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This study investigates the long- and short-run relationship between stock- and housingprices in Finland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden between 1987-2017 and 1995-2017 with data from OECD statistics. By using interest rate as a control variable and Johansen's Test for Cointegration, the results show a significant relationship for Finland during the period 1995-2017. The short-run analysis implies a credit effect, which is inline with previous studies. However, in Denmark, Norway and Sweden the analysis show no sign of cointegration. A possible explanation for the insignificant results could be the high degree of policy implementations and changes to market structures in the early 1990s, which theoretically could be controlled for by including additional control variables in the analysis.

This dissertation explores the adoption of Best Management Practices (BMPs) in the Kentucky River watershed. Through a survey of farmers in the Kentucky River watershed, chapter two investigates farmers’ current BMP adoption and their willingness to engage in additional adoption incentivized through a proposed Water Quality Trading (WQT) program. This chapter includes two parts: the first part is to investigate the factors influencing farmers’ current usage of BMPs; the second part is to estimate farmers’ willingness to implement BMPs given different levels of compensation specified in the survey. Farmers’ experiences about BMPs are more likely to persuade them to adopt additional BMPs. The activities of using riparian buffers, fencing off animals and building up waste storage facilities are found to be responsive to the levels of compensation offered. The third chapter discusses farmers’ expected economic benefits from BMP adoption, and addresses the missing data issue. In the survey, of those respondents who indicated that they accept the offered level of compensation, about 20% of them did not answer the follow-up question of how much they would adopt the practice, creating missing data. We compare three methods to handle the issue of missing data: deletion method, mean imputation, and multiple imputation method. Following these methods, we estimate factors affecting how much farmers may engage in BMPs using a Tobit or Poisson model. The results show that increasing the compensation for using BMPs is more likely to encourage farmers to adopt riparian buffers. Results obtained using the method of multivariate imputation by chained equation are more promising than using the deletion or mean imputation method. The fourth chapter examines whether wealth change and local community interaction may affect BMP adoption. Survey data on BMP adoption are combined with the local community data from publically available sources. Results show that the decrease in land values between 2007 and 2012 discouraged the adoption of riparian buffers; the equine inventory in local communities has positive impact on the adoption of animal fences and nutrient management; the more rural the local communities are, the less likely farmers would fence off livestock from water resources.

本文結合H-O模型與Blanchard(1985)的跨代模型來分析一小型經濟體系實 施永久性進口限額政策之後，對經濟體系中的各個變數之影響。結果發現 在無資本累積模型下，影響經常帳的效果有所得效果與財富效果。而在有 資本累積模型下，影響經常帳的效果則有資產替代效果。

Vektorfehlerkorrekturmodelle (VECM) erlauben es, Abhängigkeiten zwischen den Veränderungen mehrerer potenziell endogener Variablen simultan zu modellieren. Die Idee, ein langfristiges Gleichgewicht gleichzeitig mit kurzfristigen Veränderungen zu modellieren, lässt sich vom Eingleichungsansatz des Fehlerkorrekturmodells (ECM) zu einem Mehrgleichungsansatz für Variablenvektoren (VECM) verallgemeinern. Die Anzahl der kointegrierenden Beziehungen und die Koeffizientenmatrizen werden mit dem Johansen-Verfahren geschätzt. An einer einfachen Verallgemeinerung einer Konsumfunktion wird die Schätzung und Wirkungsweise eines VECM für Verbrauch, Einkommen und Aktienkurse in Deutschland gezeigt. Die Anwendung der Beveridge- Nelson-(BN)-Dekomposition auf vektorautoregressive Prozesse ermöglicht zudem, Abhängigkeiten zwischen den aus den kointegrierten Zeitreihen extrahierten zyklischen Komponenten zu schätzen. / Vector error correction models (VECM) allow to simultaneously model dependencies between the changes of several potentially endogenous variables. The idea is the modelling of a long-run equilibrium together with the short-run dynamics. Therefore a single equation approach (ECM) can be generalised to a multi equation approach (VECM) for variable vectors. The number of cointegration relations and the coefficient matrices are estimated with the Johansen procedure. The estimation of a VECM for income, consumption and stock prices for Germany is demonstrated by using a generalised consumption function. The Beveridge-Nelson-(BN)-Decomposition procedure for vectorautoregressive processes allows extracting cyclical components of cointegrated time series and estimating the degree of co-movement between these transitory components.

<p>This dissertation consists of four self-contained essays.</p><p>Essay I (with Cecilia Enström Öst) investigates whether housing allowance affects recipients’ tenure choice in Sweden. A two-stage conditional maxi-mum likelihood probit (2SCMLP) model is applied in a panel data setting to simultaneously control for individual heterogeneity, state dependence and endogeneity. The empirical study is based on administrative data of housing allowance recipients between the years 1994 and 2002. Our results indicate that the housing allowance positively affects recipients’ homeownership propensity in Sweden. </p><p>Essay II investigates whether the Swedish housing allowance system creates dependence on welfare in recipients. Using longitudinal data from Swedish micro database-LINDA, this paper found that there is no evidence of nega-tive duration dependence among the Swedish housing allowance spells. This finding is consistent across different model specifications and various con-trols of the heterogeneity issue. </p><p>Essay III analyzes the impacts of the 1997 reform of Swedish housing al-lowance system on affected recipients’ exit hazards using the DD (differ-ence-in-difference) estimation strategy. This paper found strong evidence that the 1997 reform positively shifted up the conditional exiting probability of the couple with children recipient group, and the estimated magnitude of impact is sizable.</p><p>Essay IV extends the VECM (Vector Error Correction Cointegration Model) and PT (permanent-transitory) variance decomposition framework proposed by Lettau & Ludvigson (2004) to a situation in which total wealth is disag-gregated into housing wealth and financial wealth. The empirical studies are based on the Swedish aggregate quarterly data spanning from 1980q1 to 2004q4. We found strong statistical evidence that the movements of total consumption expenditures, disposable income, housing wealth and financial wealth are tied together. It is also shown that the movements of housing wealth in Sweden contain a large proportion of transitory component. </p>

This dissertation consists of four self-contained essays. Essay I (with Cecilia Enström Öst) investigates whether housing allowance affects recipients’ tenure choice in Sweden. A two-stage conditional maxi-mum likelihood probit (2SCMLP) model is applied in a panel data setting to simultaneously control for individual heterogeneity, state dependence and endogeneity. The empirical study is based on administrative data of housing allowance recipients between the years 1994 and 2002. Our results indicate that the housing allowance positively affects recipients’ homeownership propensity in Sweden. Essay II investigates whether the Swedish housing allowance system creates dependence on welfare in recipients. Using longitudinal data from Swedish micro database-LINDA, this paper found that there is no evidence of nega-tive duration dependence among the Swedish housing allowance spells. This finding is consistent across different model specifications and various con-trols of the heterogeneity issue. Essay III analyzes the impacts of the 1997 reform of Swedish housing al-lowance system on affected recipients’ exit hazards using the DD (differ-ence-in-difference) estimation strategy. This paper found strong evidence that the 1997 reform positively shifted up the conditional exiting probability of the couple with children recipient group, and the estimated magnitude of impact is sizable. Essay IV extends the VECM (Vector Error Correction Cointegration Model) and PT (permanent-transitory) variance decomposition framework proposed by Lettau &amp; Ludvigson (2004) to a situation in which total wealth is disag-gregated into housing wealth and financial wealth. The empirical studies are based on the Swedish aggregate quarterly data spanning from 1980q1 to 2004q4. We found strong statistical evidence that the movements of total consumption expenditures, disposable income, housing wealth and financial wealth are tied together. It is also shown that the movements of housing wealth in Sweden contain a large proportion of transitory component.

Nous étudions l’évaluation, l’information et les perspectives industrielles lors des scissions de filiales par introduction en Bourse (ECO). Dans notre première étude, nous estimons les effets de richesse aux différentes étapes d’une ECO et leur lien sur les rentabilités boursières anormales de la société mère de la filiale. Nous trouvons que c’est la période de construction du livre d’ordres de l’introduction en bourse qui permet au marché financier de mieux estimer les effets de richesse positifs pour la société mère. Dans notre second travail, nousavançons que les ECO sont effectuées dans les secteurs industriels où les firmes présentent des opportunités de croissance plus faibles en moyenne. Nous démontrons que les industries concernées par des ECO ont des performances opérationnelles (mesurées par la rentabilité d’exploitation, les liquidités générées et la margeopérationnelle) plus faibles. Nous montrons également que les fusions acquisitions réalisées dans les industries où une ECO a eu lieu durant les trois années précédentes créent moins de valeur pour l’offreur que les fusions acquisitions qui ne sont pas concernées par une ECO. La dernière étude de cette thèse analyse l’impact d’une ECO sur la divergence d’estimations des analystes financiers et sur le nombre d’analystes suivants la société mère. Nous trouvons que la divergence d’estimations et le nombre d’analystes augmentent après une ECO. / We study the valuation, information and industry perspectives of equity carve-outs. In our first paper, we study the wealth effect of equity carve-outs and its relationship with the abnormal returns to the parent firm. Using thisrelationship we find that during book-building period of equity carve-out, the returns to the parent firm can be used to pre-empt the wealth effect of equity carve-out. In our second paper, we argue that equity carve-outs, on average, are carried out in industries, where opportunities are low. We find that these industries have low operating performance, gauged on profitability, cash flow and profit margin compared to industries where there are no carve-outs. In addition to this evidence, we find that the merger and acquisition activities, in which targetsare in industries where carve-out activities happened in last three years before the M&A activity, bidders have less value created compared to mergers where the target industry has no carve-out activity. In our third paper, we analyze the impact of carve-outs on the divergence of belief and the number of analysts following the firm. We find that divergence of belief increases after a carve-out and number of analysts following the firm increases, also.