibesparingen kan bli runt 13 kWh per meter avloppsrör och år vilket skulle kunna motsvara 1-2 % per år av den totala uppvärmningskostnaden i ett hus beroende på hur många meter man har. I ett flerbostadshus med 84 lägenheter med 45 % effektgrad av värmeåtervinningen från spillvatten blir energisbesparingen ca 10 000 kWh/år då spillvattentemperaturen höjs med en grad. En avluftningsventil är en mycket billig investering och har dessutom flera andra fördelar än att man sparar energi. Dock måste man tillse att den monteras på rätt sätt så den inte läcker ut avloppsgas. / Buildings in Sweden account for a large proportion of the country’s total energy consumption and it is therefore important to try and find energy efficiencies around this area. Sometimes it can be easier than you think to get cheap energy saving solutions. One obvious thing is that the second law of thermodynamics also applies for sewerage. Because the sewage in houses are open systems, exposed to the harsh outdoor climate through holes or small chimneys on the roof and the municipal sewer system, then it should be reasonable that heat energy disappears from the house too. One could imagine that there are cold drafts in the winter or an airflow that pulls through the building's drainage system. This flow should cool down the drains. We could conclude with the aid of an airflow meter that these flows because of the chimney effects often are directed so that cool air flows from the municipal sewage system and out through the vent on the roof. Durgo is a company that manufactures air admittance valves. This valve works so that it only takes in air when under pressure in the sewer system. Thus, it will not print any foul air from the sewer which means that you can have the vent installed indoors, for example in an attic. If you put an air admittance valve instead of having an opening through the roof you put a stop to this airflow. Thus it becomes reduced cooling during cold weather in sewer systems. Drainage pipes in houses are often uninsulated, although they can be in more or less isolated areas and could cool down the construction and nearby rooms. The purpose of this thesis is to find out if it is possible to save energy with an air admittance valve. We built an experimental facility to simulate the energy consumption. The experimental facility consists of two insulated tanks, aerated with an air admittance valve, the other with an open chimney. Then we make two different types of experiments in which we measure the temperature in the tanks. First way, we look at how quickly the water is cooled down in two insulated tanks where one tank is vented as if it were a traditional vented sewer system and the second tank is ventilated with an air admittance valve. Second way, we compare how much energy it is possible to maintain at a certain temperature in the insulated tanks. In this way, we can easily see if there are differences between the various systems. Our expected results were that youwould save energy if you used an air admittance valve. After we made our experiments we could see that our hypothesis very well matched reality. Our experiment shows that the colder it is outside, the greater energy savings you do with an air admittance valve. Energy savings can be around 13 kWh per meter sewer pipe and year, which could equate to 1-2% per year of the total heating cost of a house depending on how many meters you have. In an apartment building with 84 apartments with 45% power level of heat recovery from waste water, the energy saving will be about 10 000 kWh / year because the waste water temperature becomes one degree higher. An air admittance valve is a very cheap investment and it offers several benefits beyond saving energy. However, one must ensure that it is installed properly so it does not leak emission.

Fältstudien gjordes för att utreda om det var möjligt att använda renat, filtrerat avloppsvatten för polymerberedning och i längden även som övrigt processvatten på Ellinge reningsverk. Testerna utfördes i fullskala med både vatten från mellansedimenteringen och slutsedimenteringen. Genom omfattande provtagningar och analysering av resultaten visade det sig vara en fungerande metod utan negativ påverkan på polymerlösningen och slamavvattningen. Det krävs dock mer arbete och ytterligare reningssteg såsom desinficering för att implementera det renade avloppsvattnet på hela vattensystemet. / The field study was done to investigate whether it was possible to use purified, filtered wastewater for polymer preparation and in the long run also as other process water at Ellinge treatment plant. The tests was performed in full scale with both water from the intermediate sedimentation and the final sedimentation. Through extensive sampling and analysis of results, it proved to be a working method without a negative impact on the polymer solution and sludge dewatering. However, more work and addiotional purification steps such as disinfection are required to implement the treated wastewater on the entire water system

The aim of this diploma thesis is to find a suitable adjustment of hydraulic conditions in the distribution object area of four settling tanks at the Brno-Modřice WWTP. Due to the WWTP capacity increase, there were changes in the hydraulic conditions at the distribution facility, which needed to be adjusted. To find a suitable hydraulic solution, a hydraulic physical model was created in the Laboratory of Water Management Research of the Institute of Hydraulic Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, where experimental tests were made.

This diploma thesis is focused on the determination of phosphodiesterase 5 selective inhibitors in communal waste waters. In this study phosphodiesterase inhibitors levels in municipal waste waters from sewage treatment plants with different numbers of equivalent inhabitants were analyzed. Namely it was sewage treatment plants in Brno – Modřice, Luhačovice and Hodonín. In each of the above mentioned facilities 24 - hour cumulated samples of the influent and effluent waste water were collected. On the Brno - Modřice sewage treatment plant also weekly monitoring of the concentration of phosphodiesterase inhibitors was realized.

This work is focused on the development control system flow area in a standardized horizontal sand trap in the Czech Republic used the majority of constructed wetlands for the capture of solid mineral particles. The goal is the development and validation functions of the flow regulator, providing more uniform process of establishment of mineral particles, respectively. reduction of sedimentation of organic components. The actual design precedes the mathematical description through the HEC-RAS, the results are applied in the design of a laboratory model. Work processes theoretically the standardized sand traps, focuses on the comparison of the required residence time of wastewater in the sedimentation area of establishment with the sedimentation time of sand grain on the selected diameter of 0.8 mm. In laboratory conditions were carried out build sand trap model itself, as well as developed a regulatory element. After resolving structural measurements were taken and compared the results with the ideal state. For putting the controller into practice, when an application is planned at the constructed wetlands in Dražovice village, it will have to the most accurate setting of the regulator.

Soil aquifer treatment was simulated in 1 m laboratory soil columns containing silica sand under saturated and unsaturated soil conditions to examine the effect of travel length through the unsaturated zone on the removal of wastewater organic matter, the effect of soil type on dissolved organic carbon removal and also the type of microorganisms involved in the removal process. Dissolved organic carbon removal and nitrification did enhance when the wastewater travelled a longer length through the unsaturated zone. A similar consortium of microorganisms was found to exist in both saturated and unsaturated columns. Microbial concentrations however were lowest in the soil column containing silt and clay in addition to silica sand. The presence of silt and clay was detrimental to DOC removal efficiency under saturated soil conditions due to their negative effect on the hydraulic performance of the soil column and microbial growth.

Tillskottsvatten i avloppsledningsnät medför stora kostnader i form av underhåll,ökad mängd kemikalier och energi som även belastar miljön. Syftet med detta examensarbetevar att få ökad förståelse av temperaturförhållanden mellan spillvattenoch mark för att förbättra modelleringen av tillskottsvatten. Hypotesen är att spillvattentemperaturensjunker vid inläckage då temperaturen på tillskottsvattnet ärlägre än spillvattnet. Ett spillvattenrör med en längd på ungefär 2,5 km i Umeåundersöktes med givare jämt fördelade längs sträckan. Metoden innebar att medmätvärden på temperaturerna för spillvattnet, luften i spillvattenröret och i markentillsammans med flödet och nivån på spillvattnet modellera värmeutbytet i COMSOLMultiphysics. Resultatet gav fyra liknande funktioner för både spillvattenregionenoch luftregionen som beskrev värmeutbytet mellan spillvattenröret och marken.Effektutbytena hade en linjär tendens som funktion av temperaturdifferensen mellanspillvatten och mark under mätperioden fram till maj månad men med en högspridning då effektutbytet är även beroende på flödet och inte bara temperaturdifferensen.Majoriteten av effektutbytet var mellan ytan på spillvattenröret ochspillvattnet. I regionen mellan luft och yta på spillvattenröret så var majoriteten aveffektutbytet ifrån strålningsutbytet mellan spillvattnet och ytan. Resultaten gaväven U-värden för regionen mellan spillvattenregionen och luftregionen i rörledningenoch dessa var omkring 4 W/(m2K) respektive 0,8 W/(m2K). Tillskottsvattnetmodellerades utifrån värmeutbytet och det visade på ökade flödesnivåer när det varvåtperioder med en noggrannhet på ± 1 kg/s. / Supplemental water in the sewer network entails large costs in the form of maintenance,increased amounts of chemicals and energy that also have a burden on theenvironment. The purpose of this thesis was to gain an increased understandingof temperature conditions between wastewater and soil to improve the modelingof supplemental water. The hypothesis is that the waste water temperature dropswhen leakage occurs and when the temperature of the additional water is lower thanthe wastewater. A wastewater pipe with a length of approximately 2.5 km in Umeåwas examined with sensors evenly distributed along the path. The method involvedmodeling the heat flow in COMSOL Multiphysics with measured values of thetemperatures for the wastewater, the air in the wastewater pipe and in the groundtogether with the flow and the level of the wastewater. The result gave four similarfunctions for both the wastewater region and the air region that described the heattransfer from the wastewater pipe to the ground. The heating effects had a lineartendency as a function of the temperature difference between wastewater and soilduring the measurement period up to the month of May, but with a high spread asthe heat transfer is also dependent on the flow and not just the temperature difference.The majority of the heat transfer was between the surface of the wastewaterpipe and the wastewater. In the region between the air surface on the wastewaterpipe, the majority was the heat transfer from the radiation between the wastewaterand the surface. The results also gave U-values for the wastewater region and theair region in the pipeline and these were around 4 W/(m2K) and 0.8 W/(m2K),respectively. The supplemental water was modeled on the basis of the heat transferand it showed increased flow levels when it was wet periods with an accuracy of ±1 kg/s.