Thesis (Ph. D. - Hydrology and Water Resources)--University of Arizona, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 263-274).

Abstract Purpose: The purpose with this thesis is to identify the problems that these two municipalities, Jönköping and Borås, are facing in regard to sustainable development in the water infrastructure area and highlight the different strategies that the municipalities has developed to find solutions to these problems. Two municipalities have been chosen for this analyse, the municipalities of Borås and Jönköping, for the reason that they both have similar population but two different solutions in how the municipality water management is run. The questions that the thesis are built on is: 1)    How do these two municipality work towards a sustainable development in water management? 2)    What are these strategies based on? 3)    How does the checklist for sustainable development been developed and how does it differ between the two municipalities? Method: The method of finding the answers to these questions is six qualitative interviews with people from both organizations with knowledge of the subject. Literature studies of the theories behind sustainable development in water infrastructure and analysing documents provided by the municipalities in order to scientifically back up the findings from the interviews. Findings: After analysing the collected data one can see that sustainability is already a part of water management in general but there is some focus areas that the organizations are working on with different tools which is presented in a checklist. Implications: There are three conclusions that could be made from this thesis, they are about legal requirements, technical development and sustainability index.    Limitations: This thesis is of limited size and is therefore an overview of these organizations work towards sustainable development. The thesis does not bring up the political aspect and does not do a deeper analysis of the different aspects of water management.  Keywords: sustainable development, sustainable water management, water management

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-01-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:06:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 deluca_hbjf_dr_jabo.pdf: 1271148 bytes, checksum: 60d1c5bc98b36ac556c0af43141173bc (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Objetivou-se verificar se a época de semeadura, o grau de compactação do solo e o conteúdo de água no solo influenciam o comportamento de duas cultivares de soja (CAC-1, classificada como resistente e FT-Cristalina, como suscetível), em relação a severidade da podridão vermelha da raiz (PVR). Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos na FCAV/UNESP/Jaboticabal, envolvendo etapas de casa de vegetação e de campo. No campo, as cultivares FT-Cristalina e CAC-1 apresentaram níveis de doença variáveis conforme a época de semeadura, sendo que no outono/inverno 2009, na cultivar CAC-1 foi observado maior número de plantas com sintomas da PVR na parte aérea. Na primavera/verão 2009/10, a cultivar FT-Cristalina apresentou maior número de plantas com sintomas. Graus mais elevados de compactação e de umidade do solo (-0,001 MPa) favoreceram a ocorrência da PVR, e reduziram o desenvolvimento e produtividade da soja. Houve maior desenvolvimento radicular na camada superficial (0,0-0,10 m) onde a compactação foi menor comparada a camada de 0,10-0,20 m. Tanto na cultivar resistente quanto na suscetível à PVR, observaram-se maiores áreas, comprimentos, densidades e massas seca de raízes nas plantas inoculadas. Em casa de vegetação, na primavera/verão de 2009/10, o maior grau de compactação (resistência a penetração = 0,602 MPa) foi o qual proporcionou menor desenvolvimento radicular. No outono/inverno de 2010, a PVR foi influenciada pela irrigação, sendo que nas menores tensões de água observaram-se maiores severidades dos sintomas na parte aérea em ambas cultivares. Os tratamentos infestados, nesta época, tiveram a altura de plantas reduzida em relação aos não infestados. A infestação do solo com F. tucumaniae promoveu redução significativa do desenvolvimento do sistema radicular / The objective of this experiment was to assess the influence of sowing time, soil compaction level, and soil water content on the severity level of sudden death syndrome (SDS) in two soybean cultivars – one (CAC-1), classified as resistant and another (FT-Cristalina) as susceptible. Experiments were carried out in Jaboticabal, a campus of the Paulista State University, in Jaboticabal, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The experiments were conducted both in the field and under green house conditions. In the field both cultivars showed variable levels of SDS, depending on sowing time. When sowing was made during the 2009 Fall/Winter period, CAC-1 cultivar showed the highest number of plants with the sudden death syndrome. When sowing took place during the 2009/10 Spring/Summer period, FT-Cristalina was the cultivar with the highest number of plants exhibiting the symptoms. High soil compaction and moisture (-0.001 MPa) degrees favored the occurrence of SDS and this resulted in plant growth and yield reductions. Plant root system, due to soil compaction, was more developed at the depth of 0.0 – 0.10 m than at 0.10 – 0.20. Plants of both cultivars showed root larger areas, lengths, densities, and dry matter when they had been previously inoculated. Under green house conditions, during the 2009/10 Spring/Summer period, the highest degree of soil compaction (penetration resistance of 0.602 MPa) was the factor causing the lowest root development. During the 2010 Fall/Winter period, SDS was influenced by irrigation – the lower soil water´s tensions (high irrigation level), the more severe the symptoms in both cultivars. Infected plants were shorter than the non infected ones. Soil infection with F. tucumaniae caused significant reductions in root system development

abstract: Understanding the resilience of water management systems is critical for the continued existence and growth of communities today, in urban and rural contexts alike. In recent years, many studies have evaluated long-term human-environmental interactions related to water management across the world, highlighting both resilient systems and those that eventually succumb to their vulnerabilities. To understand the multitude of factors impacting resilience, scholars often use the concept of adaptive capacity. Adaptive capacity is the ability of actors in a system to make adaptations in anticipation of and in response to change to minimize potential negative impacts. In this three-paper dissertation, I evaluate the adaptive capacity of the water management systems of two medieval Khmer cities, located in present-day Cambodia, over the course of centuries. Angkor was the capital of the Khmer Empire for over 600 years (9 th -15 th centuries CE), except for one brief period when the capital was relocated to Koh Ker (921 – 944 CE). These cities both have massive water management systems that provide a comparative context for studying resilience; while Angkor thrived for hundreds of years, Koh Ker was occupied as the capital of the empire for a relatively short period. In the first paper, I trace the chronological and spatial development of two types of settlement patterns (epicenters and lower-density temple-reservoir settlement units) at Angkor in relation to state-sponsored hydraulic infrastructure. In the second and third papers, I conduct a diachronic analysis using empirical data for the adaptive capacity of the water management systems at both cities. The results suggest that adaptive capacity is useful for identifying causal factors in the resilience and failures of systems over the long term. The case studies also demonstrate the importance and warn of the danger of large centralized water management features. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2018

A modelagem de serviços ecossistêmicos hidrológicos é uma ferramenta auxiliar na tomada de decisões para investimento financeiro em práticas de uso da terra e em projetos para a restauração florestal. Em virtude da necessidade de melhoria no provimento desses serviços ao menor custo de investimento para o Sistema Cantareira, este trabalho teve o objetivo de simular cenários para avaliação de atividades de transição do uso e cobertura da terra e identificação de áreas prioritáriass, considerando critérios ambientais, sociais e políticos. A região do estudo compreende um complexo hidráulico de transposição de bacias dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (PCJ) para a bacia do Alto Tietê, que possui a finalidade de abastecimento de água para a região metropolitana de São Paulo. Foram utilizados os modelos InVEST e RIOS, ferramentas compostas por métodos consagrados da literatura científica, como a equação universal da perda de solo e o balanço hídrico de massa em bacias. São modelos baseados na valoração do capital natural, utilizados para a avaliação da exportação de sedimentos e produção de escoamento base, de acordo com o valor de investimento e o custo de atividades, respectivamente. As atividades definidas para transição compreenderam a alteração das áreas agrícolas de pastagem para sistema agroflorestal (silvipastoril), a restauração florestal assistida e a regeneração natural. A diferença entre os cenários foi a adoção das atividades propostas e o montante de recursos a ser aplicado por sub-bacia. Os melhores cenários para redução na exportação de sedimentos foram avaliados em relação à transição na área total de drenagem e para a produção hídrica sazonal. O modelo RIOS demonstrou maior sensibilidade aos custos das atividades de transição e à efetividade no controle da erosão, sendo que, os critérios aplicados para áreas preferenciais demonstraram um bom resultado na priorização das áreas. No modelo InVEST foi possível identificar as sub-bacias que apresentaram maior exportação de sedimentos e os cenários com melhor resultado para a diminuição, identificados como plantio e regeneração. A regeneração demonstrou ser a atividade com melhor benefício, com redução de 33,20% e aumento de 24,10% no escoamento base, quando considerada a área preferencial de transição em APP, declividade até 25% e vertentes de face sul, para a distribuição de áreas pelo modelo. / The modeling of hydrological ecosystem services is an auxiliary tool in decision making for financial investment in land use practices and in forest restoration projects. Due to the need for improvement in the provision of these services at the lowest investment cost for the Cantareira System, this work aimed to simulate scenarios for the evaluation of land use and land cover transition activities and identification of priority areas, with environmental, social and political criteria. The study area comprises a hydraulic complex for the transposition of the Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí (PCJ) river basins into the Alto Tietê basin, which has the purpose of supplying water to the metropolitan region of São Paulo. The InVEST and RIOS models, composed by scientific tools approaches as university soil loss equation and water mass balance in watersheds. They are based on the valuation of natural capital, used for the evaluation of sediment exports and production of base flow, according the investment value and cost of activities, respectively. The activities defined for transition included the change from pasture to agroforestry (agroforestry pasture), assisted forest restoration and natural regeneration. The difference between the scenarios was the adoption of the proposed activities and the amount of resources to be applied in each watershed. The best scenarios for the reduction of sediment exports were evaluated in relation to the transition in the total drainage area and for seasonal water production. The RIOS model showed greater sensitivity to the costs of transition activities and erosion control effectiveness, and the criteria applied to preferential areas showed a good result in the prioritization of the areas. In the InVEST model, it was possible to identify the watersheds that had the highest export of sediments and the scenarios with the best result for the decrease, identified as planting and regeneration. Regeneration was the most favored activity, with a reduction of 33.20% and 24.10% of increase in the base flow, when considering the transition in APP, the slope by 25% and south face slopes as choose criteria to model distribution areas.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-19T19:46:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissetação Alexandre Santana.pdf: 3369743 bytes, checksum: 69c4aac1c1356851c2da5617e008d87f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T19:46:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissetação Alexandre Santana.pdf: 3369743 bytes, checksum: 69c4aac1c1356851c2da5617e008d87f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-30 / No cenário brasileiro, a Região Nordeste é aquela que tem a maior população rural, proporcionalmente à população total: 26,87% do total da população estão nas áreas rurais dos municípios. A região possui características naturais singulares no Brasil, tendo em boa parte de seu território a ocorrência do clima Semiárido. Estudos indicam que o fenômeno das secas remonta há milhares de anos, antes mesmo da ocupação humana no Nordeste brasileiro, porém a curta estação chuvosa presente hoje pode desaparecer, dificultando a prática da agricultura na região sem o uso de irrigação, sendo necessário que a região adote um novo perfil produtivo, inovando nas práticas de convivência com a seca. É imprescindível criar alternativas que contribuam para o desenvolvimento sustentável, principalmente para um gerenciamento mais adequado das águas nesta região. Com a finalidade de dialogar com essa realidade, foi desenvolvida a cisterna calçadão de 52 mil litros. Este trabalho objetivou-se em avaliar esta tecnologia como capaz ou não de contribuir com a produção de alimentos por agricultores familiares residentes no Semiárido pernambucano. O universo do estudo foi constituído por 4 agricultores beneficiados por Cisternas Calçadão e que já utilizam a tecnologia há mais de um ano, residentes nos municípios de Cumaru e São Caetano /PE. O trabalho de campo foi dividido em duas etapas, Etapa Qualitativa ou de Gestão (que consiste em avaliar a eficácia da cisterna calçadão como tecnologia ambiental utilizada na produção de alimentos no Semiárido pernambucano), iniciado a partir da aplicação de um questionário por agricultor, para posterior construção do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC) e Etapa Quantitativa ou da Qualidade da Água (que consiste em avaliar a qualidade físico-química da água e sua quantidade utilizada para produção de alimentos). Foram realizadas 3 campanhas de análise físico-química das águas contidas nas cisternas, mensuração do nível diário de água na cisterna, e registro do índice pluviométrico local. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que a demanda por água, para fins produtivos, em 50% das famílias, ultrapassa a capacidade de acúmulo da cisterna calçadão que é de 52 mil litros. Para manutenção da produção de alimentos e/ou dessedentação dos animais é necessário cerca de 3.064 litros/mês, contudo, apenas 50% da água da cisterna é usada para fins produtivos. No que diz respeito ao coeficiente de escoamento superficial (C) da área de captação, identificou-se que eventos pluviométricos ocorridos em dias consecutivos são os maiores fatores de influência para esse índice, ao passo que o valor médio de C = 0,50, indica que o calçadão tem uma eficiência de apenas 50% em captar a chuva. Em relação à qualidade da água, conclui-se que todas se encontram fora dos padrões de potabilidade apresentando teores elevados tanto de coliformes totais quanto de E.coli. Por fim, conclui-se que os agricultores revelaram ter conhecimento sobre o manejo da água da cisterna calçadão, contudo necessitam de uma melhor compreensão da técnica para serem capazes de promover uma gestão mais próxima à situação de conservação da água. / In Brazilian scene, Northeast Region is the one that has the majority rural residents, in proportion to the total population: 26,87% of the total population live in the municipalities’ rural areas. The region possess unique natural characteristics in Brazil, where semi-arid climate covers most parts of its territory. Although studies have indicate that the phenomenon of drought traces back thousands of years, even before man settlements in Brazilian Northeast, the current short rainy season may disappear, therefore making it impossible to cultivate agriculture over the region without the use of irrigation, or either access to water may be very difficult. It will be required an adoption of a new productive profile, innovating the practice of living with drought, empowering small productive areas, diversifying their crop production. It is extremely necessary to create alternatives that contribute to sustainable development, principally for a more satisfactory water management in this region. A 52 thousand liter calçadão cistern was designed with the purpose to deal with actual conditions. This research aims to evaluate whether this technology is capable or not to contribute to production of food by local family farmers in semi-arid in Pernambuco State. The total study population is consisted of 4 farmers, who have been benefited by calçadão cisterns and already have used the technology for more than a year, and are residents in the municipalities of Cumaru and are Caetano / PE. The fieldwork was divided into two phases, qualitative or management phase (analyzing the efficacy of calçadão cistern as an environmental technology used in food production in semi-arid of Pernambuco), which started from the application of a questionnaire per farmer for posterior elaboration of (collective subject speech) CSS, as well as quantitative phase or water quality phase, (analyzing physical-chemical water quality and quantity used for food production). It was carried out 3 physical-chemical analysis surveys of water reserved in the cisterns, measurements of the daily level of water in cistern and records of local rainfall indexes. The results showed that the demand for water for productive purposes, for water in 50% of the families, exceeds the accumulation capacity of the calçadão cistern, which is 52,000 liters. To maintain food production and or animals watering is necessary 3.064, liters/month, but only 50% of water in cistern is used for productive purposes. Regarding to the runoff coefficient (C) of the capture area, it was identified that precipitation events occurred on consecutive days are major influence factors to this rate, whereas the average value of C equals to 0.50, meaning that the calçadão has an efficiency of just 50% in capturing rain. With respect to water quality, it is concluded that they all fall outside consumption standards, obtaining high levels of both total coliforms as E.coli. Finally, it is clear that even though farmers were found to have knowledge of the used technology, they need a better understanding of the technique in order to be able to promote a closer management to conserve water situation.

In this study, I examine the history of colonial control, domination, and change that began in the Interior Plateau region of British Columbia in 1811 when interaction between the Syilx (Okanagan) and European explorers first occurred. I focus on water use practices in particular, employing an indigenous Syilx approach (En’owkinwixw) in order to display the negative impacts of colonial policies on the Syilx and their environment. The En’owkinwixw methodology, which calls for the incorporation of multiple perspectives, is thousands of years old, but has been modified here from its original consensus-based decision-making process. The manner in which the U.S. government developed resource and water management policies in America’s arid Far West directly influenced the models that were later adopted by British Columbia and Canada. U.S. Supreme Court decisions along with a number of international treaties and trade agreements between the United States and Canada have also compromised the ability of the Syilx to maintain a sustainable and harmonious relationship with their environment. Depression era policies in the United States led to the implementation of large-scale projects such as the damming of the Columbia River that had further negative consequences on the environment of the Interior Plateau. The Columbia River had been the destination for the world’s most prolific salmon migrations but their numbers dropped abruptly after the dams were built. In 1954, on the British Columbia side of the border, a flood-control project was completed that channelized a section of the Okanagan River that meandered between Okanagan and Skaha Lakes. Oral testimonials from Penticton elders are presented to demonstrate the severity of biological loss and give eyewitness accounts of the negative social, economic, cultural and political impacts caused by this radical alteration to the river. Evidence from four traditional knowledge keepers who continue to live near the confluence of Shingle and Shatford Creeks on the Penticton Reserve, indicates that water loss and ecological degradation in this area were caused by upstream water users outside of reserve boundaries. The study concludes with a proposal for the development of a collaborative and restorative ecological model based on application of the En’owkinwixw epistemology. / Graduate Studies, College of (Okanagan) / Graduate

Water resources managers are required to develop comprehensive water resource plans based on severely uncertain information of the effects of climate change on local hydrology and future socio-economic changes to localised demand. In England and Wales, current water resource planning methodologies include a headroom estimation process separate from water resources simulation modelling. This process quantifies uncertainty based on only one point of an assumed range of deviations from the expected climate and projected demand 25 years into the future. The research presented herein addresses this problem by developing an integrated the Water Resources Planning Robustness Assessment (WRP-RA) method based on Information-Gap Decision Theory (IGDT) to quantitatively assess the robustness of various supply side and demand side management options over a broad range of plausible futures. Findings show that beyond the uncertainty range explored with the headroom method, a preference reversal can occur, i.e. some management strategies that underperform at lower uncertainties, outperform at higher levels of uncertainty. Also, some management strategies that perform relatively well within the headroom range of uncertainty, fail just beyond this range. Additionally, this thesis demonstrates that when 50% or more of the population adopts demand side management in the form of efficiency related measures and/or innovative options such as rainwater collection and/or greywater reuse, the robustness of a management strategy can be greatly improved as can its ability to recover after a drought episode. The use of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis shifts the focus away from reservoir expansion options and large-scale river abstractions that perform best in regards to water availability, to strategies that include innovative demand side management actions of rainwater collection and greywater reuse as well efficiency measures along with more traditional supply-side schemes. Therefore, this thesis illustrates how the WRP-RA can offer a comprehensive picture of the relative robustness of management strategies to more extreme supply/demand futures. The knowledge of which options and collections of options perform better in response to higher demands and lower supplies offers insight into more secure long term investment strategies.

Water shortage is the most important factor constraining agricultural production all over the world. New irrigation strategies must be established to use the limited water resources more efficiently. This study was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications under the greenhouse condition at Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. In this study, the physiological responses of pepper plant affected by irrigation water were investigated. Irrigation treatments included control (full irrigation level, FI) and three deficit irrigation levels, 80, 60 and 40% of the plant’s water requirement called DI80, DI60, and DI40, respectively. A no plant cover treatment with three replications was also used to measure evaporation from the soil surface. Daily measurements of volumetric soil moisture (VSM) were made at each 10 cm intervals of the soil column, considered as a layer. The differences between the measured VSM and the VSM in the next day and evaporation rate at the soil surface at the same layer of the no plant cover treatment were calculated. Eventually, by considering the applied and collected water in each treatment, evapotranspiration (ETC) and root water uptake (RWU) in each layer per day were estimated. Furthermore, fruit number per plant, fresh fruit weight/day, root fresh/dry weight, shoot fresh/dry weight, root zone volume, root length and density, crop yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) were measured under different water treatments. The results showed that the maximum and minimum of all the studied parameters were found in the FI and DI40 treatments, respectively. ETC in the DI80, DI60, and DI40 treatments were reduced by 14.2, 37.4, and 52.2%, respectively. Furthermore, applying 80, 60, and 40% of the plant’s water requirement led to crop yield reduction by 29.4, 52.7, and 69.5%, respectively. The averages of root water uptakes (ARWUs) in the DI80, DI60, and DI40 treatments reduced by 17.08, 48.72, and 68.25%, respectively. WUE and crop yield also showed no significant difference in the FI and DI80 treatments. Moreover, in the DI80 treatment the reduced rate of water uptake was less than the reduced rate of plant's applied water. According to these results, it can be concluded that 20% deficit irrigation had no significant reduction on the yield of pepper, but above this threshold, there was an adverse effect on the growth and yield. Therefore, for water management in the regions with limited water resources, plant's applied water can be decreased around 20%.

This thesis explores the role of fresh water in Bronze Age Crete. It presents a catalogue of Minoan water management systems, and investigates the ways in which these systems were incorporated into broader social, political, economic, religious and cultural processes and practices. While the primary focus of this thesis revolves around the data collected on water management systems, it also explores the place of fresh water in Minoan art, iconography, and ritual action. While water is a fundamental resource, and the provision of fresh water on Crete is affected by special geological, geographic, and climatological issues, this has been a largely neglected area in the literature on Minoan archaeology. The thesis seeks to redress this neglect, and argues that the evidence reveals a culture that was deeply concerned with fresh water, developing technologically sophisticated solutions, and devoting considerable economic resources, and political and religious attention to it. One of the key claims of this thesis is that fresh water was a meaningful and valued commodity in Bronze Age Crete, and certain sources of water were particularly revered. This status was exploited by elite groups, who invested in often monumental and highly visible systems for collecting and storing fresh water, in order to assert and reaffirm their special status. Fresh water was also incorporated into ritual practice, and – through its innate capacity to act as a conduit for complex meanings and metaphors – participated in the construction of Minoan religious and cultural beliefs. This thesis also draws out the ways in which water’s religious meaningfulness was incorporated into elite strategies of social control and the construction of an ideology of difference.