<p>People living in developing countries or undeveloped regions often do not have proper access to quantities of safe, clean water to fulfill their daily needs. Certain members of the families, often women and children, walk miles every day to collect surface waters that are frequently contaminated. To improve water availability and quality, a sustainable mechanical solution to more safely access groundwater has been developed.</p> <p> </p> <p>A well-driving attachment for a PUP (Purdue Utility Project) vehicle provides a low-cost means for installing driven type wells in areas of high to medium water table heights. PUP vehicles have a niche in developing countries, as they offer impressive value and utility in comparison to other powered machines. The vehicles are built and sourced using locally available materials with basic tooling. A hydraulic post driver has been attached to the rear of a PUP frame to serve as an impact mechanism, driving a well point and a series of inter-connecting pipes to serve as a permanent casing for the well. </p> <p> </p> <p>Water wells were tested at four different test sites around central Indiana, with the deepest well reaching 23 feet. This suggests that the Well-Driver PUP can install driven water wells in areas of medium to high water tables and may be suitable for a development setting. Water wells can be installed on a communal basis, thus providing an increased level of hygiene and standards of living. Low-cost driven water wells will provide a drinking water supply that is better protected than a hand-dug well and will reduce the likelihood of disease caused by waterborne pathogens. Development of the Well-Driver PUP prototype and its applications will be discussed.</p>

This graduation thesis deals with the design of irrigation of the sport area with the use of local groundwater sources. The main part of the thesis is devoted to evaluating of capacity existing water well, practice the exploratory drilling and the hydrodynamic tests. The integral part of the thesis is technical proposal of irrigation device in the specific sport area.

<p dir="ltr">This research outlines the engineering design, fabrication, and testing processes used to design a manufacturable attachment to safely secure and accommodate water-well pipes, as they are driven into soil by the force of a driving ram on the well-driver utility vehicle. The Purdue Utility Project (PUP) Well-Driver Vehicle is an ongoing research project conducted by the Purdue University Agricultural & Biological Engineering Department. The well-driver machine does not feature a component to safely constrain water-well pipes, when being struck by the hydraulically lifted ram. After testing four prototype designs, the final solution was designed and fabricated. The pipe alignment assembly was secured at the base of the well driver frame using a heavy-duty pin mounting system that allows the assembly to be configured in either operational position or transport position by the removal and installation of one clevis-pin. The pipe alignment assembly increased well-pipe stabilization using a hinged locking jaw plate to clamp the pipe in position, while providing a simplistic method for the operator to load multiple pipe sections.</p>

No description available.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A demanda das populaÃÃes por mais Ãgua tem forÃado o desenvolvimento de tÃcnicas para melhorar o aproveitamento de todas as formas de recursos hÃdricos. Em algumas partes dos Estados Unidos da AmÃrica, o fraturamento hidrÃulico tem sido utilizado para estimular poÃos perfurados no embasamento cristalino a aumentarem suas vazÃes. Na regiÃo Nordeste do Brasil, os poÃos perfurados neste tipo de formaÃÃo geolÃgica frequentemente exibem baixas vazÃes, o que os leva à posterior desativaÃÃo ou ao simples abandono. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa à estudar, analisar e quantificar os efeitos que o fraturamento hidrÃulico imprime sobre a transmissividade, a conectividade e as vazÃes de um aqÃÃfero fissural. Para tanto se desenvolveu um modelo de propagaÃÃo de fraturas em formaÃÃes rasas e de matriz impermeÃvel. AlÃm disso, fez-se uso de modelos de hidrÃulica de poÃos para a determinaÃÃo dos parÃmetros hidrodinÃmicos do aqÃÃfero. Para testar a metodologia, dados coletados em dois poÃos de bombeamento perfurados na Fazenda de Horticultura da University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, foram utilizados. Estes dados incluem testes de bombeamento prÃ-fraturamento e pÃs-fraturamento, ensaio geofÃsicos, alÃm dos registros da operaÃÃo de fraturamento. Uma anÃlise conjunta dos resultados dos testes de bombeamento e do modelo de propagaÃÃo de fratura permitiu concluir que, o fraturamento hidrÃulico aumentou a transmissividade das fraturas em 46 vezes em um poÃo e 285 vezes em outro. A conectividade do sistema de fraturas experimentou acrÃscimos entre 11 e 20 vezes. O dado prÃtico foi que um poÃo passou a fornecer vazÃes 10 vezes maiores e no outro este aumento foi de 18 vezes. Estes melhoramentos foram possÃveis porque o fraturamento hidrÃulico alargou a abertura das fraturas e fez seu raio propagar por dezenas de metros. A distÃncia que a fratura propagou a partir do poÃo juntamente com o aumento na interconexÃo das fraturas conectou o poÃo a regiÃes mais favorÃveis à recarga.

Diversos sistemas públicos de abastecimento de água de cidades brasileiras utilizam majoritária ou exclusivamente água subterrânea, captada em poços tubulares profundos sendo que a grande maioria desses poços necessita de equipamentos de bombeamento para efetuar a elevação da água até a superfície com custo operacional elevado relativo às despesas com energia elétrica. No presente trabalho, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para análise de dados operacionais de poços e respectivos sistemas de bombeamento, incluindo a determinação do rendimento eletromecânico dos equipamentos utilizados. A aplicabilidade da metodologia proposta foi avaliada através de estudo de caso, realizado com 21 poços utilizados no abastecimento público da cidade de São Carlos - SP. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que com a utilização de equipamentos de bombeamento de alto rendimento, será possível reduzir 15% do consumo de energia elétrica, proporcionando uma redução de despesa que poderá cobrir, em 5 anos, mais de 50% dos valores dos investimentos necessários em novos equipamentos. Tendo como diretrizes gerais a otimização do rendimento de poços profundos e a sustentabilidade do uso da água subterrânea a aplicação da metodologia proposta, em sistemas de abastecimento de água, deverá contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade dos serviços e poderá gerar uma significativa economia de recursos / Several public water supply systems of brazilian cities use mainly or exclusively groundwater from water wells, which majority needs pumping equipments to raise the water to the ground surface, and high operating costs due to electricity consumption. In the present work, a methodology to evaluate water wells and pumping equipments operational data was developed, including the calculation of the electromechanical efficiency. The applicability of the proposed methodology is evaluated in a case study of 21 water wells, which are used for public water supply of the city of São Carlos – SP. The results have indicated that the use of high level efficiency equipment should reduce 15% of the present electric power consumption and an economy that in a 5 years period could support more than 50% of the necessary investments in new pumping equipment. Taking the optimization of the energy efficiency of water wells and the sustainability of groundwater as general constrains, the application of the proposed methodology may contribute to the improvement of the quality of public water supply facilities and generate a considerable economy

Diversos sistemas públicos de abastecimento de água de cidades brasileiras utilizam majoritária ou exclusivamente água subterrânea, captada em poços tubulares profundos sendo que a grande maioria desses poços necessita de equipamentos de bombeamento para efetuar a elevação da água até a superfície com custo operacional elevado relativo às despesas com energia elétrica. No presente trabalho, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para análise de dados operacionais de poços e respectivos sistemas de bombeamento, incluindo a determinação do rendimento eletromecânico dos equipamentos utilizados. A aplicabilidade da metodologia proposta foi avaliada através de estudo de caso, realizado com 21 poços utilizados no abastecimento público da cidade de São Carlos - SP. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que com a utilização de equipamentos de bombeamento de alto rendimento, será possível reduzir 15% do consumo de energia elétrica, proporcionando uma redução de despesa que poderá cobrir, em 5 anos, mais de 50% dos valores dos investimentos necessários em novos equipamentos. Tendo como diretrizes gerais a otimização do rendimento de poços profundos e a sustentabilidade do uso da água subterrânea a aplicação da metodologia proposta, em sistemas de abastecimento de água, deverá contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade dos serviços e poderá gerar uma significativa economia de recursos / Several public water supply systems of brazilian cities use mainly or exclusively groundwater from water wells, which majority needs pumping equipments to raise the water to the ground surface, and high operating costs due to electricity consumption. In the present work, a methodology to evaluate water wells and pumping equipments operational data was developed, including the calculation of the electromechanical efficiency. The applicability of the proposed methodology is evaluated in a case study of 21 water wells, which are used for public water supply of the city of São Carlos – SP. The results have indicated that the use of high level efficiency equipment should reduce 15% of the present electric power consumption and an economy that in a 5 years period could support more than 50% of the necessary investments in new pumping equipment. Taking the optimization of the energy efficiency of water wells and the sustainability of groundwater as general constrains, the application of the proposed methodology may contribute to the improvement of the quality of public water supply facilities and generate a considerable economy

Tyrimo metu nustatyta, jog Panevėžio rajono vandenviečių tiekiamas vanduo dažniausiai neatitinka bendrosios geležies, mangano nustatytų ribinių verčių. Vandens kokybė pagal analizuojamas vertes yra geresnė stambiose vandenvietėse (Ramygala, Naujamiestis). Ištirtų šulinių vanduo daugiausiai neatitinka nustatytų mikrobiologinių, toksinių rodiklių ir didžiausia vandens tarša išsiskyrė Smilgių, Paįstrio seniūnijų šulinių vanduo. Vyresnio amžiaus gyventojai, turintys žemesnį išsilavinimą, gaunantys mažesnes pajamas yra mažiau patenkinti vartojamo vandens kokybe. Kuo aukštesnės respondentų pajamos, tuo daugiau besinaudojančių centralizuotai tiekiamu vandeniu, žinančių, kad už geriamojo vandens kokybę atsakingi tiek vandens tiekėjai, tiek vartotojai, kad esant netenkinamai vandens kokybei reikia kreiptis į VMVT. Dauguma Panevėžio rajono gyventojų nepakanka informacijos apie šulinių geriamojo vandens priežiūrą, gerinimo galimybes, žinių, kas gali bloginti šulinio vandens kokybę, apie sanitarinių apsaugos zonų svarbą. Kuo aukštesnis respondentų išsilavinimas, mėnesinės pajamos, jaunesnis amžius, tuo didesnis skaičius žmonių turi vietinę kanalizaciją, nuotekas šalina centralizuotai, dažniau prižiūri šulinius, tiria juose esantį vandenį. Specialistai dirbantys Panevėžio rajono šulinių geriamojo vandens kokybės klausimais pagrindines prastos šulinių vandens kokybės priežastis nurodė netinkamą jų priežiūrą, neteisingai parinktą eksploatavimo vietą, sanitarines apsaugos zonas. Pagrindinės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / During the study it has been established that the water supplied from the Panevėžys Region water stations does not meet the threshold values for general iron and manganese. As far as the parameters taken into consideration the water quality supplied from larger water works (Ramygala, Naujamiestis) proved to be higher. The water from the wells tested in most cases does not meet the prescribed microbiological and toxical limits. The water from wells in Smilgiai, Paįstrys elderates proved to be the most polluted. Senior people with lower educational background and lower income are less satisfied with the drinking water quality. The higher the income of the respondents the more of them are using drinking water supplied from the centralized systems and they know that both the suppliers and users of water are responsible for its quality, and that in case of unsatisfactory quality they have to apply to the State Veterinary and Food Service. Most of the residents of the Panevėžys Region lack information about the water wells maintenance, methods of their improvement, factors that might worsen water quality, and about importance of sanitary zones. The higher is educational background level, monthly income, and younger age of the people the bigger is the number of them running local waste water treatment systems or disposing effluent water through centralized sewer, maintaining water wells, ordering analysis of water in them. The specialists working in the Panevėžys Region on wells... [to full text]

This study is part of an NRF sponsored research project entitled “Neotectonics and its applications for the exploration of groundwater in the fractured Karoo aquifers in the Eastern Cape” under the NRF Niche area of Water Resources Management and Sustainable Development in the Eastern Cape Province. The identification of relatively highly productive wells in the Karoo fractured aquifers is extremely difficult. This study aims to identify neotectonic zones and lower stress fields, and apply the results to groundwater exploration in the Eastern Cape Province. The methodologies adopted in this study include: a comprehensive literature review, extensive field mapping and investigation such as road cuts, sampling for laboratory studies, examination of seismic data, study of hot and ordinary springs, and interpretation of aerial photography and satellite images. Three main neotectonic belts were identified in the Eastern Cape (southern neotectonic belt, northern neotectonic belt and eastern neotectonic belt) based on literature review and field interpretations. The southern neotectonic belt (from the Cape Fold Belt to the lower Beaufort Group boundary) is characterized by the reactivation of the Coega-Bavianskloof and Sauer faults, the presence of a hot spring near Fort Beaufort, the slickenlines and discrete slickenlines and specifically the seismic events that were recorded in the Eastern Cape from 1850 to 2007. In this southern neotectonic belt the remote sensing has also revealed the presence of the Fort Beaufort fracture, the quartz veins seen in some dolerites and the different vegetation types along it may indicate that this fracture is possibly a fault; moreover the Quaternary sediments and weathered dolerites indicate that the Fort iii Beaufort fracture is characterized by groundwater circulation and accordingly is a good target for groundwater exploration, this fracture is a post-Karoo structure and possibly a neotectonic feature. In addition, the kaolin deposit, chiefly developed in the Dwyka tillite near Grahamstown is clearly controlled by neotectonic fracture zones. The northern neotectonic belt near the country of Lesotho is marked by the presence of the Senqu seismotectonic regime and hot springs. The Quaternary Amatole-Swaziland (formerly Ciskei-Swaziland) axis of uplift makes the eastern part of the province the third neotectonic zone, the asymmetric meanders of the Mbashe river in the vicinity of Qunu near Mthatha derived possibly from this Quaternary uplift; this asymmetric feature of meanders implies that the river has tried to maintain stability of its valley where tilting occurred. Within these neotectonic belts the central part of the Eastern Cape may be considered a static and inactive belt. A northwesterly trend for the maximum principal compresssional stress predominates in the Eastern Cape and is correlated with the present major structural control of the province. The current stress regime determination was derived from faults, joints and quartz veins only on kaolin deposits. Systematic joints reflect regional tectonic stress trajectories at the time of fracturing. Discharge rates of groundwater from boreholes as provided by the Department of Water and Forestry were used to confirm and predict water exploration targets. The region of Tabankulu (near Kwazulu Natal) in the northern neotectonic belt has remarkable discharge rates of groundwater (11.1 l/s, 4.65 l/s, 6.49 l/s, 42 l/s). The region of Mthatha, nearly surrounding the Amatole-Swaziland axis (former Ciskei-Swaziland iv axis) of uplift which might have generated some new faults, has a number of springs. These two regions should serve as case studies for future research. Apart from these two regions, two others regions can be considered as case studies for future groundwater exploration targets: the Bath Farm hot spring near the Fort Beaufort neotectonic fault and the vicinity of what is known as the Fort Beaufort fracture near Teba and Cimezile villages 20km north west of Fort Beaufort. It is concluded that the study of neotectonics and stress fields may be a useful tool for groundwater exploration in the Karoo fractured aquifers in the Eastern Cape, and in similar regions elsewhere in South Africa and in Africa.

本文的意圖並不在於探討西雙版納傣族潑水節狂歡的景象，而是將焦點放在傣族潑水節與水文化的關係上。“水”是西雙版納傣族的精神標誌，所以了解傣族文化之前，就必須先認識水文化，然後再來研究傣族潑水節的形成，以及潑水節從過去到現在的轉變，甚麼才是潑水節真正的文化意涵? 因此,本論文從西雙版納傣族潑水節文化意涵之研究著手, 探討水與傣族文化之間的關聯，與其在當代的存在價值, 這將是本論文研究的方向. 本文所包括的基本內容有： 第一章 人文與自然環境: 對傣族的歷史與天然環境、生活型態、宗教信仰和風俗 習慣等方面的特徵進行探討。 第二章 潑水節的探索: 結合筆者及國內外學者的研究成果和大量的相關歷史文獻資料，探討傣族的水文化和潑水節的形成，所反映出來的標識和風格特 徵，將在此章做說明 第三章 文化現象和定位: 此章介紹傣曆新年、文化現象的轉換和禁忌。 釐清大眾對西雙版納傣族潑水節的錯誤認知，並且訪談多位對傣文化相關研究的傑出專家學者、及2007年潑水節主辦單位，進行調查實錄及訪談。探討水文化和潑水節之間的因果關係、及節日中舉辦的各種活動之文化意涵進行探討。 第四章 潑水節的分析: 本章針對潑水節的內在以及外在意涵作分析。內在意涵包 括地方風俗、民族宗教和社會功能等方面；外在意涵則包括潑水節的特色、文化保護和傳承、以及其在當代的價值分別做微觀與宏觀的系統分析。 結論: 透過本文研究的發現並建議未來的研究方向 / This study doesn’t attempt to discuss the boisterous atmosphere of the Dai’s Water Splashing Festival(W.S.F.) in Xishangbanna(XSBN), but focuses on the relationship with the W.S.F and the water culture. Water is the spiritual symbol of the Dai people in XSBN. So before understanding the Dai’s culture, we must first recognize the influence of water culture on the Dai ethnic minority. Then we will examine the transformation of the W.S.F. from past to present, what is the real significance of the W.S.F.? And finally how does the W.S.F. reflect the external influence on the contemporary values? According to this study, it will be divided into 5 parts to discuss: 1. Humanity and the natural environment: The first chapter describes Dai’s history and geography, introduces the Dai’s lifestyle, and shows the Dai’s religious beliefs and customs. 2. Exploring the Dai Water Splashing Festival: The Dai’s water culture, and the formation of the W.S.F. will be explained in the second chapter. 3. Cultural phenomenon and orientation: It introduces the Dai New Year, and the transformation of culture phenomenon and taboos. 4. Analysis of the Water Splashing Festival: The fourth chapter analysis and interpretation the internal significance of the W.S.F, including the local folkway, ethnic religion, and social function. And it also shows the external significance of the W.S.F, including the special characteristics, protection and fostering of tradition culture, and its contemporary values. 5. Conclusion: The final conclusion combines with the above chapters to summarize the study of W.S.F.