Ce travail de thèse a dans un premier temps permis de mettre en évidence les différentes pratiques de traitement de toiture existantes en France. Après avoir sélectionné la pratique de traitement majoritaire (à savoir le traitement biocide), le protocole d'analyse de la molécule la plus répandue dans les différents produits : le benzalkonium (ou alkyldiméthylbenzylammonium) a été développé. Ce protocole a ensuite été appliqué pour évaluer les niveaux de concentration en biocide dans l'eau de ruissellement de toiture après un traitement. Une double approche a été mise en œuvre : "Suivi sur une durée d'un an des flux de benzalkonium dans les eaux de ruissellement de 12 bancs d'essais exposés en conditions naturelles", évaluation en condition de pluie simulée au laboratoire de différents paramètres (nature du matériau de couverture, dosage du produit et intensité de la pluie) sur les processus d'émission du benzalkonium. Enfin, l'ensemble des données acquises ont permis d'évaluer l'incidence sur la contamination des eaux de ruissellement de toiture après un traitement biocide, à une échelle locale et à l'échelle d'un petit bassin versant résidentiel. Le suivi de la contamination des eaux de ruissellement par bancs d'essais a permis de mettre en évidence une très forte contamination en benzalkonium dans les premiers millimètres de pluie (5 à 27 mg/L), très supérieures aux EC50 disponibles pour les organismes aquatiques (5,9 µg/L) et dépendante de la nature du matériau de toiture utilisé, les tuiles en terre cuite ayant émis moins de biocide que les tuiles en béton. La contamination diminue avec la succession des pluies, mais reste significative plusieurs mois après le traitement. Par ailleurs, l'étude au laboratoire a montré que l'état de surface des tuiles influence beaucoup le lessivage. Ainsi, les tuiles très imperméables en surface ont émis une quantité de benzalkonium proportionnelle à la masse épandue lors du traitement, alors que les tuiles sans traitement de surface ne sont pas sensibles au dosage du produit. A l'échelle locale, des précautions doivent être prise lors d'un traitement de toiture vis-à-vis de la collecte / utilisation des eaux de ruissellement. En effet, les très fortes concentrations en benzalkonium dans les premières pluies suivant le traitement peuvent avoir des impacts sur les végétaux arrosés, sur l'équilibre microbien de la cuve de récupération, voir des effets irritants sur l'homme. Une déconnexion minimale de 3 à 5 mois de la cuve permettrait de limiter les risques. Enfin, sur la base des résultats des bancs d'essais et d'un travail d'enquête sur l'étendue des pratiques de traitement, les concentrations et flux de benzalkonium susceptibles d'être émis dans les eaux pluviales d'un bassin versant résidentiel ont été modélisés. Les résultats mettent en évidence une contamination significative des eaux pluviales, liée essentiellement à la phase particulaire. La masse annuelle de benzalkonium exportée dans les eaux pluviales pourrait être de l'ordre de 0,85 kg / ha imperméabilisé / an / Firstly, this thesis listed the different roof treatment practices in France. Once the major treatment practice selected (biocidal treament), the analytical protocol of the most widely used molecule (benzalkonium or alkyldimethylbenzylammonium) was developed. This protocol has been followed to evaluate the biocide concentration levels in roof runoff after a treatment. A double approach was considered : - Follow up of the benzalkonium flux for one year in runoff using 12 bench tests exposed to natural conditions. - Evaluation of the influence of different parameters (material, product dosage and rain intensity) on benzalkonium emmission processes with simulated rains. Finally, all the data acquired allowed the evaluation of the incidence of biocidal treatments on roof runoff contamination at different scales ( local and residential watershed). The results of the bench tests showed a very high benzalkonium contamination during the millimetres of rain (5 to 27 mg/L), higher than the different EC50s of aquatic organisms ( 5.9 ùg/L). Furthermore, the results showed an influence of the tile material on the release of benzalkonium : clay tiles were less washed off than concrete tiles. The contamination decreased with successive rains, but remained significantly high several months after treatment. Moreover, laboratory studies showed a proportional release of benzalkonium from waterproofed tiles with respect to the biocidal mass spread. On the contrary, tiles without any surface treatment were not sensitive to the product's dosage. On a local scale, precautions have to be taken during treatment with respect to the harvest / reuse of the runoff. Indeed, high benzalkonium concentrations during the first rains may have a potential impact on watered plants, microbial equilibrium in the collection tank and irritating effects on human. A deconnection of the tank for at least three to five months will reduce the risks. Finally, based upon the bench tests results and a survey on roof treatment practices, the benzalkonium concentrations and fluxes were injected in a mathematical model on a watershed scale. The results showed a significant contamination linked to the particles. The annual mass of benzalkonium transferred to the rainwaters could reach 0.85kg / waterproofed ha / year

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Water scarcity has been identified as a global issue. Both water harvesting and an efficient water piping system are some of the important factors to meet the water demand. In this study, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes used as an underground storage was evaluated and a Microsoft EXCEL based model was developed, called PIPE-R Model. To study the structural integrity of the pipes, laboratory and field testing were conducted. For the water harvesting, UCF Stormwater Management Academy designed an EXCEL based model to simulate the system's performance to store and redistribute water for an average year. The purpose of PIPE-R Model was to provide average yearly values such as groundwater recharge, hydrologic efficiency and make up water needed in order to guide the user in the design process. The PIPE-R Model consisted on evaluating specific pipe systems based on properties selected by the user. Input variables such as system dimensions, soil type and reuse water demand provided flexibility to the user while evaluating the system. Results of the study showed that the PIPE-R Model might be an effective tool while designing these pipe systems. A detailed example was shown to help visualize the process required to use the model. The PIPE-R model allowed the user a wide range of possibilities and obtain important performance data that will hopefully optimize the cost for its construction. For the evaluation of the structural integrity of the pipe system, laboratory testing was conducted in accordance with ASTM D2412 ? 11 "Determination of External Loading Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading". This method helps evaluate the structural performance based on the pipe stiffness (PS) against the standard values stated by AASHTO M252. The test procedure consisted on establishing load-deflection relationship of a single pipe under parallel plate loading. However, this research project involved the analysis of bundled pipes of different sizes and levels. Thus, modifications were added to the formula in order to evaluate multiple pipes by accounting the number of pipes in contact with the loading plate. Laboratory results demonstrated that the pipes exceeded the minimum requirements stated by AASHTO M252 and that strength is decreased as the number of levels increases. In addition, field testing was conducted to study the behavior of bundle systems under the effects of dead and live loads. Three different cover configuration were studied ranging from 18 inches to 43 inches of depth. Draw-wire sensors, a type of displacement sensors, were placed inside buried housing structures to monitor deformation values experienced by the pipe bundles during the test. Average deformations founds for the cover depths of 43 in, 30 in and 18 in were 0.07 in, 0.32 in and 0.64 in, respectively. Based on these results, the field testing revealed that a minimum of 30 inches of cover is seemed to be appropriate if live loads are applicable.

Frequent climatic shocks have presented challenges for rainfed agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. Appropriate water management practices are among the solutions to the challenges. The role of water harvesting in achieving sustainable agricultural intensification and specified resilience was explored. Suitable areas for water harvesting in the Upper Blue Nile basin were identified. The usefulness of the Curve Number method for surface runoff estimation was evaluated, and was found to perform satisfactorily. The impact of climate change in the Lake Tana sub-basin was studied. A decision support system was developed for locating and sizing of water harvesting ponds in the SWAT model. Methodological developments enabled analysis of the implications of water harvesting intensification in a meso-scale watershed in the Lake Tana sub-basin. Results suggest that water harvesting can increase agricultural productivity, sustain ecosystems and build specified resilience, and thereby contribute to sustainable agricultural intensification. There is considerable potential for water harvesting in the Upper Blue Nile Basin. Rainfall may increase in the Lake Tana sub-basin due to climate change. Supplementary irrigation from water harvesting ponds and better nutrient application increased staple crop production by up to three-fold. Moreover, a substantial amount of cash crop was produced using dry seasonal irrigation. Water harvesting altered the streamflow regime, and reduced sediment loss from the watershed.       Water harvesting can play an important role in food security. It showed potential to buffer climatic variability. In the watershed studied, water harvesting will not compromise the environmental water requirements. Instead, increased low flows, and reduced flooding and sediment loss may benefit the social-ecological systems. The adverse effects of disturbance of the natural flow variability and sediment influx to certain riverine ecosystems warrant detailed investigation. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 5: Epub ahead of print. Paper 6: Manuscript.</p> / Water resources management and social-ecological resilience

Submitted by JOSÉ DA ROCHA COUQUEIRO (jr.coqueiro@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-02-17T21:29:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Minha-dissertação.pdf.pdf: 4109140 bytes, checksum: 130da66126c1082c51e6bb4a6020cfaf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-22T18:35:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 couqueiro_jr_me_ippri.pdf: 4109140 bytes, checksum: 130da66126c1082c51e6bb4a6020cfaf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T18:35:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 couqueiro_jr_me_ippri.pdf: 4109140 bytes, checksum: 130da66126c1082c51e6bb4a6020cfaf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Esta investigación analiza las experiencias de convivencia con el Semiárido desarrolladas por la Articulación Semiárido Brasileño (ASA), red compuesta por un colectivo de más de mil organizaciones de sociedad civil que actúan en la región semiárida. El estudio abarca el Semiárido brasileño, una de las mayores y más populosas regiones semiáridas del mundo, desde los elementos que lo caracterizan como el clima, el bioma catinga, la población y la cultura. Desmitifica la seca como principal problema de la región por el hecho de no restringirse apenas a un factor físico climático, pero con una cuestión social, cultural, política y económica. Demuestra que la imagen negativa y depreciada del Semiárido, como lugar seco e inhóspito y de pueblo indolente e incapaz de desarrollarse, es fruto de la construcción estereotipada sobre el Nordeste, que ocurrió desde el inicio del siglo XX. Presenta la concentración de tierra, resultante de la ocupación del Semiárido, ocurrida con la implantación de inmensos latifundios, desde los primordios de la colonización, por medio de la concesión de sesmarias por la corona portuguesa y que ha sido la principal causa de impedimento del desarrollo regional. Contestando el paradigma del combate a la seca, diversas organizaciones de sociedad civil intensificaron el debate sobre la convivencia con el Semiárido que resultó en el surgimiento de ASA, en 1999. Las organizaciones sociales integradas a la ASA han logrado formular y ejecutar políticas públicas de acceso al agua para la populación difusa de la región, teniendo como presupuesto la convivencia con el Semiárido. Este paradigma prima por una nueva relación del pueblerino con la naturaleza, en la perspectiva de un desarrollo social, económico y ambientalmente sustentable. De 2003 a 2015, la ASA, a través de los Programas Un Millón de Cisternas (P1MC) y Una Tierra y Dos Aguas (P1+2) benefició más de 2,5 millones de personas. La investigación ha sido realizada en las comunidades campesinas Pau Branco y Tanque de Claudiano, ambas en la ciudad de Riacho de Santana, ubicada en la región sudoeste de Bahia. Buscamos analizar los impactos promovidos por la implantación de tecnología de captación de agua de lluvia para el consumo humano y producción de alimentos, así como sus límites y sus posibilidades. / Esta pesquisa analisa as experiências de convivência com o Semiárido desenvolvidas pela Articulação Semiárido Brasileiro (ASA), rede composta por um coletivo de mais de mil organizações da sociedade civil que atuam na região semiárida. O estudo aborda o Semiárido brasileiro, uma das maiores e mais populosas regiões semiáridas do mundo, a partir dos elementos que o caracterizam como o clima, o bioma caatinga, a população e a cultura. Desmistifica a seca como principal problema da região, pelo fato de não se restringir apenas a um fator físico-climático, como uma questão social, cultural, política e econômica. Demonstra que a imagem negativa e depreciativa do Semiárido, como lugar seco e inóspito e de povo indolente e incapaz de desenvolver-se, é fruto da construção estereotipada sobre o Nordeste, que se deu desde o início do século XX. Apresenta a concentração da terra, resultante da ocupação do Semiárido, ocorrida com a implantação de imensos latifúndios, desde os primórdios da colonização, por meio da concessão de sesmarias pela coroa portuguesa e que tem sido a principal causa de impedimento do desenvolvimento regional. Contestando o paradigma do combate à seca, diversas organizações da sociedade civil intensificaram o debate sobre a convivência com o Semiárido, que resultou no surgimento da ASA em 1999. As organizações sociais integradas à ASA têm conseguido formular e executar políticas públicas de acesso à água para a população difusa da região, tendo como pressuposto a convivência com o Semiárido. Este paradigma prima por nova relação do sertanejo com a natureza, na perspectiva de um desenvolvimento social, econômico e ambientalmente sustentável. De 2003 a 2015, a ASA, através dos Programas Um Milhão de Cisternas (P1MC) e Uma Terra e Duas Águas (P1+2) beneficiou mais de dois milhões e meio de pessoas. A pesquisa foi realizada nas comunidades camponesas Pau Branco e Tanque de Claudiano, ambas no município de Riacho de Santana, localizado na região sudoeste da Bahia. Buscamos analisar os impactos promovidos pela implantação das tecnologias de captação de água de chuva para o consumo humano e produção de alimentos, bem como seus limites e suas possibilidades. / This research analyzes the experiences of coexistence with the Semi-Arid developed by Articulação Semiárido Brasileiro - ASA, (The Brazilian Semi-Arid Articulation), a collective network of over one thousand civil society organizations working in the semiarid region. The study addresses the Brazilian semiarid, one of the largest and most populated semi-arid regions of the world, from the elements that characterize it as the weather, the savanna biome, population and culture. Demystifies the drought as the main problem of the region, because not be restricted to a physical-climatic factor, but as a social, cultural, political and economic issue. It shows that the negative and derogatory image of the Semi-Arid, as dry and inhospitable place and indolent people and unable to develop, as the fruit of stereotypical construction on the Northeast, which took place from the beginning of the twentieth century. It displays the concentration of land, semiarid occupation resulting occurred with the implementation of huge estates, since the early days of colonization, through the granting of land grants by the Portuguese crown and it has been the leading cause of disability of regional development. Challenging the paradigm of combating drought, several civil society organizations have intensified the debate on coexistence with semiarid conditions, which resulted in the emergence of ASA in 1999. Social organizations integrated into the ASA have been able to develop and implement public policies on access to water for diffuse population of the region, with the assumption coexistence with semiarid conditions. This paradigm press for the frontiersman new relationship with nature, from the perspective of a social, economic and environmentally sustainable development. From 2003 to 2015, the ASA through Programas Um Milhão de Cisternas - P1MC and Uma Terra e Duas Águas - P1+2 (The One Million Cisterns Program and One Land and Two Waters) benefited more than two million and a half people. The survey was conducted in rural communities Pau Branco and Tanque de Claudiano, both in the municipality of Riacho de Santana, located in the southwestern region of Bahia. We analyze the impacts promoted by the implementation of rainwater harvesting technologies for human consumption and food production, as well as its limits and its possibilities.

<p>In the Kisumu District, Kenya, unreliable rainfall pattern has been identified as one of the main causes for poverty in rural areas. The negative effects of such unreliable patterns could be mitigated through improved water resource management and planning. However, estimates of current (and future) water availability will likely differ depending on whether managers draw upon data gathered at a local-scale or regional-scale. This is particularly important in developing regions where, due to lack of data availability, managers are often limited in their choice of data resolution. This study investigates the potential effect of spatial resolution of data on water management and planning by comparing hydro-climatic trends in local-scale data with trends in regional-scale data. The influence of adopting local-scale versus regional-scale data is further demonstrated by estimate the storage requirements of proposed irrigation ponds for farmers in the Orongo village of the Kisumu District located in Kenya, Africa. Results indicate a low correlation between local and regional hydro-climatic trends. Data spatial scale directly influences water resources management leading to a 300% difference in estimated storage requirement for the average farmer.</p>

In the Kisumu District, Kenya, unreliable rainfall pattern has been identified as one of the main causes for poverty in rural areas. The negative effects of such unreliable patterns could be mitigated through improved water resource management and planning. However, estimates of current (and future) water availability will likely differ depending on whether managers draw upon data gathered at a local-scale or regional-scale. This is particularly important in developing regions where, due to lack of data availability, managers are often limited in their choice of data resolution. This study investigates the potential effect of spatial resolution of data on water management and planning by comparing hydro-climatic trends in local-scale data with trends in regional-scale data. The influence of adopting local-scale versus regional-scale data is further demonstrated by estimate the storage requirements of proposed irrigation ponds for farmers in the Orongo village of the Kisumu District located in Kenya, Africa. Results indicate a low correlation between local and regional hydro-climatic trends. Data spatial scale directly influences water resources management leading to a 300% difference in estimated storage requirement for the average farmer.

Orientador: João Márcio Mendes Pereira / Resumo: Esta pesquisa analisa as experiências de convivência com o Semiárido desenvolvidas pela Articulação Semiárido Brasileiro (ASA), rede composta por um coletivo de mais de mil organizações da sociedade civil que atuam na região semiárida. O estudo aborda o Semiárido brasileiro, uma das maiores e mais populosas regiões semiáridas do mundo, a partir dos elementos que o caracterizam como o clima, o bioma caatinga, a população e a cultura. Desmistifica a seca como principal problema da região, pelo fato de não se restringir apenas a um fator físico-climático, como uma questão social, cultural, política e econômica. Demonstra que a imagem negativa e depreciativa do Semiárido, como lugar seco e inóspito e de povo indolente e incapaz de desenvolver-se, é fruto da construção estereotipada sobre o Nordeste, que se deu desde o início do século XX. Apresenta a concentração da terra, resultante da ocupação do Semiárido, ocorrida com a implantação de imensos latifúndios, desde os primórdios da colonização, por meio da concessão de sesmarias pela coroa portuguesa e que tem sido a principal causa de impedimento do desenvolvimento regional. Contestando o paradigma do combate à seca, diversas organizações da sociedade civil intensificaram o debate sobre a convivência com o Semiárido, que resultou no surgimento da ASA em 1999. As organizações sociais integradas à ASA têm conseguido formular e executar políticas públicas de acesso à água para a população difusa da região, tendo como pressuposto a ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre