Neste trabalho que trata da redução do consumo de água na fase do tingimento das roupas fabricadas com malha de algodão, foi desenvolvido um método utilizando pigmento natural Urucum Especial com o objetivo de diminuir o consumo de água e avaliar os resultados, comparando-os com aqueles que são conseguidos atualmente pelos métodos de tingimento com pigmento natural Urucum pelo método tradicional e o método de tingimento com corante sintético Direto. Para assegurar que o processo proposto pudesse ser aplicado em escala industrial, o trabalho foi desenvolvido em equipamentos pilotos da empresa Donacor, do Senai Têxtil Francisco Matarazzo e da Universidade de São Paulo. Cada tingimento foi feito em triplicata, avaliando-se o consumo de água, a solidez à água, ao suor e à luz. Demonstrou-se que o processo Urucum Especial pode ser utilizado industrialmente como um método alternativo cujo consumo de água é menor que o método tradicional utilizado para tingir com o pigmento urucum. A redução no consumo de água foi de 38 litros por quilogramas de roupa tingida em relação ao processo utilizado com corante Direto e 68 litros com o processo utilizado para tingir com pigmento urucum. Os ensaios de solidez à água e ao suor nos três processos testados não apresentaram valores significativos, enquanto que os ensaios de solidez à luz do processo Urucum Especial pelo método proposto obtiveram notas máximas. A intensidade coloristica do processo Urucum Especial ficou 3,65 unidades maior do que o processo Urucum Esgotamento, apresentando melhor rendimento tintorial e demonstrando que o processo Especial pode ser executado como alternativa ao processo convencional com otimização no rendimento do pigmento natural / In this work which deals with the reduction of water consumption in the dyeing phase of the clothes made of cotton fabric, a method was developed using natural pigment Urucum Special with an aim to reduce water consumption and evaluate the results, comparing them with those that are currently obtained by the dyeing methods with natural pigment Urucum by the traditional method and the dyeing method with Direct synthetic dye. To ensure that the proposed process could be applied on an industrial scale, the work was carried out in pilot equipments at Donacor company, at Senai Textile Francisco Matarazzo and at the University of São Paulo. Each dyeing was done in triplicate evaluating the consumption of water, water fastness, light and sweat. It has been shown that the special process can be used industrially as an alternative method the water consumption is lower than the traditional method used for dyeing with pigment. The reduction in water consumption was 38 liters per kilogram clothing dyed in relation to the process used in direct dye and 68 liters process used for dyeing with pigment. Strength tests and sweat water in the three cases tested showed no significant amounts, while the light fastness test of the special process obtained by the proposed method top marks. The coloristic intensity of Special process was 3.65 units higher than the Urucum conventional process, with better dyeing yield and demonstrating that the Special process can be performed as an alternative to the conventional process by optimizing the yield of natural pigment

Neste trabalho que trata da redução do consumo de água na fase do tingimento das roupas fabricadas com malha de algodão, foi desenvolvido um método utilizando pigmento natural Urucum Especial com o objetivo de diminuir o consumo de água e avaliar os resultados, comparando-os com aqueles que são conseguidos atualmente pelos métodos de tingimento com pigmento natural Urucum pelo método tradicional e o método de tingimento com corante sintético Direto. Para assegurar que o processo proposto pudesse ser aplicado em escala industrial, o trabalho foi desenvolvido em equipamentos pilotos da empresa Donacor, do Senai Têxtil Francisco Matarazzo e da Universidade de São Paulo. Cada tingimento foi feito em triplicata, avaliando-se o consumo de água, a solidez à água, ao suor e à luz. Demonstrou-se que o processo Urucum Especial pode ser utilizado industrialmente como um método alternativo cujo consumo de água é menor que o método tradicional utilizado para tingir com o pigmento urucum. A redução no consumo de água foi de 38 litros por quilogramas de roupa tingida em relação ao processo utilizado com corante Direto e 68 litros com o processo utilizado para tingir com pigmento urucum. Os ensaios de solidez à água e ao suor nos três processos testados não apresentaram valores significativos, enquanto que os ensaios de solidez à luz do processo Urucum Especial pelo método proposto obtiveram notas máximas. A intensidade coloristica do processo Urucum Especial ficou 3,65 unidades maior do que o processo Urucum Esgotamento, apresentando melhor rendimento tintorial e demonstrando que o processo Especial pode ser executado como alternativa ao processo convencional com otimização no rendimento do pigmento natural / In this work which deals with the reduction of water consumption in the dyeing phase of the clothes made of cotton fabric, a method was developed using natural pigment Urucum Special with an aim to reduce water consumption and evaluate the results, comparing them with those that are currently obtained by the dyeing methods with natural pigment Urucum by the traditional method and the dyeing method with Direct synthetic dye. To ensure that the proposed process could be applied on an industrial scale, the work was carried out in pilot equipments at Donacor company, at Senai Textile Francisco Matarazzo and at the University of São Paulo. Each dyeing was done in triplicate evaluating the consumption of water, water fastness, light and sweat. It has been shown that the special process can be used industrially as an alternative method the water consumption is lower than the traditional method used for dyeing with pigment. The reduction in water consumption was 38 liters per kilogram clothing dyed in relation to the process used in direct dye and 68 liters process used for dyeing with pigment. Strength tests and sweat water in the three cases tested showed no significant amounts, while the light fastness test of the special process obtained by the proposed method top marks. The coloristic intensity of Special process was 3.65 units higher than the Urucum conventional process, with better dyeing yield and demonstrating that the Special process can be performed as an alternative to the conventional process by optimizing the yield of natural pigment

The terminal ligand in [(Ph₂phen)₂Ru(dpp)RhCl₂(TL)](PF₆)₃ (Ph2phen = 4,7-diphenyl1,10-phenanthroline; dpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine; TL = terminal ligand – a 4,4′-disubstituted-2,2′-bipyridine where the substituent was carbomethoxy (dcmbpy), hydrogen (bpy) or methyl (Me₂bpy)). The electron-withdrawing ability of the substituent was shown to increase the rate of chloride loss upon electrochemical reduction, facilitating catalytic water reduction. The electronic properties of the terminal ligand also impact the photophysical properties of the molecule. The excited state lifetime of the complex with a dcmbpy terminal ligand was 93 ns while the excited state lifetimes of the complexes with a bpy or Me₂bpy terminal ligand were 44 ns and 47 ns, respectively. Ligand substitution was shown to influence the photocatalytic water reduction activity of these complexes with the dcmbpy complex producing approximately twice the amount of hydrogen (62 ± 7 turnovers in 20 h) as the other two complexes. / Master of Science

This thesis reports on the research undertaken to reduce the water usage within manufacturing through modelling and improving the water efficiencies at both process and production system levels. The primary objectives of this research are: to develop a framework which classifies the various water usages within a manufacturing facility, to define a number of efficiency ratios to highlight the water inefficient activities, and to develop a decision support tool to aid with the selection of the most effective solutions for reduction of water usage within manufacturing applications. The research undertaken in the past three years is divided into four main parts. The first part reviews the relevant literature on water availability and distribution, the role of water in manufacturing, and relevant legislations and policies governing the water usage in manufacturing industries. The review also includes assessment of current water flow modelling and wastewater management tools and technologies. The second part introduces a Manufacturing Water Usage framework which classifies the water usage within a manufacturing facility as production-related and non-production-related water. The Production Water, which is the main focus of this research, is further classified as Process and System Water required to produce a product. Process Water is defined as the water used directly by the production processes, whereas System Water is defined as the water used to support the operation of a process and/or to maintain the production equipment. The framework also incorporates the definition of a number of Water Efficiency Ratios to determine the water critical processes. The third part of the thesis describes the implementation of this framework within a water simulation model as the main engine for a water reduction decision support tool. The final part of the thesis demonstrates the utilisation of this tool to support the decisions aimed at reducing water within a real food production line. In summary, the research has concluded that the consideration of water reduction scenarios within the manufacturing industry requires a detailed understanding of where and how water is used at production process level, and utilisation of this knowledge to develop a series of proactive approaches based on product/process redesign and radical operational planning improvements.

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The access of water globally is becoming more strained, why the focus on industrial water use is increasing. The present study examined how industries should approach water efficiency projects, what organizational constraints that should be addressed, and what effects water saving measures have on economic costs, environmental impact and influence from water related risks. The study has been conducted at Saab Group. Primary data for water supply amount and cost has been obtained from twelve sites for the year of 2018. Data from these sites has been used to estimate the water use for the other 43 sites included in this study. Interviews with employees across Saab´s organization and with external stakeholders have functioned as important sources of information, combined with investigations of internal company documents. To facilitate for companies to structurally address water efficiency projects, the concept of the Deming Cycle is developed in this study. The steps included are necessary to address major identified organizational constraints which are lack of communication, lack of incentives for employees, and lack of economic incentives. Furthermore, with water often having energy embedded into it, a new Water Management Hierarchy is developed to include the interrelated aspects of energy supply and energy recovery. The potential for pipe leakages and the challenge to detect these are also identified. If the time from leak occurrence to repair in 2018 was eliminated, the total water supply in Arboga could have been reduced with 10100 m3 which corresponds to 35% of total supply to the site, respectively 35900 m3 and 42% in Björkborn. In Tannefors, water saving measures are identified for a surface treatment process, a facility with testing equipment, and by utilization of groundwater. Not all water saving measures result in reduced annual operating costs, due to an increased energy demand. Furthermore, if neglecting the possibility of energy recovery when aiming for water use reduction, the results show that replacing a once-through cooling system using potable municipal water as a medium with a dry-cooling unit, can increase greenhouse gas emissions. In 2018, the simultaneously implementable water saving measures in Tannefors would have reduced the water supply with 40600 m3, which corresponds to 22% of the total supply to the site. The greenhouse gas emissions would simultaneously have been reduced with 0.4 tonnes CO2eq. If also addressing energy supply reduction and energy recovery, some measures achieves a reduction of over 35 tonnes CO2eq, which results in enhanced economic viability from reduced operating costs. This study suggest that organizational constraints have to be addressed to successfully implement identified water saving measures. To allow economic motivation for all water saving measures in Tannefors, a payback period of over 7 years has to be applied, which can be lowered if the measure also reduces energy demand or increases energy recovery. In order to avoid sub-optimization of water saving measures, the current Water Management Hierarchy has to include the aspects of energy supply and energy recovery. If the aim is to reduce a corporation’s water use, the largest sites with heavy industrial processes should be addressed first. However, the potential impact from water related risks at smaller sites should not be neglected, in order to ensure safe operations and avoid increased costs in the company´s supply chain. / Tillgången av vatten blir alltmer ansträngd globalt, varför fokus på industriell vattenanvändning ökar. Den här studien undersökte hur industrier bör förhålla sig till vatteneffektivitetsprojekt, vilka organisatoriska begränsningar som bör hanteras, och vilka effekter vattenbesparande åtgärder har på ekonomiska kostnader, miljöpåverkan och påverkan från vattenrelaterade risker. Studien har genomförts på Saab Group. Primärdata för vattentillförselmängd och kostnad har erhållits från tolv platser för år 2018. Data från dessa siter har används för att uppskatta vattenanvändningen för de övriga 43 siterna som ingår i denna studie. Intervjuer med anställda inom Saabs organisation och med externa intressenter har fungerat som viktiga informationskällor, i kombination med undersökningar av interna företagsdokument. För att underlätta för företag att strukturellt ta itu med vatteneffektivitetsprojekt, så utvecklas Demingcykel-konceptet i den här studien. De inkluderade stegen är nödvändiga för att hantera viktiga identifierade organisatoriska begränsningar som är brits på kommunikation, brist på incitament för anställda och brist på ekonomiska incitament. Vidare, då vatten ofta är en energibärare, utvecklas en ny vattenminskningshierarki för att inkludera de sammanhängande aspekterna av energitillförsel och energiåtervinning. Potentialen för rörläckage och utmaningen att upptäcka dessa identifieras också. Om tiden från läckage till reparation under 2018 eliminerades, kunde den totala vattentillförseln i Arboga ha minskat med 10100 m3 vilket motsvarar 35% av total vattentillförsel till siten, respektive 35900 m3 och 42% i Björkborn. I Tannefors identifieras vattenbesparingsåtgärder för en ytbehandlingsprocess, en anläggning med testutrustning, och genom utnyttjande av grundvatten. Alla vattenbesparande åtgärder resulterar inte i minskade årliga driftkostnader, på grund av ett ökat energibehov. Vidare, om möjligheten för energiåtervinning förbises när reducering av vattenanvändning är målet, visar resultaten att ersättningen av ett kylsystem som använder kommunalt dricksvatten utan recirkulering med en luftkyld enhet, att utsläppen av växthusgaser kan öka. Under 2018, så skulle de simultant implementerbara vattenbesparande åtgärderna i Tannefors ha minskat vattentillförseln med 40600 m3, vilket motsvarar 22% av den totala tillförseln till siten. Utsläppen av växthusgaser hade samtidigt minskats med 0.4 ton CO2eq. Om även energitillförsel och energiåtervinning tas i beaktande, uppnår vissa åtgärder en minskning på över 35 ton CO2eq, vilket resulterar i förbättrad ekonomisk lönsamhet från minskade driftkostnader. Denna studie föreslår att organisatoriska begränsningar måste hanteras för att framgångsrikt genomföra identifierade vattenbesparande åtgärder. För att möjliggöra ekonomisk motivering för alla vattenbesparande åtgärder i Tannefors, måste en återbetalningstid på över sju år tillämpas, vilken kan sänkas om åtgärden också minskar energibehovet eller ökar energiåtervinningen. För att undvika suboptimering av vattenbesparande åtgärder, måste den nuvarande vattenhierarkin inkludera aspekterna av energitillförsel och energiåtervinning. Om målet är att minska ett företags vattenanvändning, bör de största anläggningarna med tunga industriprocesser först adresseras. Dock bör den potentiella påverkan från vattenrelaterade risker på mindre siter inte försummas, för att säkerställa säker drift och undvika ökade kostnader i företagets värdekedja.