Scholars find that compellence and coercion tend to fail even when done by strong states against weaker states. Research suggests that such failure primarily rests with the initiator and that the target is successful. Does this mean that the weaker states have found the means to withstand threats? This study investigates compellence from the view of the target of such threats. In this study, we investigate resistance to compellence and their outcome by testing factors resting in both the initiator of threats and the target. We find that compellence does indeed tend to fail but so do attempts at resisting such threats. Furthermore, the study finds that the outcome of compellent threats is not dependent on the investigated factors in the initiator and the target. The study also proposes that the most common outcome of compellent threat situations is one where both parties fail to reach their preferred outcome.

Nowadays, the human ability to utilize the technology has increased. One of the most important branches of technology in human service is Robotics, which helps humans to perform their daily work.This thesis is a part of a big project (Iron Arm) that was done at the Bioservo Technology AB in Kista-Stockholm. Bioservo exerts its effort to use SEM™ (Soft Extra Muscle) technology to build the new products. The aim of this thesis work was to design an effective mechanical actuator that will complete the former prototype built by Bioservo through another master thesis work done by John Ekblom in 2014. The thesis also describes how a mechanical actuator can be used in a device (robotic arm) to provide extra force and to assist someone who has weak arm lifting muscles. A big challenge for this device is to have a low weight because the user should wear the device and carry it during the entire day. / Bioservo Technology AB är ett företag som etablerades i Sverige 2006 . Företaget samarbetar med läkare och sjukhus för att utveckla produkter för att hjälpa de som har svaga muskler. Det här examensarbete, som gjordes på Biservo Tecknology AB i Stockholm, är en del av projektet Iron Arm, som började 2014. Syftet med Iron Arm projektet är att assistera äldre som lider av nedsatt muskelstyrka och därmed har svårt att lyfta armen. I detta examensarbete konstrueras en aktuator som ger extra kraft för att lyfta armen och underlätta vardagsarbeten, som att kamma håret, äta mat, laga mat och att ta på sig ytterkläder.

As scholarly institutions enter a new era of hyper-competition, seeking innovative ways to engage with student populations has become central to social media marketing efforts. Developing strategies and tactics to interact with existing student populations presents new challenges for marketing departments, as well as the stakeholders who are often asked to provide user-generated content. Strong ties among stakeholder relationships can enhance communication with effective outcomes; however, it is the weak ties that may have the most impact. This study draws on existing literature regarding Strength of Weak Ties Theory and faculty and student surveys in East Tennessee State University’s Clemmer College were conducted, to explore how ethos, pathos, logos, and Kairos can be leveraged in earned, owned, and shared media. This data is then used to inform future marketing campaigns that use professor-student engagement.

Diploma thesis called "Typology of weak, fragile, failing, failed, collapsed states" lays the objective to look into all kinds of collapsed states, and then it wants to compare to what measurement answers the specified typological conception to the reality. In the introduction the study attends to definitions of the terms state,sovereignty and nation which are nearly connected with the issue. As well the reasons for geographical enlistment will be given at the same time. The first chapter is focused on the characteristic features of the different types of watched states. That is why the comparison of the terms is included, its objective is specification and coherence of the terminology. The next part will be engaged in the application of chosen marks to the concrete African countries. There is simultaneously offered the answer to question, in what way and to what measurement the theoretical conception differ from the real functioning. And then it is seen if the enlistment of countries agrees with their general situation, and there are eventually watched some reasons if it does not agree. The last but one chapter is focused on the critical review of the whole typology of collapsed states and it mediates a wide range of aspects and findings which are brought by the typology. The end provides some...

In this paper, we initiate the study of a variant of Roman dominating functions. For a graph G=(V,E), a Roman {2}-dominating function f:V→{0,1,2} has the property that for every vertex v∈V with f(v)=0, either v is adjacent to a vertex assigned 2 under f, or v is adjacent to least two vertices assigned 1 under f. The weight of a Roman {2}-dominating function is the sum Σv∈Vf(v), and the minimum weight of a Roman {2}-dominating function f is the Roman {2}-domination number. First, we present bounds relating the Roman {2}-domination number to some other domination parameters. In particular, we show that the Roman {2}-domination number is bounded above by the 2-rainbow domination number. Moreover, we prove that equality between these two parameters holds for trees and cactus graphs with no even cycles. Finally, we show that associated decision problem for Roman {2}-domination is NP-complete, even for bipartite graphs.

We mainly study two related dominating functions, namely, the weak Roman and 2-rainbow dominating functions. We show that for all graphs, the weak Roman domination number is bounded above by the 2-rainbow domination number. We present bounds on the weak Roman domination number and the secure domination number in terms of the total domination number for specific families of graphs, and we show that the 2-rainbow domination number is bounded below by the total domination number for trees and for a subfamily of cactus graphs.

This dissertation proposes a uniqueness-based theory of definiteness that accounts for the semantics and the pragmatics of German (non-) contracted forms of a preposition and the definite determiner (e.g. ‘zum / zu dem’, ‘am / an dem’), but the analysis also carries over to definite descriptions in general. I propose that the definite determiner is ambiguous between a referential and a quantificational reading. Crucially, referential DDs exploit information provided in the surrounding linguistic context, while the interpretation of quantificational DDs heavily relies on extra-linguistic world knowledge that can be represented by an implicit free individual variable and an implicit free relation variable. Non-contracted forms are always interpreted referentially, whereas contracted forms receive quantificational interpretations. This proposal has a wide range of applications: It deals with anaphoric and demonstrative DDs, as well as with typical ‘uniqueness uses’ (such as ‘the moon’ or ‘the sun’), covarying DDs involving explicit and implicit antecedents, bridging definites, and, last but not least, so-called Weak Definites.

abstract: The main part of this work establishes existence, uniqueness and regularity properties of measure-valued solutions of a nonlinear hyperbolic conservation law with non-local velocities. Major challenges stem from in- and out-fluxes containing nonzero pure-point parts which cause discontinuities of the velocities. This part is preceded, and motivated, by an extended study which proves that an associated optimal control problem has no optimal $L^1$-solutions that are supported on short time intervals. The hyperbolic conservation law considered here is a well-established model for a highly re-entrant semiconductor manufacturing system. Prior work established well-posedness for $L^1$-controls and states, and existence of optimal solutions for $L^2$-controls, states, and control objectives. The results on measure-valued solutions presented here reduce to the existing literature in the case of initial state and in-flux being absolutely continuous measures. The surprising well-posedness (in the face of measures containing nonzero pure-point part and discontinuous velocities) is directly related to characteristic features of the model that capture the highly re-entrant nature of the semiconductor manufacturing system. More specifically, the optimal control problem is to minimize an $L^1$-functional that measures the mismatch between actual and desired accumulated out-flux. The focus is on the transition between equilibria with eventually zero backlog. In the case of a step up to a larger equilibrium, the in-flux not only needs to increase to match the higher desired out-flux, but also needs to increase the mass in the factory and to make up for the backlog caused by an inverse response of the system. The optimality results obtained confirm the heuristic inference that the optimal solution should be an impulsive in-flux, but this is no longer in the space of $L^1$-controls. The need for impulsive controls motivates the change of the setting from $L^1$-controls and states to controls and states that are Borel measures. The key strategy is to temporarily abandon the Eulerian point of view and first construct Lagrangian solutions. The final section proposes a notion of weak measure-valued solutions and proves existence and uniqueness of such. In the case of the in-flux containing nonzero pure-point part, the weak solution cannot depend continuously on the time with respect to any norm. However, using semi-norms that are related to the flat norm, a weaker form of continuity of solutions with respect to time is proven. It is conjectured that also a similar weak continuous dependence on initial data holds with respect to a variant of the flat norm. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Applied Mathematics 2019

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