Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2011 / Water shortage is a global problem. While other people in some parts of the world maybe enjoying enough supply of water others are faced with water shortage. South Africa is not an exception in this regard because some do not have access to water but rely on distance conveyance. Government is under constitutional obligation to supply this basic social and economic service. This study, therefore, aimed at investigating the causes of water shortage and the impact thereof on the household of Ga-Kgapane Township in Limpopo Province. This township falls under Greater Letaba Municipality in Modjadjiskloof. The data collected from four sections/localities of this Township showed that the area has a serious problem of water shortage. The lack of water according to the findings negatively affects the livelihoods and development of the people of Ga-Kgapane Township.

Climate change is a growing problem for those living in the Himalayas, threatening water availability and livelihoods. This research seeks to explore the various factors contributing to water shortage and the factors leading to perceptions of water shortage in Himachal Pradesh, India. This thesis explores data collected from 50 interviews conducted in summer 2019 and seeks to understand why participants of these interviews indicated that they do not experience water shortage. The research highlights the importance of further research and needed action in terms of addressing and mitigating the impacts of climate change in the Himalayas of Himachal Pradesh.

This thesis is focused on the application of cross-correlation technique for leak detection and location in medium density polyethylene (MDPE) pipes. A leaking water pipe generates noise that depends primarily on water pressure, pipe characteristics and the leak size and shape. This noise, commonly called leak signals, can be used for the purpose of leak detection and leak location in MDPE pipes. A correlation technique is typically employed to detect, position and characterise these water leaks and is proved to be very efficient for metallic pipes. However, the same is not true for MDPE pipes where the attenuation rate with distance of the leak/source signal is very high, and the generated leak signals are of low frequency and narrow bandwidth. In order to locate leak with good accuracy in MDPE pipes, the correlation process relies on the estimation of speed of leak signals in water/pipe and the time delay between leak signals measured at two locations. For time delay estimation, a correlation function is used. Its accuracy depends upon the sharpness of the correlation peak, type and positioning of sensor, and the processing of signals obtained, which in turn further depends upon the characteristics of leak signals. In MDPE pipes, leak signals are of low frequency and narrow bandwidth; however, their frequency response is not well characterised. Therefore, this thesis presents an analytical model to explain the acoustic characteristics of leak signals in MDPE pipes. The model is used to study the effects of the cut-off frequencies of low, high and band pass digital filters and the selection of acoustic/vibration sensors for the correlation technique. It detailed the importance of the cut-off frequency of the high pass filter and the insensitivity of the correlation function to the cut off frequency of the low pass filter.

“Vattenfrågan har alltid varit viktig på Gotland” (Bastani et al. 2015, p. 25)  - “Water questions have always been important on Gotland”. Contrary to the common perception that water shortage does not pose a problem to northern European countries, the case on Gotland provides the example that it is a real issue. Due to several factors, the Swedish island faces severe water shortages during the summer and is in urgent need to address this in the light of an expected growing number of people coming to Gotland. Since water is a topic affecting a wide range of stakeholders, the water issue is already in the focus of attention and occasionally passionately discussed on the island. The aim of this paper was to identify with the help of qualitative research how relevant stakeholder groups perceive and address the water shortage on Gotland. The identified stakeholder groups were from the administrative/political sectors, industrial/business sectors, the research sector as well as engaged citizens. During the research it became clear that the water shortage can be characterized as a wicked problem, which in its nature is impossible to solve but only manageable due to its complexity. Yet, the majority of stakeholders did not recognize the wicked problem as such which explains the multiplicity of existent strategies for how to deal with it. The different approaches lead to outcomes that seem to only address parts of the problem but fail to manage it in its entirety. The study suggests that institutional voids, meaning a lack of clear responsibilities regarding who should manage the problem and how seem to both arise from and contribute to the complexity of the problem. As result of this research, it seems crucial to firstly gain a comprehensive understanding of the situation and then work with multi stakeholder communication and cooperation against prevailing institutional voids in order to address the water shortage effectively.

O aquecimento global e as alterações nos padrões de precipitação são algumas das mudanças observadas no clima do planeta nos últimos anos. Simultaneamente, observa-se o aumento da concentração de gás carbônico ([CO2]) na atmosfera, devido principalmente a ações antrópicas. A elevação da [CO2] e da temperatura atmosférica global podem intensificar o efeito estufa, alterar a dinâmica de trocas gasosas das plantas e o ciclo do carbono nos ecossistemas. Isso ocorre tanto por influencias na fotossíntese, quanto nas respirações auto e heterotrófica. Outros fatores, como a umidade do solo também podem interferir nestes processos. As pastagens são ecossistemas de relevante importância para o ser humano e impactantes na dinâmica global do ciclo do carbono. A agricultura é a mais ampla forma de uso antrópico do solo e estoca mais de 10% de todo carbono da biosfera. Com o intuito de investigar o impacto das mudanças climáticas na dinâmica do CO2 e no ciclo do carbono nos ecossistemas de pastagem, este trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar a produção de biomassa, o fluxo líquido de CO2 do ecossistema (NEE), a respiração do solo e o fluxo de metano em ecossistemas de pastagem tropical. Duas espécies forrageiras, Panicum maximum Jacq. Cv Mombaça (gramínea C4), e Stylosanthes capitata Vogel (Leguminosa C3), foram cultivadas sob elevada concentração de CO2 (600 mol mol-1), elevada temperatura atmosférica (+2 ºC) e restrição hídrica em sistema combinado FACE (Free-air carbon dioxide enrichment) e T-FACE (Temperature free-air controlled enhancement). A quantificação do NEE foi realizada por câmaras de topo aberto desenvolvidas pelo grupo de pesquisa especificamente para o estudo ecofisiológico integrado de todo o dossel e não apenas de uma fração da área foliar ou pela biomassa, que são atualmente as técnicas mais utilizadas. No experimento utilizando a leguminosa C3 foi observado diminuição na biomassa total acima do solo, pela diminuição da quantidade de folhas, em tratamento com elevada temperatura (eT) e um aumento na biomassa de caules em tratamento combinado de elevada [CO2] e temperatura (eC+eT). O NEE diurno aumentou sob tratamento de elevada [CO2] (eC). A respiração do solo no período noturno foi aumentada em todos os tratamentos. Não houve mudança no fluxo de metano. No segundo experimento, utilizando a gramínea C4, a biomassa de folhas sofreu aumento no tratamento combinado eC+eT, o NEE diurno aumentou sob eC e a respiração do solo noturno aumentou sob eC+eT. No terceiro experimento, também utilizando a gramínea C4, porém, com tratamentos de restrição hídrica e elevada temperatura, não foram observadas diferenças nos dados coletados. De maneira geral, as mudanças climáticas trarão alterações no ciclo do carbono dos ecossistemas de pastagem, sendo que a utilização da leguminosa C3 S. capitata pode acarretar em perdas de produtividade de folhagem e aceleração da fenologia. Já a gramínea C4 P. maximum se mostrou resistente a um clima futuro de seca e temperatura elevada e se beneficiou da maior [CO2], com maior fixação de carbono pelo ecossistema e produção de biomassa de folhas, sendo assim uma boa opção para a produção de forragem em pastagens tropicais. / Global warming and changes in the rain patterns are some of the changes observed in the weather of the planet in the last years. Simultaneously, it has been observed increases in the atmospheres concentration of carbon dioxide ([CO2]), mainly by anthropic actions. The rising [CO2] and atmospheric temperature may intensify the greenhouse effect, modify the dynamic of plant gas exchange and the carbon cycle in the ecosystems. These changes occur by effects in the photosynthesis and respiration (auto and heterotrophic). Other factors, as soil moisture, may also affect these processes. Grasslands are ecosystems of importance to the humanity and of impact to the global carbon circle dynamic. Agriculture is the main anthropic land use and stores more than 10% of all carbon in the biosphere. With the aim of investigate the impact of climate changes in the dynamic of CO2 and carbon cycle in tropical grassland ecosystems, this work had as objective to quantify the production of biomass, the net flux of CO2 of the ecosystem (NEE), the soil respiration and methane flux in tropical grassland ecosystems. Two forage plant species, Panicum maximum Jacq. Cv Mombaça (C4 grass), and Stylosanthes capitata Vogel (C3 legume), were cultivated under elevated CO2 concentration (600 mol mol-1), elevated atmospheric temperature (+2 °C) and water shortage in a Free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) and Temperature free-air controlled enhancement (T-FACE) combined system. The NEE quantification was realized by open top chambers developed by the research group specifically for the integrated ecophysiological study of the whole canopy and not just a fraction of leaf area or the biomass, which are the most commonly used technics nowadays. In the experiment using the C3 legume was observed a decrease in total above-ground biomass, by the reduction of leaf biomass, in treatment with elevated temperature (eT) and an increase of stems biomass in the combined treatment of elevated [CO2] and temperature (eC+eT). The diurnal NEE increased under elevated [CO2] (eC). The night soil respiration was increased in all three treatments. There were no changes in the methane flux. In the second experiment, utilizing the C4 grass, the leaves biomass increased under eC+eT, the diurnal NEE increased in the eC treatment and the night soil respiration also increased under eC+eT. In the third experiment, with the same C4, however, with water shortage and elevated temperature treatments, there were no differences in the collected data. Overall, the climate changes will bring alterations in the carbon cycle of grassland ecosystems, therefore, the use of the C3 legume S. capitata might entail in losses in foliage productivity and phenology acceleration. On the other hand, the C4 grass P. maximum showed resistance to a future climate with drought and elevated temperature, and benefited from the higher [CO2], with greater carbon fixation by the ecosystem and production of leaf biomass, being a good option for forage production in tropical pastures.

In Sweden, the access to drinking water is something that often is taken for granted. But several incidents where regions have found themselves without drinking water shows that we should be more concerned about crisis management concerning drinking water. Regulations state that even in a situation with drinking water disturbance the municipality is responsible for providing all citizens with drinking water of acceptable quality. When drinking water is not delivered in regular pipelines it is called emergency water, which is an alternative way to distribute drinking water within the region. During a crisis it is important that the authorities can act quickly in order to minimize the consequences that will occur if a region is without drinking water. The National Food Agency (Livsmedelsverket) have therefore developed a guide for municipalities how to make an emergency water plan. It contains information of how to map and prioritize water users. This is a case study of Nordmaling Municipality that investigates how and why water users should be prioritized during a disturbance in drinking water. The aim has also been to locate emergency water containers for citizens and study the accessibility of these locations and the level of justice within the society connected to citizens (in)accessibility. In order to do this study, the guide from the National Food Agency have been studied along with consultation with the municipal administration. Then a quantitative Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) in GIS has been performed in order to find “optimal” locations for emergency water resources. Recommendations from the National Food Agency have been followed within the frame, ability and visions of Nordmaling Municipality. The study displays the functions that will obtain emergency water, and recommendations and regulations behind the decisions. Along with 12 different locations which have been decided based on results from the MCA. Water users (with extra consideration to vulnerable water users) living outside of the geographical “catchment-area” of a location with emergency water have been studied. This has shown that the locations are not accessible for everyone within the municipality. Constrained accessibility can be seen especially for elderly and those living in the sparsely parts of Nordmaling, which displays an unjust society.

Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-05-16T22:25:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AlexPF_TESE.pdf: 2520880 bytes, checksum: aa5cf94e61b1275420710fe08e340aba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T11:03:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AlexPF_TESE.pdf: 2520880 bytes, checksum: aa5cf94e61b1275420710fe08e340aba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T11:04:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AlexPF_TESE.pdf: 2520880 bytes, checksum: aa5cf94e61b1275420710fe08e340aba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T11:04:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlexPF_TESE.pdf: 2520880 bytes, checksum: aa5cf94e61b1275420710fe08e340aba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The inadequacy of sewage systems in Brazil has compromised the health of rural and urban populations and the environmental quality. Considering this scenario and together with the scarcity of good quality water, it has been stimulated the agricultural use of wastewater for production of vegetables as well as other agricultural crops. This work aimed at the evaluation of a treatment plant for gray water using ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the disinfection of effluents and the hydraulic performance of drippers using gray water. A plant for the treatment of gray water was constructed in the Monte Alegre I Settlement Project, municipality of Upanema, midwestern region of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, and a reactor was equipped with ultraviolet lamps and installed in the Zoobotanical Park (PZO) of the Federal Rural University of the SemiArid Region (UFERSA), in Mossoró, state of Rio Grande do Norte. The treatment plant consisted of a passage box, a septic tank, an organic filter and a storage reservoir, and the artificial ultraviolet reactor was built in brick masonry in the dimensions of 1.08 m width, 1.18 m length and 0.40 m depth, containing two germicidal lamps (30 W, 254 nm). The treatments used to analyze the effect of UV radiation consisted of three slides (0.10 m, 0.20 m and 0.30 m) and five exposure times of (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h). For evaluation of the treatment system, we collected samples of the effluents at different sites of the system and analyzed them for physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics; the effect of UV radiation was investigated through the decay of the microorganisms. Data were evaluated using parametric (univariate) and non-parametric (multivariate) statistics, according to the complexity of the data set. During the experimental period, the performance of the irrigation system was analyzed by means of the mean flow (Q), flow variation coefficient (CVQ), distribution uniformity coefficient (CUD) and statistical uniformity coefficient (Us). The treatment plant was efficient in removing most of the characteristics analyzed, since they were within the standards set forth by the current legislation. The evaluation of the irrigation system evidenced the development of a biofilm in the dripper as well as the presence of microorganisms. The radiation effect was satisfactory however the radiation dose has to be calculated to improve the efficiency of the treatment. The set a passage box, septic tank, organic filter and ultraviolet radiation reactor provide a degree of gray water treatment that allows the irrigation of vegetables through a drip irrigation system, but drip clogging control measures are required to ensure maximum performance / A inadequação dos sistemas de esgotamento sanitário no Brasil tem comprometido a saúde das populações rurais e urbanas e a qualidade do ambiente. Diante desse cenário, e juntamente com a escassez da água de boa qualidade, tem-se estimulado o aproveitamento agrícola das águas residuárias na produção de hortaliças, bem como de outros cultivos agrícolas. Este trabalho objetivou a avaliação de uma estação de tratamento para água cinza empregando radiação ultravioleta (UV) na desinfecção do efluente e o desempenho hidráulico de gotejadores com água cinza. Sendo construída uma estação para tratamento de água cinza localizada no Projeto de Assentamento (P.A.) Monte Alegre I no município de Upanema-RN, microrregião médio Oeste potiguar e um reator com lâmpadas ultravioletas foi instalado no Parque Zoobotânico (PZO) da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA) Campus Mossoró-RN. A estação de tratamento foi composta por uma caixa de passagem, tanque séptico, um filtro orgânico e um reservatório de armazenamento, já o reator ultravioleta artificial foi construído em alvenaria de tijolos nas dimensões de 1,08 m de largura por 1,18 m de comprimento e 0,40 m de profundidade, onde e foram instaladas duas lâmpadas germicidas UV de 30 W e 254 nm cada. Os tratamentos utilizados na análise do efeito da radiação UV consistiram de três lâminas (0,10 m, 0,20 m e 0,30 m) e cinco tempos de exposição de (0, 1, 2, 3 e 4 h). Para fins de avaliação do sistema de tratamento adotou-se por meio de coleta e análise físico-químicas e microbiológicas dos efluentes coletados em distintos pontos do sistema e o efeito da radiação UV por meio do decaimento do nível populacional de microrganismos. Os dados foram avaliados mediante uso da estatística paramétrica (univariada) e não paramétrica (multivariada), de acordo com a complexidade do grupo de dados. Durante o período experimental foi analisado o desempenho do sistema de irrigação por meio dos indicadores vazão média (Q), coeficiente de variação de vazão (CVQ), coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição (CUD) e coeficiente de uniformidade estatística (Us). A estação de tratamento foi eficiente na remoção da maioria das características analisadas, visto que estavam dentro dos padrões da legislação vigente. Na avaliação do sistema de irrigação foi notado a formação de biofilme no gotejador e presença de microrganismos. O efeito da radiação foi satisfatório, entretanto evidenciou-se a necessidade do cálculo da dose de radiação, com vistas a melhorar a eficiência do tratamento. O conjunto caixa de passagem, tanque séptico, filtro orgânico e reator com radiação ultravioleta permite obter um nível de tratamento da água cinza que possibilite a irrigação de hortaliças, via sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, no entanto medidas de controle da obstrução dos gotejadores são necessárias para garantir o máximo desempenho do equipamento / 2017-05-16

O aquecimento global e as alterações nos padrões de precipitação são algumas das mudanças observadas no clima do planeta nos últimos anos. Simultaneamente, observa-se o aumento da concentração de gás carbônico ([CO2]) na atmosfera, devido principalmente a ações antrópicas. A elevação da [CO2] e da temperatura atmosférica global podem intensificar o efeito estufa, alterar a dinâmica de trocas gasosas das plantas e o ciclo do carbono nos ecossistemas. Isso ocorre tanto por influencias na fotossíntese, quanto nas respirações auto e heterotrófica. Outros fatores, como a umidade do solo também podem interferir nestes processos. As pastagens são ecossistemas de relevante importância para o ser humano e impactantes na dinâmica global do ciclo do carbono. A agricultura é a mais ampla forma de uso antrópico do solo e estoca mais de 10% de todo carbono da biosfera. Com o intuito de investigar o impacto das mudanças climáticas na dinâmica do CO2 e no ciclo do carbono nos ecossistemas de pastagem, este trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar a produção de biomassa, o fluxo líquido de CO2 do ecossistema (NEE), a respiração do solo e o fluxo de metano em ecossistemas de pastagem tropical. Duas espécies forrageiras, Panicum maximum Jacq. Cv Mombaça (gramínea C4), e Stylosanthes capitata Vogel (Leguminosa C3), foram cultivadas sob elevada concentração de CO2 (600 mol mol-1), elevada temperatura atmosférica (+2 ºC) e restrição hídrica em sistema combinado FACE (Free-air carbon dioxide enrichment) e T-FACE (Temperature free-air controlled enhancement). A quantificação do NEE foi realizada por câmaras de topo aberto desenvolvidas pelo grupo de pesquisa especificamente para o estudo ecofisiológico integrado de todo o dossel e não apenas de uma fração da área foliar ou pela biomassa, que são atualmente as técnicas mais utilizadas. No experimento utilizando a leguminosa C3 foi observado diminuição na biomassa total acima do solo, pela diminuição da quantidade de folhas, em tratamento com elevada temperatura (eT) e um aumento na biomassa de caules em tratamento combinado de elevada [CO2] e temperatura (eC+eT). O NEE diurno aumentou sob tratamento de elevada [CO2] (eC). A respiração do solo no período noturno foi aumentada em todos os tratamentos. Não houve mudança no fluxo de metano. No segundo experimento, utilizando a gramínea C4, a biomassa de folhas sofreu aumento no tratamento combinado eC+eT, o NEE diurno aumentou sob eC e a respiração do solo noturno aumentou sob eC+eT. No terceiro experimento, também utilizando a gramínea C4, porém, com tratamentos de restrição hídrica e elevada temperatura, não foram observadas diferenças nos dados coletados. De maneira geral, as mudanças climáticas trarão alterações no ciclo do carbono dos ecossistemas de pastagem, sendo que a utilização da leguminosa C3 S. capitata pode acarretar em perdas de produtividade de folhagem e aceleração da fenologia. Já a gramínea C4 P. maximum se mostrou resistente a um clima futuro de seca e temperatura elevada e se beneficiou da maior [CO2], com maior fixação de carbono pelo ecossistema e produção de biomassa de folhas, sendo assim uma boa opção para a produção de forragem em pastagens tropicais. / Global warming and changes in the rain patterns are some of the changes observed in the weather of the planet in the last years. Simultaneously, it has been observed increases in the atmospheres concentration of carbon dioxide ([CO2]), mainly by anthropic actions. The rising [CO2] and atmospheric temperature may intensify the greenhouse effect, modify the dynamic of plant gas exchange and the carbon cycle in the ecosystems. These changes occur by effects in the photosynthesis and respiration (auto and heterotrophic). Other factors, as soil moisture, may also affect these processes. Grasslands are ecosystems of importance to the humanity and of impact to the global carbon circle dynamic. Agriculture is the main anthropic land use and stores more than 10% of all carbon in the biosphere. With the aim of investigate the impact of climate changes in the dynamic of CO2 and carbon cycle in tropical grassland ecosystems, this work had as objective to quantify the production of biomass, the net flux of CO2 of the ecosystem (NEE), the soil respiration and methane flux in tropical grassland ecosystems. Two forage plant species, Panicum maximum Jacq. Cv Mombaça (C4 grass), and Stylosanthes capitata Vogel (C3 legume), were cultivated under elevated CO2 concentration (600 mol mol-1), elevated atmospheric temperature (+2 °C) and water shortage in a Free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) and Temperature free-air controlled enhancement (T-FACE) combined system. The NEE quantification was realized by open top chambers developed by the research group specifically for the integrated ecophysiological study of the whole canopy and not just a fraction of leaf area or the biomass, which are the most commonly used technics nowadays. In the experiment using the C3 legume was observed a decrease in total above-ground biomass, by the reduction of leaf biomass, in treatment with elevated temperature (eT) and an increase of stems biomass in the combined treatment of elevated [CO2] and temperature (eC+eT). The diurnal NEE increased under elevated [CO2] (eC). The night soil respiration was increased in all three treatments. There were no changes in the methane flux. In the second experiment, utilizing the C4 grass, the leaves biomass increased under eC+eT, the diurnal NEE increased in the eC treatment and the night soil respiration also increased under eC+eT. In the third experiment, with the same C4, however, with water shortage and elevated temperature treatments, there were no differences in the collected data. Overall, the climate changes will bring alterations in the carbon cycle of grassland ecosystems, therefore, the use of the C3 legume S. capitata might entail in losses in foliage productivity and phenology acceleration. On the other hand, the C4 grass P. maximum showed resistance to a future climate with drought and elevated temperature, and benefited from the higher [CO2], with greater carbon fixation by the ecosystem and production of leaf biomass, being a good option for forage production in tropical pastures.

La tomate est le deuxième légume le plus consommé dans le monde et la plus grande partie est consommée sous forme transformée. La tomate d’industrie est typiquement une culture exigeante en eau. La production se situe majoritairement en zone méditerranéenne, confrontée à des périodes de sécheresse de plus en plus fréquentes, et contrainte, dans le contexte de changement climatique, à réduire le prélèvement des ressources en eau pour son agriculture. L’eau est un facteur majeur qui impacte le rendement et la qualité des tomates et il y a donc un lien direct entre l’amont agricole (production), et l’aval industriel (transformation). Bien que des travaux visant à mieux comprendre les liens pré-post-récolte existent, mieux adapter la production face aux contraintes climatiques en évolution reste un challenge pour la filière, et c’est dans ce cadre que ce situe ce travail de thèse. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de la thèse était d’analyser au cours de la chaine de production et de transformation, l’impact de facteurs agronomiques et technologiques sur la qualité des purées de tomate, et d’identifier au cours de cette chaine des leviers pour améliorer la qualité gustative, nutritionnelle et environnementale du produit fini. Etant donné cet objectif, ce travail a été construit pour analyser 1) quels sont les principaux facteurs agronomiques et technologiques responsables de la variabilité de la qualité des fruits frais et transformés au sein des zones de production françaises de tomates d’industrie ; 2) quels sont les effets de la variété, des apports en eau, du stade de développement, et du procédé sur la qualité des fruits frais et leur aptitude à la transformation ; 3) Quels sont les processus responsables des modifications des propriétés rhéologiques des purées. Nos résultats ont montré des différences de qualité des fruits et des produits finis entre les deux grandes régions de production françaises de tomates d’industrie en 2015. Le choix du cultivar et des pratiques, comme la densité de plantation ou la durée du cycle de production, étaient responsables de ces différences. En l’absence de déficit hydrique, les différences climatiques (amplitudes thermiques et cumul de précipitations) n’ont pas semblé être un facteur majeur de variation. L’exploration des liens pré-post-récoltes a ensuite confirmé que les critères à la récolte couramment utilisés (rendement et °Brix) renseignaient peu sur l’aptitude à la transformation des tomates. De plus, nous avons montré que diminuer l’irrigation jusqu’à ne remplacer que 60 % de l’évapotranspiration des plantes n’a que très peu affecté le rendement en fruit frais, et a augmenté le rendement en matière sèche jusqu’à +27%, ce qui est positif pour l’usine. L’efficience de l’utilisation de l’eau d’irrigation a ainsi été augmentée d’en moyenne 20% sur tout le cycle. La composition de la matière sèche des fruits à la récolte n’a pas été significativement affectée par le déficit hydrique en 2016. En revanche, lorsque ces mêmes fruits ont été transformés selon des procédés industriels, le déficit hydrique a amélioré la viscosité de la purée sans affecter sa couleur. Il a également limité la perte de viscosité obtenue lorsque le procédé possède une phase de macération à basse température (Cold Break (CB)). Ce résultat a suggéré que la réactivité enzymatique des tissus a été réduite. En revanche, un stress hydrique plus drastique en 2017 a induit des fortes différences de teneur en matière sèche. Comme les purée sont concentrée à la même teneur en SSC, alors les purée WD, où moins d’eau a été éliminée, montre une viscosité plus faible. La maitrise de la matière sèche n’est pas le seul facteur affectant la rhéologie des purées. C’est un phénomène complexe dépendant de plusieurs facteurs. / Tomato is the second most consumed vegetable in the world and most of it is consumed in processed form. The industry tomato is typically a demanding crop in water. Production is mainly in the Mediterranean zone, facing increasingly frequent periods of drought, and constrained, in the context of climate change, to reduce the withdrawal of water resources for its agriculture. Water is a major factor affecting the yield and quality of tomatoes, so there is a direct link between upstream agriculture (production) and industrial downstream (processing). Although works to better understand pre-post-harvest links exists, better adapting production to changing climatic constraints remains a challenge for the industry, and it is in this context that this thesis work is located. In this context, the objective of the thesis was to analyze during the chain of production and processing, the impact of agronomic and technological factors on the quality of tomato purées, and to identify during this chain levers to improve the taste, nutritional and environmental of the finished product. Given this objective, this work was constructed to analyze 1) what are the main agronomic and technological factors responsible for the variability of the quality of fresh and processed fruit within the French production areas of industrial tomatoes; 2) what are the effects of variety, water supply, stage of development and process on the quality of fresh fruits and their suitability for processing; 3) what are the processes responsible for the changes in the rheological properties of the purees. Our results showed differences in the quality of fruit and processed products between the two major French industrial tomato production regions in 2015. The choice of cultivar and practices, such as planting density or production cycle time, were responsible for these differences. In the absence of a water deficit, climatic differences (thermal amplitudes and cumulative precipitation) did not seem to be a major factor of variation. Exploration of pre-post-harvest links then confirmed that the commonly used harvest criteria (yield and °Brix) provided little information on the processing ability of tomatoes. In addition, we have shown that decreasing irrigation to replace only 60% of plant evapotranspiration has had little effect on the yield of fresh fruit, and has increased dry matter yield to + 27%, which is positive for the plant. The efficiency of the use of irrigation water has thus been increased by an average of 20% over the entire cycle. The composition of the dry matter of the fruits at harvest was not significantly affected by the water deficit in 2016. On the other hand, when these same fruits were transformed according to industrial processes, the water deficit improved the viscosity of the purees without affecting its color. It also limited the loss of viscosity obtained when the process has a low temperature maceration phase (Cold Break (CB)). This result suggested that the enzymatic reactivity of the tissues was reduced. On the other hand, more drastic water stress in 2017 led to significant differences in dry matter content. As the purees are concentrated to the same SSC content, then the WD purees, which less water has been removed, shows a lower viscosity. The mastery of the dry matter is not the only factor affecting the rheology of purees. It is a complex phenomenon depending on several factors. Indeed, when the differences in viscosity are induced by the cooking method, it is mainly the viscosity of the serum (liquid part of the mash) that is involved. When the viscosity variations are induced by the use of Variety with a high potential for viscosity (Ketchup tomato), it is the size and shape of the particles and their aggregation potential that are involved.

The inadequacy of water and power supplies in Utah for agriculture, for industry, for domestic and community consumption has retarded the State's economic growth. Shortages of water and hyroelectric power are the principle impediments to the full realization of other potentials of Utah, that is, the full use of its arable lands, the wide and diversified use of its industrial raw materials, and the unrestricted development of its communities. The problem of securing additional sources of water and power has resolved itself into one of major concern. The objective of this study was to determine unit values of consuptive use of water by the major crops (alfalfa, small grains, and pasture) in the Ashley and Ferron Creek Areas of Utah. The consumptive use by the individual field crops was based on measurements of the depletion of moisture in the soil. Evapo-transpiration tank experiments were conducted in Ashley Valley throught the growing season and the volumes of water consumed were measured directly. Yield data were obtained from field samples and comparisons between yield and consumptive use were observed.