Submitted by Lucienne Costa (lucienneferreira@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-16T21:10:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DÁTIA PAULA MARQUES MAIA LUCENA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2018.pdf: 1669662 bytes, checksum: e6aeed62df7d854d9943d6f2cf6efe3e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-16T21:10:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DÁTIA PAULA MARQUES MAIA LUCENA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2018.pdf: 1669662 bytes, checksum: e6aeed62df7d854d9943d6f2cf6efe3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / CNPq / Reservatórios localizados em regiões semiáridas apresentam alta variabilidade nas afluências hídricas, baixas vazões de regularização, comparadas a outros em climas mais úmidos, e são sujeitos a grandes perdas por evaporação, principalmente quando cheios, fazendo com que a gestão efetiva dos mesmos seja de extrema importância. Este trabalho mostra como modelos matemáticos podem ser utilizados como ferramenta de apoio a tomada de decisão na operação de reservatórios e como medidas de gestão podem afetar situações de racionamento e crise hídrica. O caso de estudo dessa pesquisa é o reservatório Epitácio Pessoa (Boqueirão), localizado em Campina Grande-PB, semiárido brasileiro. O açude Boqueirão recentemente enfrentou a maior crise hídrica desde sua construção, uma gestão não otimizada pode ser apontada como uma das causas do agravamento dessa crise hídrica. É proposta uma metodologia que consiste na definição de oito cenários, compostos por ações ou conjunto de ações que poderiam ter sido tomadas em relação à gestão hídrica do manancial. Dentre o conjunto de ações propostas, tem-se ações meramente gerenciais e outras que envolvem a utilização de técnicas de redução de perdas por evaporação. Tais cenários foram simulados no modelo matemático AcquaNet, para um período de 63 meses, para analisar qual ação teria sido a mais benéfica para a população, e como cada conjunto de ações poderiam ter impactado, quantitativamente, a questão do racionamento em Campina Grande e região. Para fazer a análise e comparação desses cenários, foram utilizados índices de sustentabilidade (confiabilidade, resiliência e vulnerabilidade), bem como os valores dos volumes finais do reservatório e atendimento médio à demanda em cada cenário. A partir destes, foram feitas as comparações entre os cenários para identificação das medidas que causaram maior impacto no sistema. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que as medidas que incluíram a adoção de técnicas de redução de evaporação na bacia hidráulica do reservatório poderiam ter evitado completamente a adoção do severo racionamento a que a população foi submetida por um longo período de tempo. Adicionalmente, fica demonstrado que modelos matemáticos de simulação podem ser muito úteis na tomada decisão quanto a gestão de reservatórios em épocas de escassez hídrica, principalmente em regiões de clima árido ou semiárido. / Reservoirs located in semi-arid regions present high hydrological variability, low regularization flows, compared to others in more humid climates, and are subject to large evaporation losses, mainly in their periods of high water levels, making their effective management extremely important. This article aims to show how mathematical models can be used as a tool to support decision-making process in the operation of reservoirs and how management measures can affect rationing and water crises. The case study of this research is the Epitacio Pessoa Reservoir (also called Boqueirão), located in the city of Campina Grande-PB, Brazilian semiarid region. The Boqueirão went through the biggest water crisis since its construction, a non-optimized management of these resources can be pointed as one of the causes of these water crisis aggravation. It is proposed a methodology that consists in the definition of eight scenarios, composed by actions or set of actions that could have been taken regarding to the water management of this reservoir during that period. Among the set of actions proposed, there are managing actions and others involving the use of techniques to reduce evaporation losses. The scenarios were simulated with the mathematical model AcquaNet, for a period of 63 months, in order to analyze which action would have been the most beneficial for the population, and how each set of actions could have, quantitatively, affected the water shortage issue in Campina Grande and region. Sustainability indexes (reliability, resilience and vulnerability), reservoir final volumes and average meeting of the water demand requirements, were used to analyze and compare the scenarios. From these results, comparisons were made among the scenarios to identify the measures that would have caused the greatest impact on the system. The results pointed out that measures which included the use of evaporation rates reduction techniques in the reservoir’s hydraulic basin could have completely avoided the adoption of severe rationing to which the population was submitted for a long time. In addition, it is demonstrated that mathematical simulation models can be useful in decision-making processes regarding the management of reservoirs in a water scarcity situation, especially in arid or semi-arid climate regions.

abstract: This doctoral thesis investigates the predictability characteristics of floods and flash floods by coupling high resolution precipitation products to a distributed hydrologic model. The research hypotheses are tested at multiple watersheds in the Colorado Front Range (CFR) undergoing warm-season precipitation. Rainfall error structures are expected to propagate into hydrologic simulations with added uncertainties by model parameters and initial conditions. Specifically, the following science questions are addressed: (1) What is the utility of Quantitative Precipitation Estimates (QPE) for high resolution hydrologic forecasts in mountain watersheds of the CFR?, (2) How does the rainfall-reflectivity relation determine the magnitude of errors when radar observations are used for flood forecasts?, and (3) What are the spatiotemporal limits of flood forecasting in mountain basins when radar nowcasts are used into a distributed hydrological model?. The methodology consists of QPE evaluations at the site (i.e., rain gauge location), basin-average and regional scales, and Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts (QPF) assessment through regional grid-to-grid verification techniques and ensemble basin-averaged time series. The corresponding hydrologic responses that include outlet discharges, distributed runoff maps, and streamflow time series at internal channel locations, are used in light of observed and/or reference data to diagnose the suitability of fusing precipitation forecasts into a distributed model operating at multiple catchments. Results reveal that radar and multisensor QPEs lead to an improved hydrologic performance compared to simulations driven with rain gauge data only. In addition, hydrologic performances attained by satellite products preserve the fundamental properties of basin responses, including a simple scaling relation between the relative spatial variability of runoff and its magnitude. Overall, the spatial variations contained in gridded QPEs add value for warm-season flood forecasting in mountain basins, with sparse data even if those products contain some biases. These results are encouraging and open new avenues for forecasting in regions with limited access and sparse observations. Regional comparisons of different reflectivity -rainfall (Z-R) relations during three summer seasons, illustrated significant rainfall variability across the region. Consistently, hydrologic errors introduced by the distinct Z-R relations, are significant and proportional (in the log-log space) to errors in precipitation estimations and stream flow magnitude. The use of operational Z-R relations without prior calibration may lead to wrong estimation of precipitation, runoff magnitude and increased flood forecasting errors. This suggests that site-specific Z-R relations, prior to forecasting procedures, are desirable in complex terrain regions. Nowcasting experiments show the limits of flood forecasting and its dependence functions of lead time and basin scale. Across the majority of the basins, flood forecasting skill decays with lead time, but the functional relation depends on the interactions between watershed properties and rainfall characteristics. Both precipitation and flood forecasting skills are noticeably reduced for lead times greater than 30 minutes. Scale dependence of hydrologic forecasting errors demonstrates reduced predictability at intermediate-size basins, the typical scale of convective storm systems. Overall, the fusion of high resolution radar nowcasts and the convenient parallel capabilities of the distributed hydrologic model provide an efficient framework for generating accurate real-time flood forecasts suitable for operational environments. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2012

abstract: Woody plant encroachment is a worldwide phenomenon linked to water availability in semiarid systems. Nevertheless, the implications of woody plant encroachment on the hydrologic cycle are poorly understood, especially at the catchment scale. This study takes place in a pair of small semiarid rangeland undergoing the encroachment of Prosopis velutina Woot., or velvet mesquite tree. The similarly-sized basins are in close proximity, leading to equivalent meteorological and soil conditions. One basin was treated for mesquite in 1974, while the other represents the encroachment process. A sensor network was installed to measure ecohydrological states and fluxes, including precipitation, runoff, soil moisture and evapotranspiration. Observations from June 1, 2011 through September 30, 2012 are presented to describe the seasonality and spatial variability of ecohydrological conditions during the North American Monsoon (NAM). Runoff observations are linked to historical changes in runoff production in each watershed. Observations indicate that the mesquite-treated basin generates more runoff pulses and greater runoff volume for small rainfall events, while the mesquite-encroached basin generates more runoff volume for large rainfall events. A distributed hydrologic model is applied to both basins to investigate the runoff threshold processes experienced during the NAM. Vegetation in the two basins is classified into grass, mesquite, or bare soil using high-resolution imagery. Model predictions are used to investigate the vegetation controls on soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and runoff generation. The distributed model shows that grass and mesquite sites retain the highest levels of soil moisture. The model also captures the runoff generation differences between the two watersheds that have been observed over the past decade. Generally, grass sites in the mesquite-treated basin have less plant interception and evapotranspiration, leading to higher soil moisture that supports greater runoff for small rainfall events. For large rainfall events, the mesquite-encroached basin produces greater runoff due to its higher fraction of bare soil. The results of this study show that a distributed hydrologic model can be used to explain runoff threshold processes linked to woody plant encroachment at the catchment-scale and provides useful interpretations for rangeland management in semiarid areas. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2013

abstract: The dynamics of urban water use are characterized by spatial and temporal variability that is influenced by associated factors at different scales. Thus it is important to capture the relationship between urban water use and its determinants in a spatio-temporal framework in order to enhance understanding and management of urban water demand. This dissertation aims to contribute to understanding the spatio-temporal relationships between single-family residential (SFR) water use and its determinants in a desert city. The dissertation has three distinct papers to support this goal. In the first paper, I demonstrate that aggregated scale data can be reliably used to study the relationship between SFR water use and its determinants without leading to significant ecological fallacy. The usability of aggregated scale data facilitates scientific inquiry about SFR water use with more available aggregated scale data. The second paper advances understanding of the relationship between SFR water use and its associated factors by accounting for the spatial and temporal dependence in a panel data setting. The third paper of this dissertation studies the historical contingency, spatial heterogeneity, and spatial connectivity in the relationship of SFR water use and its determinants by comparing three different regression models. This dissertation demonstrates the importance and necessity of incorporating spatio-temporal components, such as scale, dependence, and heterogeneity, into SFR water use research. Spatial statistical models should be used to understand the effects of associated factors on water use and test the effectiveness of certain management policies since spatial effects probably will significantly influence the estimates if only non-spatial statistical models are used. Urban water demand management should pay attention to the spatial heterogeneity in predicting the future water demand to achieve more accurate estimates, and spatial statistical models provide a promising method to do this job. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Sustainability 2013

abstract: Ten regional climate models (RCMs) and atmosphere-ocean generalized model parings from the North America Regional Climate Change Assessment Program were used to estimate the shift of extreme precipitation due to climate change using present-day and future-day climate scenarios. RCMs emulate winter storms and one-day duration events at the sub-regional level. Annual maximum series were derived for each model pairing, each modeling period; and for annual and winter seasons. The reliability ensemble average (REA) method was used to qualify each RCM annual maximum series to reproduce historical records and approximate average predictions, because there are no future records. These series determined (a) shifts in extreme precipitation frequencies and magnitudes, and (b) shifts in parameters during modeling periods. The REA method demonstrated that the winter season had lower REA factors than the annual season. For the winter season the RCM pairing of the Hadley regional Model 3 and the Geophysical Fluid-Dynamics Laboratory atmospheric-land generalized model had the lowest REA factors. However, in replicating present-day climate, the pairing of the Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics' Regional Climate Model Version 3 with the Geophysical Fluid-Dynamics Laboratory atmospheric-land generalized model was superior. Shifts of extreme precipitation in the 24-hour event were measured using precipitation magnitude for each frequency in the annual maximum series, and the difference frequency curve in the generalized extreme-value-function parameters. The average trend of all RCM pairings implied no significant shift in the winter annual maximum series, however the REA-selected models showed an increase in annual-season precipitation extremes: 0.37 inches for the 100-year return period and for the winter season suggested approximately 0.57 inches for the same return period. Shifts of extreme precipitation were estimated using predictions 70 years into the future based on RCMs. Although these models do not provide climate information for the intervening 70 year period, the models provide an assertion on the behavior of future climate. The shift in extreme precipitation may be significant in the frequency distribution function, and will vary depending on each model-pairing condition. The proposed methodology addresses the many uncertainties associated with the current methodologies dealing with extreme precipitation. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2013

Na gestão da água, o planejamento é o processo que busca definir as melhores alternativas de utilização dos recursos, orientando a tomada de decisão no alcance dos melhores resultados ambientais, sociais e econômicos Assim, o Plano de Bacia Hidrográfica (PBH), que desempenha o papel de planejamento, adquire relevância crescente em função da escassez dos recursos hídricos. Entretanto, no contexto brasileiro, uma série de condições têm limitado a efetiva implementação e adoção desses planos por parte dos diversos atores e setores usuários. Por outro lado, é cada vez mais frequente em âmbito internacional a utilização da Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica (AAE) no processo de formulação de PBHs, com ênfase no papel que a AAE pode desempenhar na coordenação e integração entre os diferentes níveis de planejamento. Assim, por meio de revisão em literatura específica e análise documental de relatórios de AAEs desenvolvidas no contexto francês de planejamento e gestão de recursos hídricos, foram avaliadas as potenciais contribuições da AAE para os PBHs do Brasil. Os resultados obtidos indicam que, se utilizadas abordagens participativas, ajustadas à estrutura político-institucional existente, sem, contudo, negligenciar os procedimentos básicos que fundamentam esse instrumento de Avaliação Ambiental, a AAE pode agregar valor a todas as etapas do processo de elaboração de PBHs que, desta forma, terão seus resultados ampliados no sentido da efetiva Gestão Integrada dos Recursos Hídricos. / In water management, planning is the process that seeks to define the best alternatives use resources, guide decision-making in order to produce the best economic, social and environmental results. Therefore becomes relevant the role to be played by River Basin Management Plans (RBMPs), one of the instruments of the National Water Resources Policy (Law 9.433/1997). However, in the current context of water management of Brazil, these plans have run into a number of conditions that limit the results, imposing difficulties to the effective implementation and adoption of these plans by the various actors and user sectors. On the other hand, it is increasingly common internationally the use of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) in RBMPs formulation, with emphasis on the role that SEA can play in the process of coordination and integration between the different levels of planning. Thus, through a review of the literature and document analysis of SEA reports, developed in the French context of planning and management of water resources, were evaluated the potentials SEA\'s contributions for RBMPs in Brazil. The results indicated that if used participatory approaches, adjusted to the existing political and institutional framework, without, however, neglecting the basic procedures underlying the instrument, SEA has potential contributions verified in all stages of the RBMPs formulation process that in this way, have expanded their results towards the effective Integrated Water Resources Management in the country.

Condições pedológicas, pluviosidade, alterações no uso e ocupação do solo, práticas de manejo de culturas e de preservação interferem diretamente na geração de sedimentos e na taxa de erosão. Em uma bacia hidrográfica esta geração de sedimentos excessiva pode resultar em problemas como o assoreamento dos corpos de água e de reservatórios. Nos reservatórios esta deposição de sedimentos pode representar perda de volume de reservação, promovida pelos sedimentos depositados no fundo da barragem. Com o tempo esta perda poderá vir a representar comprometimento da disponibilidade hídrica para irrigação, para o consumo humano, e para geração de energia. As obras de dragagem destes sedimentos são muito caras e resolvem somente os sintomas do problema e não suas causas. Desta forma as quantificações desse assoreamento e de seus deflagradores se mostram necessárias para o planejamento e gestão de recursos hídricos. A presente pesquisa se propõe a avaliar a aplicabilidade do modelo SWAT (Soil Water Assessment Tool) como ferramenta de estimativa de geração de sedimentos para reservatórios avaliando seus resultados, suas potencialidades e fragilidades para as condições locais e sugerir futuras pesquisas e/ou modificações no modelo. O modelo que foi desenvolvido originalmente pelo USDA (United States Departmente of Agriculture) para avaliar erosão e balanço hídrico de bacias hidrográficas, conta com um vasto número de aplicações no mundo, documentação e usuários. A área a ser estuda é bacia do reservatório do Lobo, que possuí uma área aproximada de 227 km² e localizado no município de Itirapina e de Brotas. Atualmente o reservatório é utilizado tanto para geração energética e como atração turística local. Dois cenários de simulação foram selecionados: Cenário 1 de 1977 até 1985 e Cenário 2 de 1996 até 2006. Para realizar as simulações foram utilizados a versão ArcSWAT 2005 version2.34 para realizar as simulações e o SWAT-CUP 4.3.1 para calibração.Os dados de entrada do modelo são: dados de chuvas e vazão diários obtidos da ANA (Agência Nacional das Águas), cartas de levantametno pedológico e cartas de uso e ocupação obtidas a partir de imagens CBERS e LANDSAT. Após calibração utilizando SUFI2 obteve-se o aporte de sedimentos na barragem para os dois cenários. Os resultados do primeiro cenário apresentaram influência negativa de dados inconsistentes de dados de vazão utilizados e limitações observadas na discretização do modelo nas representações do mosaico de uso e ocupação muito fragmentado para este cenário. O segundo cenário, no entanto obteve resultados satisfatórios comprovando a capacidade do modelo como ferramenta de avaliação de geração e aporte de sedimento em reservatórios. / The sediment yield and erosion rates are directly affected by pedologic conditions, precipitation, land and use changes, management and soil preservation practices. Excessive sediment yield in a watershed could result in difficulties caused by siltation processes in rivers and reservoirs. Sediment deposition at the bottom of reservoirs and dams may result in volume loss. In time such loss could become impairment of water availability for irrigation, human consumption and power generation. Sediment dredging is an expensive solution that will address only the symptoms and not the causes of the issue. Therefore assessing the amount of sediment and their causes is required for Water Resources Management and Planning. The present research aims to evaluate the applicability of the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) as sediment generation and contribution estimation tool for reservoirs evaluating the results, assessing the model strengths and weakness for the local contitions and make sugestions for future research and/or model modifications. Originally developed by the USDA (United States Department of agriculture) to assess erosion and water balance of watersheds, this model has a large number of users, available documentation and registered applications across the world. The study area, with an approximate area of 227 km² is the Lobo reservoir watershed, located at the municipalities of Itirapina and Brotas. The reservoir is currently used for hydropower generation and as a tourist attraction. Two simulation scenarios were chosen: Scenario 1from 1977 to 1985 and Scenario 2 from 1996 until 2006. To perform the simulations the ArcSWAT 2005 version 2.34 was selected and the SWAT-CUP 4.3.1 for the calibration. The data input was: daily precipitation and discharge flow datasets from ANA (Agência Nacional das Águas), pedological survey chats and land use charts obtained from CBERS and LANDSAT imagery. After calibration using SUFI2, sediment yield and contribution at the dam was obtained for both scenarios. The first scenario results showed negative effects caused by inconsistent input data flow and limitations regarding model discretization on the model representation of highly fragmented land use. The second scenario, however achieved satisfactory results demonstrating the model ability as sediment yield and contribution in reservoir evaluation tool.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A Ãgua à um recurso essencial e atualmente gestores ambientais do mundo inteiro chamam a atenÃÃo para o problema da escassez de Ãgua limpa. Tal escassez hÃdrica à ainda mais forte nas regiÃes Ãridas e semiÃridas do globo. No nordeste brasileiro, e em particular, no semiÃrido, uma sÃrie de fatores o torna particular. A irregularidade pluviomÃtrica, sua mà distribuiÃÃo no tempo e no espaÃo, a elevada taxa de evaporaÃÃo/evapotranspiraÃÃo e as altas temperaturas sÃo traÃos marcantes do ambiente, diferenciando-o de outros locais do mundo. Assim, o gerenciamento de lagos visando à proteÃÃo e manutenÃÃo de uma boa qualidade da Ãgua, a vida aquÃtica e os outros usos deve ser abordado de maneira em que se leve em consideraÃÃo as caracterÃsticas regionais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar o impacto das variÃveis meteorolÃgicas na qualidade da Ãgua, analisando a influÃncia do processo de estratificaÃÃo tÃrmica e de mistura; e com isso, propor um sistema de monitoramento e modelagem. O reservatÃrio estudado foi o Pereira de Miranda (Pentecoste â CE), onde um Ãnico ponto de amostragem foi estabelecido, visando sua caracterizaÃÃo vertical. ApÃs a seleÃÃo dos principais parÃmetros de qualidade da Ãgua e dos fatores meteorolÃgicos mais relevantes, foi traÃada uma discussÃo qualitativa e uma anÃlise da variabilidade tÃrmica da coluna dâÃgua. Notou-se pelos perfis verticais de temperatura e dos fluxos de calor obtidos uma clara formaÃÃo de termoclinas, e sua destruiÃÃo ao longo do dia, fato associado à radiaÃÃo solar e os fortes ventos que impÃs significativa variaÃÃo nos valores de oxigÃnio dissolvido. De posse de todas as variÃveis pesquisadas foi proposto um sistema de monitoramento como componente chave da proteÃÃo ambiental, com base no Ciclo de Deming. Esta rotina, acoplado a um sistema de modelagem da qualidade da Ãgua, aperfeiÃoa a avaliaÃÃo e a gestÃo dos ecossistemas. Assim, alÃm de exercer o controle das atividades de monitoramento da qualidade da Ãgua, poderà ser utilizado de forma contÃnua para o gerenciamento dos recursos hÃdricos. / Water is an essential natural resource in the planet and nowadays environmental managers around the world concern to the scarcity of clean water. This scarcity is even greater in arid and semiarid regions of the globe. In northeastern Brazil, and particularly in the semiarid region, a number of factors make it particular. The irregularity of rainfall, its poor distribution in time and space, the high rate of evaporation / evapotranspiration, and high temperatures are characteristics of this environment that differs from other places in the world. Thus, the management of lakes to protect and maintain good water quality, aquatic life and other uses should be analyzed according to regional characteristics. The purporse of this study was to identify the impact of meteorological variables in water quality including the influence of the thermal stratification and mixing, and thus, propose a system for monitoring and modeling. The Pereira de Miranda (Pentecoste-CE) was studied with only one sample point to characterize its vertical profile. After selecting the main parameters of water quality and meteorological factors most relevant, was drawn a qualitative discussion and analysis of thermal variability in the water column. It was observed by the vertical profiles of temperature and heat flux a clear thermocline formation and destruction throughout the day, a fact linked to solar radiation and strong winds that imposed significant variation in levels of dissolved oxygen. In possession of all the variables studied was proposed a monitoring system as a key component of environmental protection, based on the Deming Cycle. This routine, coupled with a modeling system of water quality, improves the assessment and management of ecosystems. Thus, in addition to exerting control over the activities of monitoring of water quality, can be used continuously for the management of water resources.

Construído nos primeiros anos do século XX, o Reservatório do Guarapiranga, apesar de ter sido pensado e concebido com vistas a produção energética, devido a uma conjunção de fatores, logo teve o uso de suas águas destinado ao abastecimento da população paulistana. Apesar disso, praticamente desde sua construção, a bacia do Guarapiranga sofre pressão pela ocupação de suas margens. Tal ocupação, especialmente a ocorrida a partir da década de 1960 com a extrema expansão da mancha urbana da metrópole, impactou negativamente a qualidade das águas, tanto dos rios e córregos, quanto do próprio reservatório. Para o combate desses impactos, foi instituída a Lei de Proteção aos Mananciais da década de 1970, que criou severas restrições à ocupação da bacia na tentativa de se equilibrar o uso do solo à função de produção hídrica a que a bacia estava sujeita. A legislação, entretanto, não conseguiu atingir seus objetivos sendo a área da bacia cada vez mais ocupada. No início da década de 1990, ocorreu uma revisão do instrumento legal (Lei nº 9866/97), assumindo a irreversibilidade da ocupação da bacia e prevendo não apenas a proteção da área, mas também sua recuperação, utilizando, para tanto, mecanismos adequados à nova situação político-administrativa a que o país estava inserido. Nesse contexto nasceu a Lei Específica da Bacia Hidrográfica do Guarapiranga (Lei nº 12233/06), instrumento legal vinculado à legislação de proteção dos mananciais da década de 1990. Esta Lei é relativamente recente e trata especificamente da bacia hidrográfica em questão, trazendo em seu texto alguns instrumentos inovadores para a gestão compartilhada e participativa do seu território. Este trabalho faz uma avaliação desta Lei sob o aspecto das dificuldades de sua efetiva implementação, principalmente no que se refere à aplicação dos instrumentos previstos em seu texto pelo poder público, em suas diferentes esferas. Verificou-se que, apesar dos sensíveis avanços quanto às premissas e o conteúdo da Lei, a maturidade de sua aplicação ainda é relativamente baixa, isso devido a dificuldades tanto nas áreas técnicas, de caráter mais específico, mas, especialmente, no campo institucional, estruturante, em que a Lei se apoia. Como resultado, destaca-se que o fortalecimento da integração entre as diversas esferas do poder público tem dimensão preponderante para o sucesso de aplicação da Lei, sendo a centralização da gestão da bacia a principal proposta na busca pela melhoria do desempenho dos processos. Como potencialidades ainda a serem mais bem exploradas, salienta-se a necessidade de melhoria da aplicação dos instrumentos e mecanismos de compensação às iniciativas de proteção de áreas verdes e o incentivo ao desenvolvimento de atividades compatíveis com a proteção dos mananciais como medidas essenciais à manutenção e recuperação da bacia com vistas à produção hídrica. / Initially created for energy production in the first years of the 20th century, the Guarapiranga reservoir soon became water supply for the population of São Paulo. Although the area should be protected, since its creation the Guarapiranga basin has been pressured by the human occupation of its margins. This occupation, intensified in the 1960s as the urban sprawl of the metropolis expanded, negatively impacted on the quality of the waters of the rivers, streams and the reservoir itself. In order to oppose this impact, the Law of Watershed Protection was created in the 1970s, establishing strict restrictions to human occupation in the basin area, in an attempt to balance the land use and the water production. The law, however, did not prevent the land occupation. In the early 1990s the law was reviewed (law number 9866/97), admitting the irreversibility of the basin occupation and foreseeing not only the protection of the area but also its recuperation making use of the new political situation of the country. In that context the Specific Law of the Guarapiranga Hydrographic Basin was created, based on the 1990s watershed protection legislation. This law is relatively new and brings some innovative instruments to a shared and participative management of its limits. This study aims to evaluate this law considering the difficulty of its effective implementation especially in the use of the instruments by the public power in its different levels. It was seen that despite the improvement of the assumptions and the law content, the level of its applicability is relatively low because of specific technical areas but mainly on the institutional and structuring field where the law is backed up. The conclusion was that despite great advancements regarding the assumptions and content of the law, the maturity of its enforcement is still relatively low because of difficulties on specific technical areas but mainly on the institutional field where the law is backed up. As a result, what stands out is the strengthening of the integration among different levels of government that has a key role on the success of the law enforcement where the centralization of the basin management is the main purpose in the search for the process development. As potentialities yet to be developed, the need to improve the instruments and mechanisms of compensations for protected areas and the development of activities compatible to the protection of the water sources are stressed as essential measures to the maintenance and protection of the basin in order to enhance the hydro production.

O Brasil possui uma das maiores reserva de água doce do mundo, em torno de 12% de todo o montante disponível. Entretanto, isto não suficiente para afirmar não há escassez hídrica no país. A distribuição dos recursos hídricos é bem desigual nas diferentes regiões brasileiras. Grande parte dos mananciais, aproximadamente 80%, se encontram localizados na região amazônica, onde reside somente 5% da população. Por isso, mesmo com grande potencial hídrico, o recurso é objeto de conflito em várias regiões do País. O uso da água no meio rural representa pouco mais da metade de toda retirada dos cursos dágua e em se tratando de consumo este número passa para mais de 80% (uso rural, irrigação e animal). Neste sentido, buscar o entendimento de como é a percepção dos usuários da água no meio rural quanto a este recurso e como ocorre o seu uso, torna-se de extrema valia para se tomar qualquer iniciativa de gestão ou implementação de projetos de formação de capacidades. Utilizou-se como instrumento de pesquisa um questionário subdivido em grandes tópicos. As respostas dos questionários foram trabalhadas por região administrativa, buscando levantar as peculiaridades de cada região. Organizou-se um evento nacional para coletar mais informações e avaliar os resultados obtidos até o momento e ainda levaram-se os resultados finais para as entidades participantes da pesquisa, em visitas de campo. O Brasil é um país heterogêneo em vários sentidos e esta heterogeneidade é notada em termos de gestão das águas. Muito se tem evoluído a esse respeito, porém nota-se certa deficiência de pessoas qualificadas para atuarem na gestão dos recursos hídricos e o principal, usuários conscientes. Enquanto a herança cultural sobre que a água é um recurso abundante e ilimitado não for quebrada, as deficiências no setor continuaram existindo. / The Brazilian territory holds the largest fresh water reserves in the world, around 12% of the total amount available. However, this is not enough to say that there is no water scarcity in this country. Most part of the streams, approximately 80%, are located in the Amazon region, which only 5% of the Brazilian population resides. Therefore, even with high water potential, there still have water use conflicts in several regions of Brazil. The water use in rural areas represents a little more than 50% of total withdrawal of streams. Concerning to the water consumption in rural areas (irrigation and livestock), it exceeds 80% of total withdrawal. Thus, to take the first step in performing an action of manager or implementing skills training projects is crucial to understand the perception of water users in rural areas, as well how that use is made. To achieve this goal, it was used as a research instrument a questionnaire subdivided into main topics. The questionnaire responses were organized by administrative region, and bring the peculiarities of each region. In order to collect more data and to evaluate the results obtained so far, it was carrying out a national workshop with representatives from each administrative region of Brazil. As conclusions, it can be draw that Brazil is a heterogeneous country in a broad sense, and this heterogeneity is also perceived in terms of water management. Despite water resources management, great advances have been made in this regard; however, there still have a lack of people qualified to work with this issue and users aware of their responsibility. Consequently, while the paradigm of water abundance was not broken, there will always be a great challenge to be overcome in water resource manage in Brazil.