Cette thèse a pour objet la modernisation des Systèmes Hydriques Urbains de l'Europe des XV (SHUE). Débutant à la fin des années 1990, ce processus de rerégulation des SHUE opère une transformation du cadre réglementaire européen de la gestion de l'eau. Il vise une amélioration du fonctionnement de la gouvernance afin, notamment, d'imprimer une trajectoire soutenable aux SHUE. Or, les bilans intermédiaires s'avèrent mitigés et mettent en avant un besoin de caractérisation et d'explication analytiques de la modernisation des SHUE, afin d'en cerner les effets non anticipés. Par conséquent, la thèse aborde les effets de la modernisation des SHUE dans ses dimensions organisationnelle et soutenable. L'objectif de la thèse consiste à fournir une interprétation des impacts de la modernisation sur la structure de la gouvernance des SHUE et sur son efficacité dans une perspective de soutenabilité. Ancrée dans une approche d'économie institutionnelle, la démarche adoptée compare les modèles allemand, français et anglais et s'organise en deux temps. Le premier temps relève de l'observation empirique. Les phénomènes caractérisant la modernisation sont identifiés et formulés sous la forme de faits stylisés. Le second temps explique théoriquement ces phénomènes. Au regard des apports et limites des différents institutionnalismes, il est choisi de mobiliser le courant néoinstitutionnaliste pour rendre compte des aspects organisationnels et l'approche par les Régimes institutionnels de ressources pour traiter de la dimension soutenable de la modernisation des SHUE. Cette thèse soutient que la modernisation entraîne une mutation des modalités de coordination des SHUE, tout en intensifiant et polarisant les problèmes de soutenabilité autour du pilier économique. Au niveau organisationnel, nous mettons en évidence que, d'une part, la modernisation tend à dépolitiser les SHUE et que, d'autre part, le degré d'intégration de ses principes dans un SHUE est positivement corrélé à une dynamique socio-institutionnelle résiliente. Ces deux phénomènes résultent principalement d'une hybridation des arrangements institutionnels en direction du pôle marché. Le changement des formes contractuelles et l'atténuation des droits de propriété au sein des SHUE réduisent le contrôle direct de l'Etat et augmentent la capacité d'adaptation rapide des acteurs. A propos du potentiel de soutenabilité, un manque de cohérence dans le développement de la rerégulation des SHUE explique les perspectives relativement pessimistes. Nous montrons que ce paradoxe manifeste une incapacité intrinsèque de la modernisation à maximiser le potentiel de soutenabilité des SHUE. Si le développement de la réglementation est censé améliorer la qualité de la gouvernance, dans notre cas, elle s'accompagne d'un accroissement mécanique de coûts de coordination entravant l'atteinte d'une trajectoire soutenable. / This PhD dissertation focuses on the modernization of the urban water systems in Europe (UWSE). Since the end of the 1990's, this reregulation of the UWSE has transformed the European regulatory framework of water management. It is driven by two mains objectives: improving of the governance process and implementing a sustainable path for the UWSE. Present day, intermediate assessments highlight a need for analytical characterization and explanation of the UWSE's modernization, in order to home in on the unanticipated effects. Thus, the PhD thesis analyses the effects of the UWSE's modernization in its organizational and sustainable dimensions. The goal of the PhD is to provide an interpretation of the modernization impacts on the UWSE governance structure and on the efficiency of the reforms from a sustainability point a of view. Rooted in an institutional economics approach, our methodology consists in a comparative analysis of the German, French and English models of the UWSE. Two phases structure this methodology. The first focuses on empirical observation. The phenomena that characterize the modernization are identified and enunciated as stylized facts. The second phase theoretically explains these phenomena. Regarding the contributions and limits of the different institutionalisms, we choose to mobilize the New institutional economics here to deal with the organizational aspects and Institutional resources regimes to address the sustainable dimension of the UWSE's modernization. We argue that the modernization of the UWSE involves a transformation of their coordination modalities, at the same time; it is intensifying and it leads the sustainability problems to focus on the economic pillar. At the organizational level, we support that, on the one hand, modernization tends to depoliticize UWSE and that, on the other hand, the degree of integration of its principles in the UWSE is positively correlated with a resilient socio-institutional dynamics. These two phenomena ensue essentially from a hybridation of the institutional arrangements in the direction of the market pole. In the UWSE, the change of the contractual forms and the attenuation of the property rights lead to a reduction of the State's direct control and to an augmentation of the actors' ability to adapt quickly. Regarding the potential of sustainability, a lack of coherence in reregulation of UWSE accounts for the pessimistic prospects. We show a paradox which manifests itself in the intrinsic inability of the modernization to maximize the UWSE's potential of sustainability. If the development of the regulation is supposed to improve the governance quality, in this case, it comes with a mechanical increase of the costs of coordination which hampers the achievement of a sustainable path.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A terceira ediÃÃo dos Guias para a Qualidade de Ãgua PotÃvel da OrganizaÃÃo Mundial de SaÃde â OMS trouxe uma nova visÃo e preocupaÃÃo com a saÃde, cuja finalidade à a garantia da qualidade da Ãgua como instrumento de proteÃÃo à saÃde pÃblica. Para isso, o Plano de SeguranÃa da Ãgua (PSA) foi proposto como ferramenta para assegurar a qualidade da Ãgua proveniente de um sistema de abastecimento de Ãgua a partir de um planejamento integral de avaliaÃÃo dos riscos e gestÃo, envolvendo todas as etapas do sistema de abastecimento, desde a bacia de captaÃÃo atà a sua distribuiÃÃo ao consumidor final. O plano envolve algumas medidas essenciais para garantia da qualidade da Ãgua: a avaliaÃÃo do sistema de abastecimento de Ãgua, o monitoramento operacional eficaz e a sua respectiva gestÃo. O desenvolvimento do plano tambÃm abrange algumas etapas essenciais e, dentre elas, inclui-se a avaliaÃÃo dos fatores de perigo e caracterizaÃÃo dos riscos. Os mÃtodos utilizados no PSA baseiam-se em muitos dos princÃpios e conceitos aplicados em outros sistemas de gestÃo de riscos, como o sistema de barreiras mÃltiplas e a anÃlise de perigo e de pontos crÃticos de controle (APPCC). O presente trabalho traz uma proposta metodolÃgica utilizando ferramentas baseadas na LÃgica Fuzzy e metodologias de AnÃlise MulticritÃrio, com o intuito de auxiliar no processo decisÃrio. Como estudo de caso, foram selecionados os Sistemas de Abastecimento de Ãgua (SAA) que atendem 13 dos 15 municÃpios da RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza, no Estado do CearÃ. Utilizando a metodologia pode-se concluir que os sistemas estÃo com nÃvel de pertinÃncia mais preponderante, de maneira geral, em uma escala de Risco Baixo, fora o caso especÃfico de apenas um deles, que ficou com maior nÃvel de pertinÃncia para a escala de Risco Moderado. AlÃm de indicar os nÃveis de pertinÃncia do risco em que se encontra cada SAA, a metodologia permitiu ainda classificÃ-los em funÃÃo da escala de risco. Numa escala de risco e em nÃvel relativo, os municÃpios puderam ser classificados em ordem, onde o de mais baixo risco evidenciado foi o municÃpio de Maracanaà e, o Ãltimo, o de Cascavel. Ademais, a metodologia mostrou-se ser uma alternativa para fornecer subsÃdios para avaliaÃÃo dos riscos e tomada de decisÃo em consonÃncia com as diretrizes dos Planos de SeguranÃa da Ãgua. / The third edition of the Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality of the World Health Organization - WHO brought a new vision and concern for health, whose purpose is the guarantee of water quality as a tool for public health protection. For this, the Water Safety Plan (PSA) was proposed as a tool to ensure the quality of water from a water supply system from a comprehensive planning risk assessment and management, involving all stages of system supply, from catchment to distribution to final consumers. The plan involves some key measures to ensure the water quality evaluation system for water supply, operational monitoring and its effective administration thereof. The development plan also covers some essential steps, and among them include the assessment of risk factors and risk characterization. The methods used in the PSA are based on many of the principles and concepts applied in other systems of risk management, as the system of multiple barriers and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP). This paper presents a methodology using fuzzy logic-based tools and Multicriteria Analysis methodologies in order to assist in decision making. As a case study, we selected the Water Supply Systems (WSS) that serve 13 of the 15 municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza, in CearÃ. Using the methodology can be concluded that systems with a level of relevance with a Low Risk scale are more prevalent, in general, outside the specific case of only one, who took higher level of relevance in the Moderate Risk scale. Besides indicating the relevance of the levels of risk of each WSS, the methodology also allowed us to classify them according to the scale of risk. On a scale of risk and the relative level, the municipalities could be sorted, where the lowest risk was evident to Maracanaà and the last, to Cascavel. Furthermore, the methodology proved to be an alternative to providing subsidies for risk assessment and decision making in line with the guidelines of the Water Safety Plans.

Neste trabalho, foi estudado o desempenho de um sistema constituído de torres de resfriamento e a sua integração em uma planta industrial de hidrogenação de butadieno. Caracterizou-se o desempenho das torres de resfriamento com base em um modelo fenomenológico, cujos parâmetros foram obtidos a partir da medição de variáveis operacionais reais. O processo de hidrogenação foi configurado em um simulador de processos, sendo o caso base estabelecido nas condições de projeto. Elaborou-se um módulo específico referente às torres de resfriamento, que foi integrado ao processo configurado no simulador. Em seguida, analisaram-se as interações das condições operacionais da torre de resfriamento no desempenho do processo industrial. / In the present work, the performance of a system composed of a cooling tower integrated in butadiene hydrogenation plant was studied. An experimental investigation was made to characterize the cooling towers based on a phenomenological model and in real process conditions. The hydrogenation process was configured on a process simulator and design specifications were considered as base case. A cooling tower module was developed and integrated to the process simulator. The interaction of the cooling tower system and the plant operation was investigated.

This diploma thesis is focused on the sanitary technical installations for the specified building of the elementary school and the sports hall, which will be implemented as new buildings on the land in the part of Brno-Bystrc. In the theoretical part I deal with the use of precipitation water from roofs. In the calculation and design part I deal with sewage, rainwater and water distribution. The given elementary school has a 3rd floor and is connected by a connecting corridor to the sports hall, which has a 2nd floor. In the present work is also proposed the 2 variant of the water distribution system without the use of rain water.

Diploma thesis deals with sanitation installations and gas installations in apartment building in Praha. Apartment building has five overground floors and one basement. The apartments are located on all overground floors and partly in basement. The theoretical part is aimed at determining the calculation of flow in the supply duct according to standards. The work also focuses on the alternative solutions of the given specialization. The computational part and project includes a proposal sanitary and storm sewer, water supply system, gas main and their connection to the current pipes.

This diploma thesis deals with the design of sanitary and gas installations in a new apartment building in Jedovnice on Na Větráku street. The apartment building has one underground and four aboveground floors with a total of 26 residential units. On the ground floor there is a cellar with a utility room. The theoretical part deals with the measurement of hot water consumption, which took place on an apartment building with the same number of residential units as the solved new building apartment building in the thesis. The calculation part and the project contain design of sewage and rainwater sewer, water, gas pipeline and their connection to public networks.

This diploma thesis deals with the design of sanitary and gas installations in the kindergarten building in Židlochovice in the Družba housing estate. The building consists of two floors, where on the 1st floor there are 2 classes, kitchen, warehouses and maintenance areas. There are also 2 classes on the 2nd floor. The theoretical part deals with the possibilities of using internal installation spaces and requirements for hygienic spaces. The calculation part and the project contain the design of sewerage and rain sewerage, water supply, gas supply and their connection to public networks.

Grey water is sewage water from bath, bathtub, sinks, washing machines and washers. This water can be cleaned to white water usefull for irrigation, flashing toilets, cleaning cars and for cleaning. This master´s thesis deals with management of water and their possibilities. First part contains description about possibilities of saving drinking water and their the most effective saving. Next part consists study of technological link for grey water cleaning and calculation of saving water with rate of return.

The Master´s thesis solves questions about sanitation installations in a building with offices and a dining room on the street Průmyslová in Prague. Theoretical part focuses on the analysis of the topic. More particularly, it concerns with pumping equipment, designing pressure pumping stations and the alternative solutions. Technical part solves the sanitation installation of a given building in the selected variant.

abstract: Understanding how microorganisms adapt and respond to the microgravity environment of spaceflight is important for the function and integrity of onboard life support systems, astronaut health and mission success. Microbial contamination of spacecraft Environmental Life Support Systems (ECLSS), including the potable water system, are well documented and have caused major disruption to spaceflight missions. The potable water system on the International Space Station (ISS) uses recycled wastewater purified by multiple processes so it is safe for astronaut consumption and personal hygiene. However, despite stringent antimicrobial treatments, multiple bacterial species and biofilms have been recovered from this potable water system. This finding raises concern for crew health risks, vehicle operations and ECLSS system integrity during exploration missions. These concerns are further heightened given that 1) potential pathogens have been isolated from the ISS potable water system, 2) the immune response of astronauts is blunted during spaceflight, 3) spaceflight induces unexpected alterations in microbial responses, including growth and biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance, stress responses, and virulence, and 4) different microbial phenotypes are often observed between reductionistic pure cultures as compared to more complex multispecies co-cultures, the latter of which are more representative of natural environmental conditions. To advance the understanding of the impact of microgravity on microbial responses that could negatively impact spacecraft ECLSS systems and crew health, this study characterized a range of phenotypic profiles in both pure and co-cultures of bacterial isolates collected from the ISS potable water system between 2009 and 2014. Microbial responses profiled included population dynamics, resistance to silver, biofilm formation, and in vitro colonization of intestinal epithelial cells. Growth characteristics and antibiotic sensitivities for bacterial strains were evaluated to develop selective and/or differential media that allow for isolation of a pure culture from co-cultures, which was critical for the success of this study. Bacterial co-culture experiments were performed using dynamic Rotating Wall Vessel (RWV) bioreactors under spaceflight analogue (Low Shear Modeled Microgravity/LSMMG) and control conditions. These experiments indicated changes in fluid shear have minimal impact on strain recovery. The antimicrobial efficacy of silver on both sessile co-cultures, grown on 316L stainless steel coupons, and planktonic co-cultures showed that silver did not uniformly reduce the recovery of all strains; however, it had a stronger antimicrobial effect on biofilm cultures than planktonic cultures. The impact of silver on the ability of RWV cultured planktonic and biofilm bacterial co-cultures to colonize human intestinal epithelial cells showed that, those strains which were impacted by silver treatment, often increased adherence to the monolayer. Results from these studies provide insight into the dynamics of polymicrobial community interactions, biofilm formation and survival mechanisms of ISS potable water isolates, with potential application for future design of ECLSS systems for sustainable human space exploration. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Molecular and Cellular Biology 2019