Potable water is a relatively scarce natural resource. This scarcity is evident on a global scale. For humankind potable water is not only needed to sustain life, but also to engage in activities that maintain and enhance its own comfort and quality of life. These activities contribute to the degradation of water quality and exacerbating water scarcity. Electricity is a resource that needs to be generated, and is used significantly to also maintain and enhance human comfort, and quality of life. The generation of electricity produces a significant amount of greenhouse gases, gases that contribute to climate change. The use of both resources needs to be more ecologically sustainable to reduce the negative impact caused. Wherever possible, the use of these resources should be reduced. University residences utilise substantial amounts of water and electricity. This is because they are commonly designed to accommodate a large number of students. Implementing a behaviour change intervention in a residence therefore has the potential for greater ecological impact if the intervention is successful, due to the large number of people. There are different types of interventions aimed at changing behaviour, with some being active and others passive. Being active or passive is determined by whether or not direct interaction with the subject is required to achieve the desired change. Information provision can be a passive intervention by using posters and pamplets. It can also be active by using Q&A sessions and lectures. The study aimed to determine if the use of a passive behaviour change intervention could result in the reduction of water and electricity consumption in university residences. The passive intervention utilised was prompting in the form of posters. A quasi-experimental design with a mixed methods approach was employed. Quantitative data were meter readings for both electricity and water, while quantitative data were obtained from focus groups. 3 female residences at the University of Pretoria's Groenkloof campus were used in this study. Posters were placed at the points of decision in two of the residences. The third female residence was monitored as the control and no posters were put up in it. Monthly water and electricity meter readings were used to determine if this change had occurred. Focus groups were conducted to understand from the subjects how the intervention had affected them, if at all. Results from this study indicated that water and electricity consumption was reduced, with some reductions being statistically significant and others not. The study, however, cannot confidently predict that the intervention was successful due to various limitations. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Construction Economics / MSc / Unrestricted

Tillgången till vatten kan ses som en självklarhet men 29\% av världens befolkning saknar tillgång till rent vatten. Vi alla måste ta ett ansvar för att minska vår förbrukning för att spara på den begränsade resurs som vatten faktiskt är. I denna rapport presenteras en lösning för att minska förbrukningen av vatten inom travsporten. Lösningen består av sensorer som mäter fuktigheten i jorden och en algoritm som räknar ut mängden vatten som behövs för att uppnå ett valt värde. För att utvärdera lösningen har en prototyp skapats. Prototypen har genomgått olika tester för att säkerhetställa att den uppfyller de krav och förväntningar som finns. Ett system som kan övervaka banan och få ett exakt värde på mängden vatten som behövs bidrar till en möjlighet att precisionsbevattna. Detta kan bidra till en reducering i vattenanvändningen. Förhoppningsvis så kommer travbanor att kunna dra nytta av denna rapport och hjälpa till med att bidra till en mer hållbar framtid där vi alla strävar efter att minska vår vattenförbrukning. / The access to water could be taken for granted, but 29 % of the world's population lacks access to clean water. We all need to take responsibility for reducing our consumption in order to save on the limited resource.to precision irrigateThis report presents a solution to reduce water consumption in trotting. The solution consists of sensors that measure the moisture level in the soil and an algorithm that calculates the amount of water needed to achieve a selected value. To evaluate the solution, a prototype has been created. The prototype has undergone various tests to ensure that it meets the requirements and expectations that exist. A system that can monitor the course and get an exact value for the amount of water needed contributes to an opportunity to precision irrigate.This could contribute to a reduction in water usage. Hopefully, trotting tracks will be able to benefit from this report and help contribute to a more sustainable future where we all strive to reduce our water consumption.

Soccer accounts for a third of the Swedish sports movement with 3 503 fields of both natural and artificial turf. The European Union will make a decision in 2021 on how to handle the issue of rubber performance infill. This infill can be found in artificial turf fields and are used for performance properties. The problem with this infill is the microplastics that spreads into the nature which is considered as toxic. Because of this the EU have decided to either ban or provide mandatory rules to reduce the spread of rubber performance infill. The north and the majority of Sweden’s climate is not adapted for play of soccer on natural turf according to FIFA, and EU want to ban or provide mandatory rules for artificial turfs. This action from the EU can perturb the entire Swedish sports movement since soccer accounts for a third of that movement. This study was therefore created to show if artificial turf fields are as bad for the environment as rumours has said compared with the natural turfs. To investigate this, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed regarding the global warming potential (GWP) and embodied water consumption for three different field types: an artificial turf field with recycled SBR, an artificial turf field with cork and a natural turf field. The result visualised that a natural turf field had the highest embodied water consumption and the highest impact on the GWP of a ten-year life cycle while the artificial turf field with recycled SBR had the least embodied water consumption and the least impact on the GWP. The findings of this LCA were that Sweden for the moment is dependent on artificial turf and the rubber performance infill, since the material properties are the best adapted to their climate. Therefore, a ban would be a risk for the Swedish sports movement. It was also revealed that natural turf fields in Sweden consumes at least 50 % municipal drinking water when irrigate. The high GWP impact came from the production of fertilisers (NPK). This report has shown how artificial turf and natural turf can work together in an industrial symbiosis by making the artificial turf field constructed to collect rainwater and use that water to irrigate the natural turf with.

There is no published data for the per capita consumption of water of individuals in South Africa. A daily rounded volume of 2 litres per person is usually taken as a working estimate from world wide data. As part of ongoing epidemiological studies into potential health effects of changes in the water supply to greater Town, water consumption patterns were ascertained. As health effects are often spatially ascribed to the place of residence of a person, it was necessary to ascertain how much water was drunk at home as well as away from home. Water consumed was divided into three classes: (i) water consumed from the tap, (ii) commercial beverages and (iii) water bound in food. A review of methods of conducting dietary surveys indicated that a 24-hour recall would be the most appropriate method. Two surveys on total dietary intake utilizing a 24-hour recall were carried out (n = 2 000 persons for each survey), one in winter and the ether in summer. The design of the survey involved a cluster sample of households that were representative of the socio-economic and demographic structure of greater Cape Town. Three pretested types questionnaires were administered by trained interviewers: (i) a placement questionnaire to describe the household composition, (ii) a recall questionnaire for individual adults and children and (iii) a recall questionnaire for babies. Particular attention was paid to the accurate ascertainment of the volumes of food and drink consumed as well as their preparation to facilitate accurate analysis. The water content of each food item was calculated by a computer program that utilized computerized food composition tables. The water consumption data was analyzed by sex, age, population group, income and the season of the year. Detailed graphs and tables are provided. Results were also standardized to the population of greater Cape Town. It was found that the difference in consumption between the White and "Coloured" population groups was greater than the difference between those people of high and low-income groups. The mean total water intake for Whites was 2.19 litres per day, while for "Coloureds" it was 1.26 litres per day. There is no obvious bias to account for this difference. The figures for protein consumed by the two groups, which was used as a control, are consistent with values reported in the literature. Summer consumption was higher than that during winter. The ratio of tap water consumed at home to total liquid consumed was approximately 0.5.

Demand for potable water and energy is increasing with growing populations and economies and many fear that scarcity of such resources will become a significant worldwide problem in the future. As such, promoting water and energy conservation in residential building environments has become an important focal area for research. Providing feedback of water or energy consumption to residential building occupants has been demonstrated to be effective in promoting water and energy conservation separately. However, although water and energy are inexorably connected, we lack research that investigates the bridge between water and energy in the representation of feedback to promote water conservation. In this paper, we describe a study that was designed to investigate the impact of two different representations of water consumption feedback on water conservation. Water consumption was represented to consumers in one of two different ways: 1) gallons and 2) gallons along with the estimated embodied energy of water consumption. The study was conducted in 18 residential halls at Virginia Tech and lasted approximately six weeks. The outcome of the study suggests that representing water consumption in terms of gallons together with the embodied energy associated with water consumption can lead to a statistically significant reduction in water conservation while representing water consumption only in terms of gallons may not. This has significant implications for future water feedback designed to promote water conservation and the study indicates that non-monetary approach can be taken. / Master of Science

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第17994号 / 地環博第113号 / 新制||地環||23(附属図書館) / 80838 / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)教授 藤井 滋穂, 教授 勝見 武, 准教授 田中 周平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第18629号 / 地環博第124号 / 新制||地環||25(附属図書館) / 31529 / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)教授 藤井 滋穂, 教授 高岡 昌輝, 准教授 田中 周平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Syftet med detta arbetet är att skapa en förståelse kring vattenförbrukningen på Storsudret, som är beläget på Gotland, samt hur den varierar över året. Detta för att kunna planera för en framtida hållbar vattenförsörjning i ett område där vattenbrist periodvis hotar och klimatförändringar förväntas ge betydande konsekvenser. Genom framtagning av en modell som beräknar vattenförbrukning för fyra kategorier har den totala årsförbrukningen på Storsudret sammanställts. Vattenförbrukningen kan användas som riktlinje vid dimensionering av grundvattendammar som planeras i området för att stärka lagringen av grundvatten. Modellen är skapad i programmet Excel och kategorierna består av hushåll, djurhållning, bevattning och service. Modellen innehåller ett antal parametrar som anges för de olika kategorierna samt vilka månader som antas tillhöra låg-, medel- och högsäsong. Vattenförbrukningen för respektive kategori räknas ut i kubikmeter per månad och år och redovisas i en sammanställning över året. Utöver vattenförbrukningen i dagsläget har två scenarier tagits fram och studerats där Scenario 1 är baserat på strålningsdrivningsscenariot RCP 8.5, framtaget av FN:s Klimatpanel för att bilda en uppfattning om framtidens klimat vid fortsatt höga utsläpp, samt Scenario 2 som är baserat på hur mycket åkermark som bevattnas.  Sammanställningen av vattenförbrukningen för Storsudret framgick till ett värde på 407 000 kubikmeter per år och visade på en kraftig variation över året där vattenförbrukningen var som högst under sommarmånaderna. För vattenförbrukningen i dagsläget antogs att tio procent av Storsudrets åkerareal bevattnas vilket gav det överlägset största bidraget till vattenförbrukningen. I Scenario 2.1 beräknades årsförbrukningen utan bevattning vilken resulterade i 187 000 kubikmeter. Scenario 2.2 innebar full bevattning och resulterade i en mycket stor total årsförbrukning på 2,4 miljoner kubikmeter vatten. Scenario 1 resulterade i en vattenförbrukning på 611 000 kubikmeter per år och 199 000 kubikmeter exklusive bevattning. Klimatförändringarnas förväntade effekter på vattenförbrukningen bör beaktas vid planering för en framtida hållbar vattenförsörjning. Vid dimensionering av grundvattendammar är det rimligt att bortse från bevattning förutsatt att bevattningen även fortsättningsvis sker genom bevattningsdammar och att kapacitet för detta finns. / The purpose of this work is to create a better knowledge of the water consumption at Storsudret, which is located on the island of Gotland, and how it varies over the year. This to be able to plan for a future sustainable water consumption in an area where water shortage periodically is threatening and climate changes are expected to have significant consequences. By creating a model which calculates the water consumption for four categories, the total annual consumption at Storsudret has been compiled. The total water consumption can be used as a guideline when dimensioning the groundwater dams that are planned in the area to reinforce the magazines of groundwater. The model is created in the program Excel and the categories consists of household, animal husbandry, irrigation and service. The model contains a number of parameters which is entered for the different categories and which months that belongs to off-season, mean season and peak season. The water consumption for each category is calculated in cubic meters per month and year and is presented in a compilation over the year. In addition to the water consumption at present, two scenarios have been developed and studied where Scenario 1 is based on the Representative Concentration Pathway RCP 8.5, developed by the Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change to form an opinion about the future climate if continuing a high rise of emission, and Scenario 2 is based on how much of the cropland is being irrigated.  The compilation of the water consumption at Storsudret resulted in a value of 407 000 cubic meters a year och showed a strong variation over the year, where the water consumption was at its highest during the summer months. When calculating the water consumption at present, an irrigation of ten percent of the cropland was assumed which represented the biggest addition to the water consumption. In Scenario 2.1 the total water consumption for a year was calculated without any irrigation and resulted in 187 000 cubic meters. In Scenario 2.2 the irrigation was at full-scale (when calculating the water consumption for a year) and resulted in a very large total annual consumption at 2,4 million cubic meters of water. Scenario 1 resulted in a water consumption of 611 00 cubic meters a year and 199 000 cubic meters excluding the irrigation. The climate change’s expected impacts on the water consumption should be taken into account when planning for a future sustainable water supply. It is reasonable to ignore the irrigation when dimensioning the groundwater dams hence most of the irrigation is done with the help of irrigation dams.

no / There is widespread agreement among agencies governing UK water management that more extensive domestic water metering combined with additional measures will deliver a more efficient domestic water usage. This paper argues that qualitative research is needed to select and hone additional measures. According to theory, cooperation to reduce water use is more likely if people: a) believe in the necessity to reduce use; b) feel costs are fairly shared; and c) believe their actions can affect the situation. The case study of Lydd, Kent, is presented. Lydd is the first location in which compulsory water metering has been imposed in the UK. Qualitative information was collected to inform the communication strategies being implemented by the water supply company. The investigation found that none of the three factors predicted by theory were completely present. The paper concludes by providing some recommendations for improving the water company's communications strategy for encouraging a reduction in domestic water use. The key role of qualitative information in assisting in the targeting and design of water demand management programmes is highlighted.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focuses on the water demand of selected residential properties with access to groundwater in serviced areas of the Cape Peninsula. This winter rainfall region is typified by hot and dry summer months, corresponding to peak garden water demand. Water restrictions in the area are relatively common and primarily target outdoor use. Groundwater serves as an alternative source of water to some consumers in the area, but little is known about the extent of such use and the impact thereof on potable water demand. A major part of the area is underlain by a primary, unconfined aquifer that has been reported to have high exploitation potential. Its unconsolidated sand and shallow water table provides ideal conditions for small scale groundwater abstraction. Several owners of properties situated above the aquifer unit have capitalised on this and utilise groundwater as an alternative to potable water, mostly for garden irrigation purposes. The main objective of this research was to investigate the average extent of the expected reduction in average annual municipal water demand due to private groundwater use at the selected properties in the study area. The methodology involved abstracting data from the City of Cape Town’s registration process for the private use of non-potable water. The data was recorded between 2000 and 2006 and was available only in hard copy format. The registration data was used to identify residential properties with access to private groundwater sources, based on the physical addresses recorded on the registration forms. The rate of groundwater abstraction was not recorded during the registration process, nor was any of the properties spatially referenced. The data set contained information for 4 487 properties, of which 3 764 could ultimately be used in the analysis. Data from a recent hydro-census in Hermanus (which was done by others prior to this study) was used to test the intended research method first. This trial investigation involved only 114 properties and was used to streamline the proposed methodology for application on the full-scale analysis of the City of Cape Town data. Each address was captured electronically, verified manually and filtered to extract only those representing residential properties for which groundwater use was registered. In order to identify the properties spatially, the addresses had to be converted to coordinates through a procedure called geocoding, so as to plot each spatially and obtain the attributes such as stand size, position and the unique Surveyor General’s code. This was necessary in order to link the addresses to the municipal treasury system and obtain their latest available water consumption records using a commercial software package that incorporates consumer information. Next the actual annual water consumption figures were compared with recently published water demand guidelines based on stand size as single explanatory variable. The selected residential stands were divided into pre-defined stand size categories. The average water consumption of all the stands in each size category was calculated and compared with the suggested water demand as per the guidelines used, based on the centre value of the size range of each category. The results of the comparative analysis confirm findings from two earlier studies where lower municipal water use was reported for residential properties with access to groundwater in a summer rainfall region. The results further showed that the mean average annual potable water demand of consumers in the study area with access to groundwater was on average 31.4% lower than those considered without such access in the same region. This represents an average reduction of 333 l/stand/day (about 10 kl/stand/month) in the potable water demand of the selected residential stands. This study therefore confirms that serviced residential stands with access to private groundwater sources in the Cape Peninsula have lower average metered water consumption from the municipal supply system. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie fokus op die water anvraag van geselekteerde residensiële erwe met toegang tot grondwater in gedienste woongebiede van die Kaapse Skiereiland. Die gebied is ‘n winterreënvalstreek, met warm, droë somermaande wat saamval met piek water aanvraag vir tuinbou. Waterbeperkings in die area is relatief algemeen, veral op die buitegebruik van water. Grondwater dien as alternatiewe bron vir sommige verbruikers, maar kennis oor die omvang van sulke gebruik, sowel as die impak wat dit het op die aanvraag na drinkbare water is beperk. Die grootste deel van die gebied ter sprake is geleë bo ‘n onbegrensde hoof waterdraer, met berigte hoë ontginningspotensiaal. Die ongekonsolideerde sand en hoë watertafel is ideal vir kleinskaalse grondwateronttrekking. Heelwat van die eienaars van grond wat bo hierdie akwafeer geleë is het die situasie uitgebuit en gebruik grondwater as alternatief vir drinkwater, veral vir tuinbesproeiïng. Die hoofdoel van hierdie navorsing was om die gemiddelde omvang van die verwagte vermindering in gemiddelde jaarlikse munisipale wateraanvraag weens die privaat gebruik van grondwater by die geselekteerde erwe in die studiegebied te ondersoek. Die metodiek het die onttrekking van data uit die Stad Kaapstad se registrasieproses vir die privaat gebruik van nie-drinkbare water behels. Hierdie data, wat tussen 2000 en 2006 vasgelê is, was slegs in harde kopie formaat beskikbaar. Die registrasie data is gebruik om woonerwe te identifiseer met toegang tot privaat grondwater bronne, volgens die fisiese adres verskaf op die registrasie vorms. Die tempo van grondwater onttrekking was nie opgeneem gedurende die registrasie proses nie, so ook nie ruimtelike aanwysings na die ligging van die eiendomme nie. Die datastel het inligting bevat oor 4 487 eiendomme, waarvan 3 764 uiteindelik bruikbaar was in die analise. Data van ‘n onlangse hidro-sensus in Hermanus (wat deur ander gedoen is voor die aanvang van hierdie studie) is gebruik om die beoogde navorsingsmetodiek eers te toets. Die toetsondersoek het slegs 114 eiendomme behels, en is gebruik om die voorgestelde metodologie meer vaartbelyn te maak voor toepassing op die volskaalse analise van die Stad Kaapstad data. Elke adres is elektronies vasgevang, met die hand geverifiëer, en dan gefilter om slegs die residensiele eiendomme waarvoor grondwater gebruik geregistreer is, te behou. Om die ruimtelike verwysing van die eiendomme verder te kon indentifiseer, moes die adresse omskep word in koördinate om sodoende die erwe te kon posisioneer en die erfgrootte, posisie en die unieke Landmeter Generaal kode van elke erf te verkry. Dit was nodig sodat die adresse aan die munisipale stelsel gekoppel kon word om sodoende die jongste beskikbare waterverbruik rekords te verkry deur gebruik te maak van ‘n kommersiële sagteware pakket wat verbruikers-inligting inkorporeer. Hierna is die werklike jaarlikse waterverbruik syfers vergelyk met onlangs gepubliseerde wateraanvraag riglyne, gebaseer op erfgrootte as enkel verklarende veranderlike. Die geselekteerde woonerwe is toe in voorafgekose kategorië verdeel volgens erfgrootte. Die gemiddelde waterverbruik van al die erwe binne elke grootte-kategorie is bereken en vergelyk met die voorgestelde wateraanvraag volgens die riglyne, gebaseer op die middelpuntwaarde van die grootte strekking van elke kategorie. Die resultate van die vergelykende analise staaf die bevindinge van twee vroeër studies wat laer munisipale watervebruik rapporteer vir residensiële eiendomme met toegang tot grondwater in ‘n somerreënvalgebied. Die resultate wys ook dat die gemiddelde jaarlikse drinkbare water aanvraag van verbruikers in die studiegebied wie toegang het tot grondwater, gemiddeld 31.4% laer is as dit van verbruikers wie beskou word sonder sulke toegang in dieselfde streek. Dit verteenwoordig ‘n gemiddelde vermindering van 333 l/erf/dag (rondom 10 kl/erf/maand) in die aanvraag na drinkbare water van die geselekteerde woonerwe. Hierdie studie bevestig dus dat gedienste residensiële erwe met toegang tot privaat grondwater bronne in die Kaapse Skiereiland laer gemiddelde gemeette waterverbruik vanuit die munisipale toevoerstelsel het.