Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA10MA033.pdf: 45133696 bytes, checksum: 53bbc7aa54baff70e775a4837351cdff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-11 / This paper presents the results of sanitary evaluation of pigs raised in a wean-to-finish system (WF). The experiment was carried out in the Midwestern region of Santa Catarina, from January to June 2009. During this period, eight herds were evaluated with a total of 3545 pigs, weaned with an average of 28 days of age and 8.22 kg of body weight. Data were collected through eight sanitary assessments, performed on days 0, 7, 14, 38, 69, 102, 137 and 143 after wean, which were called assessment 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 respectively . The assessment 0 consisted of an overview of the herds and facilities conditions at the time of the housing of the animals. The assessments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 consisted of tutoring clinics, being evaluated rates of diarrhea, coughing and sneezing. The assessment 7 consisted in a slaughter evaluation for pulmonary, renal, hepatic and gastric lesions. Additional clinical evaluations, with achievement of necropsies followed by collection of samples for bacteriological and histopathological exams were made in animals when there were health problems in the respective herd. The rates of coughing and sneezing in the evaluated herds increased at the 13th and 18th weeks of age. The highest rate of diarrhea was observed during the nursery period in the first assessment, when Escherichia coli and Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated. During the growing and finishing period, Brachyspira sp. (114 days old), Salmonella sp. (105 days old) and Lawsonia intracelullaris (88 days old) were diagnosed. During the nursery period the most observed diseases was post-weaning diarrhea, and during the growing and finishing period the main disease was PCV2 assosiated disease. During the nursery period the mortality rate ranged from 0 to 1.08% and during the growing and finishing period it ranged from 1.82 to 6.72%. The main causes of mortality determined were circovirosis, Porcine intestinal distencion syndrome and septicemia, which accounted for 25.20%, 11.02% and 6.30% respectively. The rate of carcass condemnation by SIF (Federal Inspection) ranged from 1.02 to 6.71%, and the main cause was pleurisy (23.08 to 100%). The frequency of atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia ranged from 13 to 70% and 16.7 to 72.7% and the which index IRA and IPP ranged from 0.13 to 1.0 and 0.25 to 1.27, respectively. Renal lesions ranged from 33 to 50%, and nephritis was the most observed. The percentage of liver with white spots ranged from 4 to 37% of animals. Lesions in the pars esophageal of the stomach were observed in all the herds with frequency between 70 and 100%. The lesion grade 1 was the most frequently / O trabalho descreve a avaliação sanitária de suínos criados no sistema wean-to-finish (WF). O projeto foi realizado na região do Meio Oeste de Santa Catarina, no período de janeiro a junho de 2009. Foram acompanhadas oito granjas, com total de 3.545 suínos, criados no sistema wean-to-finish, alojados com média de 28 dias de idade e 8,22Kg de peso vivo. Os dados foram obtidos através de oito avaliações sanitárias, realizadas nos dias 0, 7, 14, 38, 69, 102, 137 e 143 de alojamento, sendo denominadas avaliações 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 e 7 respectivamente. A avaliação 0 consistiu em visualização geral dos suínos e condições das instalações no momento do alojamento. As avaliações 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6 consistiram em monitorias clínicas, sendo avaliados índices de diarreia, tosse e espirro. A avaliação 7 consistiu em monitoria de abate para enfermidades respiratórias, renais, hepáticas e úlcera gástrica. Avaliações clínicas adicionais, com realizações de necropsias e/ou coleta de material para análises bacteriológicas e histopatológicas, foram efetuadas quando ocorreram problemas sanitários nas granjas. As frequências de tosse e espirro nas granjas avaliadas aumentaram na 13a e 18a semanas de idade. O maior índice de diarreia foi observado no período de creche, na primeira avaliação, sendo isolado Escherichia coli e Yersinia enterocolitica. Na fase de crescimento e terminação foi diagnosticado Brachyspira sp. (86 dias de alojamento/114 dias de idade), Salmonella sp. (77 dias de alojamento/105 dias de idade) e Lawsonia intracelullaris (60 dias de alojamento/88 dias de idade). No período de creche a doença mais observada foi a diarreia pós desmame e na fase de crescimento e terminação foi a circovirose. A mortalidade na fase de creche variou de 0,00% a 1,08% e na fase de crescimento e terminação de 1,82% a 6,72%, entre granjas. As principais causas de mortalidade determinadas foram a circovirose seguida de Síndrome da distensão intestinal suína (SDI) e septicemia, que representaram 25,20%, 11,02% e 6,30%, respectivamente. O desvio de carcaça pelo SIF variou de 1,02 a 6,71%, sendo a pleurisia a principal causa (23,08 a 100%). As frequências de rinite atrófica progressiva e pneumonia variaram de 13% a 70% e 16,7% a 72,7%, dos animais avaliados e os IRAP e IPP variaram de 0,13 a 1,0 e 0,25 a 1,27, respectivamente. As lesões renais variaram de 33 a 50%, sendo a nefrite a mais prevalente. A percentagem de fígado com manchas brancas variou de 4 a 37%. Em todas as granjas observou-se lesão na pars esofágica do estômago, com frequência de 70 a 100%, sendo a lesão de grau 1 a mais observada

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA14MA126.pdf: 1502489 bytes, checksum: 114ec2bccc4079c0c854d6aabdb2add0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / The study aimed to evaluate the health, zootechnical and economic behavior of pigs housed in the "wean-to-finish" system (WF) compared to the conventional production system. Two groups of pigs from the same sow farms, born and weaned in the same week, were evaluated. One group was housed in a conventional production system and the other in a WF adapted barn, both in collective pens. After the end of the nursery phase part of the WF group was transferred and housed in a conventional barn and replaced by part of the conventional group (CC), forming four groups (WF ,CC1 ,CC2 and CC3). For analysis of production was calculated the average daily feed intake (DFI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). For economic analysis were determined the cost of ration per kilogram of live weight gain, the index of economic efficiency (IEE) and cost index (CI) . The health examination consisted of clinical monitoring (incidence of diarrhea, cough and sneezing), laboratory monitoring (necropsy and sample collection for histology and bacteriology) and slaughter, with the rates of pneumonia (IPP), atrophic rhinitis (RAP), kidney and liver lesions. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using the SAS statistical package, previously tested for normality of the residuals using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and the means of groups were compared by the Tukey test (5 %). Mortality was low in all groups, with the main reason of death the circovirosis. The rates of diarrhea were also not significant, with the highest incidence in nursery phase for the WF group. During the grow/finish the lowest index was of the WF, who not suffered transfer. Data from cough and sneezing were also not considered significant in all stages of review. In the slaughter-house the highest rates of RAP and IPP were of the WF group. The highest production rates for final body weight, ADG and CDR in nursery phase were of the WF group, but feed conversion ratio was better in CC. During the grow/finish the WF and CC3 group ended with similar final body weights and higher than the other groups. The ADG and FCR were equal to WF, CC1 and CC3 groups. In the economic aspect WF group had the lowest costs, with a difference of up to R$ 0.09 per kilogram of live weight gain compared to the other groups. The results of productive performance mainly linked with the economic aspect, shows that WF system can be a viable alternative for the pork industry / O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento zootécnico, econômico e sanitário de suínos alojados no sistema wean-to-finish (WF) em comparação ao sistema convencional de produção. Foram avaliados dois grupos de suínos provenientes das mesmas unidades produtoras de leitões, nascidos e desmamados na mesma semana. Um grupo foi alojado em um sistema convencional de produção e o outro em um galpão WF adaptado, ambos em baias coletivas. Após o termino da fase de creche parte do grupo WF foi transferido e alojado em um galpão convencional, e substituído por parte do grupo convencional (CC), formando-se quatro grupos (WF, CC1, CC2 e CC3). Para análise de produção foi calculados o consumo médio diário de ração (CDR), o ganho médio de peso diário (GPD) e a conversão alimentar (CA). Para análise econômica foram determinados o custo em ração por quilograma de ganho de peso vivo, o índice de eficiência econômica (IEE) e o índice de custo (IC). A análise sanitária consistiu em monitoria clínica (incidência de diarreia, tosse e espirro), monitoria laboratorial (necropsia com coleta de material para histologia e bacteriologia) e de abate, com os índices de pneumonia (IPP), rinite atrófica (RAP), lesões renais e hepáticas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância utilizando-se o pacote estatístico SAS, previamente testados para normalidade dos resíduos pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk, e as médias dos grupos comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (5%). A mortalidade foi baixa em todos os grupos, tendo como principal causa mortis a circovirose. Os índices de diarreia também não foram significativos, com maior incidência na fase de creche para o grupo WF. Nas fases de crescimento e terminação o índice mais baixo foi do WF que não sofreu transferência. Os dados de tosse e espirro também não foram considerados significativos em todas as fases de avaliação. No frigorífico os maiores índices de RAP e IPP foram do grupo WF. Os maiores índices produtivos para peso médio e GPD e CDR finais na fase de creche foram do grupo WF, porém a conversão alimentar do CC foi melhor. Nas fases de crescimento e terminação o grupo WF e o CC3 terminaram com peso médio final semelhante e maiores que os outros grupos. O GPD e a CA foram iguais para os grupos WF, CC1 e CC3. No aspecto econômico o grupo WF apresentou os menores custos, com diferença de até R$ 0,09 por quilograma de ganho de peso vivo em comparação aos demais grupos. Os resultados do desempenho produtivo associados principalmente ao aspecto econômico ajudaram a concluir que o sistema WF é uma alternativa viável dentro da cadeia produtiva de suínos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a eficiência do LH suíno, em dosagens reduzidas em relação à dose tradicional de 5,0mg, no processo de sincronização da ovulação em fêmeas cíclicas. Foram tratadas 115 fêmeas das raças Landrace e Large White, com ordem de parto variando de 1 a 6 e escore corporal acima de 2 dentro de uma escala de 1-5, com variação de meio ponto. A detecção do cio foi realizada duas vezes ao dia, no início da manhã e no final da tarde, através do reflexo positivo de tolerância ao macho. As fêmeas foram divididas aleatoriamente em três tratamentos, com 600UI de eCG ao desmame e 2,5 (T1), 1,25 (T2) e 0,625mg (T3) de LH, 56 horas após a injeção de eCG. O grupo controle não recebeu a administração de LH. A ocorrência da ovulação foi determinada pela ultra-sonografia trans-retal. Os dados foram reavaliados de acordo com o número de inseminações em 1 e 2 inseminações. As fêmeas foram abatidas 96 horas após a ovulação, com a finalidade de proceder com a contagem do número de corpos lúteos e a colheita de embriões. O intervalo entre a aplicação do LH e a ocorrência da ovulação (IA-OV), nos três tratamentos foi de 41,0±5,9, 56,0±17,0, 58,2±18,8 respectivamente e 62,9±14,8 para o grupo controle. A melhor sincronização da ovulação (p<0,05, teste de Bartlett), ocorreu no T1, o qual corresponde a dose de LH de 2,5mg. Os resultados quanto ao número de inseminações, taxa de fertilização e viabilidade embrionária, não diferiram estatisticamente entre os tratamentos, porém, quando o intervalo (IA-OV) foi maior que 24 horas, a taxa de fecundação e viabilidade embrionária sofreram uma diminuição em comparação com os intervalos menores do que 24 horas (p<0,05). Os protocolos hormonais não influenciaram quanto ao número de cistos ovarianos (p<0,05, teste de Tukey). Conclui-se que a utilização da dose de LH de 2,5mg sincroniza a ovulação e pode ser aplicada em programas de IATF e que a realização de 1 inseminação artificial até 24 horas antes da ovulação em tempo fixo não deprecia a taxa de fecundação e o número de embriões viáveis / This work had as purpose the determination of the efficiency of the LH swine, in reduced dosage against the traditional 5,0mg dose, in the process of synchronization of the ovulation in cyclical females. There were treated 115 females of Landrace and Large White races, with average parity number varying from 1 to 6 and corporal sustain above 2 among 1 to 5 scale, with variation of half point. The detection of the heat was accomplished twice a day, in the beginning of the morning and at the end of the afternoon, through the positive reflex of tolerance to the male. The females were randomly divided in three treatments, with 600UI of eCG by the weaning and 2,5 (T1), 1,25 (T2) and 0,625mg (T3) of LH, 56 hours after the eCG injection. The control group didn\'t receive the LH administration. The occurrence of the ovulation was determined by the trans-rectal ultrasonography. The data were revalued according to the number of inseminations in 1 and 2 inseminations. The females were slaughtered 96 hours after the ovulation, with the purpose of proceeding with the counting of the number of corpora lutea and the recovered embryos. The interval between the LH application and the occurrence of the ovulation (IA-OV), in the three treatments was of 41,0±5,9, 56,0±17,0, 58,2±18,8 respectively and 62,9±14,8 for the control group. The best ovulation synchronization (p <0,05, test of Bartlett) happened in T1, which corresponds to the LH 2,5mg dose. The results concerning the number of inseminations, fertilization rate and embryonic viability, didn´t differ statistically among the treatments, however, when the interval (IA-OV) was over 24 hours, the fecundation rate and embryonic viability decreased if compared with the intervals shorter than 24 hours (p<0,05). The hormonal protocols didn´t cause influence as to the ovarian cysts number (p<0,05, test of Tukey). It´s conclusive that the use of the LH 2,5mg dose synchronizes the ovulation and it can be applied in IATF programs, and that accomplishment of 1 artificial insemination up to 24 hours before the ovulation in fixed time doesn´t depreciate the fecundation rate and the number of viable embryos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a eficiência do LH suíno, em dosagens reduzidas em relação à dose tradicional de 5,0mg, no processo de sincronização da ovulação em fêmeas cíclicas. Foram tratadas 115 fêmeas das raças Landrace e Large White, com ordem de parto variando de 1 a 6 e escore corporal acima de 2 dentro de uma escala de 1-5, com variação de meio ponto. A detecção do cio foi realizada duas vezes ao dia, no início da manhã e no final da tarde, através do reflexo positivo de tolerância ao macho. As fêmeas foram divididas aleatoriamente em três tratamentos, com 600UI de eCG ao desmame e 2,5 (T1), 1,25 (T2) e 0,625mg (T3) de LH, 56 horas após a injeção de eCG. O grupo controle não recebeu a administração de LH. A ocorrência da ovulação foi determinada pela ultra-sonografia trans-retal. Os dados foram reavaliados de acordo com o número de inseminações em 1 e 2 inseminações. As fêmeas foram abatidas 96 horas após a ovulação, com a finalidade de proceder com a contagem do número de corpos lúteos e a colheita de embriões. O intervalo entre a aplicação do LH e a ocorrência da ovulação (IA-OV), nos três tratamentos foi de 41,0±5,9, 56,0±17,0, 58,2±18,8 respectivamente e 62,9±14,8 para o grupo controle. A melhor sincronização da ovulação (p<0,05, teste de Bartlett), ocorreu no T1, o qual corresponde a dose de LH de 2,5mg. Os resultados quanto ao número de inseminações, taxa de fertilização e viabilidade embrionária, não diferiram estatisticamente entre os tratamentos, porém, quando o intervalo (IA-OV) foi maior que 24 horas, a taxa de fecundação e viabilidade embrionária sofreram uma diminuição em comparação com os intervalos menores do que 24 horas (p<0,05). Os protocolos hormonais não influenciaram quanto ao número de cistos ovarianos (p<0,05, teste de Tukey). Conclui-se que a utilização da dose de LH de 2,5mg sincroniza a ovulação e pode ser aplicada em programas de IATF e que a realização de 1 inseminação artificial até 24 horas antes da ovulação em tempo fixo não deprecia a taxa de fecundação e o número de embriões viáveis / This work had as purpose the determination of the efficiency of the LH swine, in reduced dosage against the traditional 5,0mg dose, in the process of synchronization of the ovulation in cyclical females. There were treated 115 females of Landrace and Large White races, with average parity number varying from 1 to 6 and corporal sustain above 2 among 1 to 5 scale, with variation of half point. The detection of the heat was accomplished twice a day, in the beginning of the morning and at the end of the afternoon, through the positive reflex of tolerance to the male. The females were randomly divided in three treatments, with 600UI of eCG by the weaning and 2,5 (T1), 1,25 (T2) and 0,625mg (T3) of LH, 56 hours after the eCG injection. The control group didn\'t receive the LH administration. The occurrence of the ovulation was determined by the trans-rectal ultrasonography. The data were revalued according to the number of inseminations in 1 and 2 inseminations. The females were slaughtered 96 hours after the ovulation, with the purpose of proceeding with the counting of the number of corpora lutea and the recovered embryos. The interval between the LH application and the occurrence of the ovulation (IA-OV), in the three treatments was of 41,0±5,9, 56,0±17,0, 58,2±18,8 respectively and 62,9±14,8 for the control group. The best ovulation synchronization (p <0,05, test of Bartlett) happened in T1, which corresponds to the LH 2,5mg dose. The results concerning the number of inseminations, fertilization rate and embryonic viability, didn´t differ statistically among the treatments, however, when the interval (IA-OV) was over 24 hours, the fecundation rate and embryonic viability decreased if compared with the intervals shorter than 24 hours (p<0,05). The hormonal protocols didn´t cause influence as to the ovarian cysts number (p<0,05, test of Tukey). It´s conclusive that the use of the LH 2,5mg dose synchronizes the ovulation and it can be applied in IATF programs, and that accomplishment of 1 artificial insemination up to 24 hours before the ovulation in fixed time doesn´t depreciate the fecundation rate and the number of viable embryos

Pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa, cujo objeto foi o processo de cuidar da mulher que escolhe desmamar precocemente com ênfase nas relações que se estabelecem entre a cliente e a enfermeira. Tomou como objetivos identificar quais as estratégias utilizadas pelas enfermeiras para se comunicarem com as mulheres que escolhem desmamar precocemente; discutir a relação interpessoal no processo do cuidar entre a enfermeira e analisar o cuidado da enfermeira à mulher que escolhe desmamar precocemente sob a ótica da teoria de Peplau. A pesquisa foi realizada com nove enfermeiras que realizam consulta de enfermagem no núcleo materno infantil, das Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município do Rio de Janeiro. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevista semi estruturada e analisados pelo método de análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Foram evidenciadas três categorias: 1) Os determinantes do relacionamento interpessoal das enfermeiras cuidando da mulher que escolhe desmamar precocemente, cujas subcategorias expressaram os significados do aleitamento materno atribuído pelas enfermeiras, os conflitos da mulher no processo do aleitamento materno e os sentimentos das enfermeiras quando a mulher escolhe desmamar precocemente; 2) Estratégias de comunicação das enfermeiras ao cuidar da mulher que escolhe desmamar precocemente, cujas subcategorias evidenciaram a comunicação não verbal e a associação da comunicação não verbal à comunicação verbal; 3) Contradições a enfermeiras no processo de cuidar da mulher que escolhe desmamar precocemente. Os resultados evidenciaram que as enfermeiras possuem em importante papel de apoio a mulher no processo da amamentação, e constroem o cuidado de enfermagem dentro da relação interpessoal, usando os recursos da comunicação não verbal e em associação a verbal. Através da Teoria do Relacionamento Interpessoal de Peplau, foi revelado que há contradições no cuidado das enfermeiras diante da escolha da mulher pelo desmame precoce, por priorizarem suas concepções e valores comparados aos da mulher. / Descriptive research with qualitative approach, which object was the process of taking care of woman that chooses to wean precociously with emphasis in the relationships that settle down between the customer and the nurse. It took as objectives to identify which strategies that were used by nurses to communicate with the women that choose to wean precociously; to discuss the interpersonal relationship in the process of take care among the nurse and to analyze the care of the nurse to the woman that chooses to wean precociously on the optics of Peplaus theory. The research was accomplished with nine nurses that accomplish nursing consultation in the infantile maternal nucleus, of the Basic Units of Health of the municipal district of Rio de Janeiro. The data was collected through semi- structured interview and analyzed by Bardins method of analysis of content. Three categories were evidenced: 1) the determinant of the nurses' interpersonal relationship taking care of woman that chooses to wean precociously, whose subcategories expressed the meanings of maternal breast-feeding attributed by the nurses, the woman's conflicts in the process of maternal breast-feeding and the nurses' feelings when the woman chooses to wean precociously; 2) communication strategies of the nurses when taking care of woman that chooses to wean precociously, whose subcategories evidenced the non-verbal communication and the association of the non-verbal communication to the verbal communication; 3) contradictions to nurses in the process of taking care of the woman that chooses to wean precociously. The results evidenced that the nurses possess an important support paper to woman in the process of breast-feeding, and they build the nursing care inside the interpersonal relationship, using the resources of non-verbal communication and in association of the verbal communication. Through the Interpersonal Relationships Theory of Peplau, it was revealed that there are contradictions in the nurses' care before the woman's choice for the precocious weans, because they prioritize your conceptions and values compared to the womans.

Pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa, cujo objeto foi o processo de cuidar da mulher que escolhe desmamar precocemente com ênfase nas relações que se estabelecem entre a cliente e a enfermeira. Tomou como objetivos identificar quais as estratégias utilizadas pelas enfermeiras para se comunicarem com as mulheres que escolhem desmamar precocemente; discutir a relação interpessoal no processo do cuidar entre a enfermeira e analisar o cuidado da enfermeira à mulher que escolhe desmamar precocemente sob a ótica da teoria de Peplau. A pesquisa foi realizada com nove enfermeiras que realizam consulta de enfermagem no núcleo materno infantil, das Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município do Rio de Janeiro. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevista semi estruturada e analisados pelo método de análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Foram evidenciadas três categorias: 1) Os determinantes do relacionamento interpessoal das enfermeiras cuidando da mulher que escolhe desmamar precocemente, cujas subcategorias expressaram os significados do aleitamento materno atribuído pelas enfermeiras, os conflitos da mulher no processo do aleitamento materno e os sentimentos das enfermeiras quando a mulher escolhe desmamar precocemente; 2) Estratégias de comunicação das enfermeiras ao cuidar da mulher que escolhe desmamar precocemente, cujas subcategorias evidenciaram a comunicação não verbal e a associação da comunicação não verbal à comunicação verbal; 3) Contradições a enfermeiras no processo de cuidar da mulher que escolhe desmamar precocemente. Os resultados evidenciaram que as enfermeiras possuem em importante papel de apoio a mulher no processo da amamentação, e constroem o cuidado de enfermagem dentro da relação interpessoal, usando os recursos da comunicação não verbal e em associação a verbal. Através da Teoria do Relacionamento Interpessoal de Peplau, foi revelado que há contradições no cuidado das enfermeiras diante da escolha da mulher pelo desmame precoce, por priorizarem suas concepções e valores comparados aos da mulher. / Descriptive research with qualitative approach, which object was the process of taking care of woman that chooses to wean precociously with emphasis in the relationships that settle down between the customer and the nurse. It took as objectives to identify which strategies that were used by nurses to communicate with the women that choose to wean precociously; to discuss the interpersonal relationship in the process of take care among the nurse and to analyze the care of the nurse to the woman that chooses to wean precociously on the optics of Peplaus theory. The research was accomplished with nine nurses that accomplish nursing consultation in the infantile maternal nucleus, of the Basic Units of Health of the municipal district of Rio de Janeiro. The data was collected through semi- structured interview and analyzed by Bardins method of analysis of content. Three categories were evidenced: 1) the determinant of the nurses' interpersonal relationship taking care of woman that chooses to wean precociously, whose subcategories expressed the meanings of maternal breast-feeding attributed by the nurses, the woman's conflicts in the process of maternal breast-feeding and the nurses' feelings when the woman chooses to wean precociously; 2) communication strategies of the nurses when taking care of woman that chooses to wean precociously, whose subcategories evidenced the non-verbal communication and the association of the non-verbal communication to the verbal communication; 3) contradictions to nurses in the process of taking care of the woman that chooses to wean precociously. The results evidenced that the nurses possess an important support paper to woman in the process of breast-feeding, and they build the nursing care inside the interpersonal relationship, using the resources of non-verbal communication and in association of the verbal communication. Through the Interpersonal Relationships Theory of Peplau, it was revealed that there are contradictions in the nurses' care before the woman's choice for the precocious weans, because they prioritize your conceptions and values compared to the womans.

The aim of this study was firstly to perform, from the existing literature, a SWOT ("Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats") analysis of the boerbok industry. Secondly, to design a case study where a number of management accounting evaluation techniques (i.e. performance measurement (short–term focus), capital investment evaluation (long–term focus) and risk have been identified to compare the financial results of different scenarios between boerbok, sheep and cattle farming. In the case study, Scenarios 1, 2 and 3 assumed a farm size of 200 hectares and capital available of R200 000, R500 000 and R900 000, respectively. Scenarios 4, 5 and 6 assumed a farm size of 500 hectares, with the same capital as the above amounts, respectively; and Scenarios 7, 8 and 9 assumed a farm size of 900 hectares, with the same capital as the above amounts, respectively. The study concluded, from the SWOT analysis, that the boergoat inherently has the potential to be an important source of red meat in future markets. The sum total of the management accounting techniques indicated that the boerbok is in general financially the best specimen choice for farming, e.g. in seven of the nine scenarios it has the highest score. The recommendation is that the user must determine which of performance (short–term), return on capital (long–term) or risk are the most important considerations before a decision is made regarding to the choice of preferred specimen. The study's recommendation is to select boerbok farming in case both short–term financial performance and long–term return on capital are the most important factors. If risk is the major consideration, cattle farming should be selected. If the overall financial analysis outlined in the study is considered, boerbok farming should be selected, followed by sheep farming. Note that these recommendations are made for specific scenarios; therefore, the general recommendation is that each decision–maker should take his/her own unique situation's variables into account in this financial analysis. The limitations of the study, which arose because a number of assumptions were made, are as follows: The results of the investigation are only valid for the Potchefstroom and surrounding areas and, carrying capacity, based on this area's average, may even differ in the area; Dosage is based on the needs of the environment as in January 2011; Buying and selling prices are as at January 2011; The input costs for livestock handling infrastructure may differ, as farming practices and approaches differ; The physical shape of the farm could have a direct impact on the fencing expenditure; Lamb and calf growth percentages may vary as a result of different farming practices and approaches; and The combination of initial capital and farm size may influence the results. As a result of these constraints (assumptions), it is very risky to generalise, but the practical value of the study is that a Microsoft Excel programme was developed, which can be used for calculations, similar to calculations in this study, which is available at the following web address: http://sites.google.com/site/rooivleisvergelyking/. Therefore, variables such as farm size, capital available, carrying capacity, costs and prices can be changed for each unique scenario, and the results will be calculated accordingly. The contribution of this study is that it supports the decision regarding the choice between the types of red meat farming for several unique scenarios, because every land user can determine which of these species are recommended according to the different management accounting evaluation techniques. The value of the study is that it is the first attempt where the viability of three species of red meat farming is compared by means of a case study with different scenarios. The gap for further research that should be done is as follows: The number of evaluation techniques can be extended to give more substance to the results; The number of species in the comparison can be extended; An analysis of the behaviour of costs between the different scenarios can be done; and The optimal combination of farm size and capital available can be determined. / Thesis (M.Com. (Management Accountancy))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

The aim of this study was firstly to perform, from the existing literature, a SWOT ("Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats") analysis of the boerbok industry. Secondly, to design a case study where a number of management accounting evaluation techniques (i.e. performance measurement (short–term focus), capital investment evaluation (long–term focus) and risk have been identified to compare the financial results of different scenarios between boerbok, sheep and cattle farming. In the case study, Scenarios 1, 2 and 3 assumed a farm size of 200 hectares and capital available of R200 000, R500 000 and R900 000, respectively. Scenarios 4, 5 and 6 assumed a farm size of 500 hectares, with the same capital as the above amounts, respectively; and Scenarios 7, 8 and 9 assumed a farm size of 900 hectares, with the same capital as the above amounts, respectively. The study concluded, from the SWOT analysis, that the boergoat inherently has the potential to be an important source of red meat in future markets. The sum total of the management accounting techniques indicated that the boerbok is in general financially the best specimen choice for farming, e.g. in seven of the nine scenarios it has the highest score. The recommendation is that the user must determine which of performance (short–term), return on capital (long–term) or risk are the most important considerations before a decision is made regarding to the choice of preferred specimen. The study's recommendation is to select boerbok farming in case both short–term financial performance and long–term return on capital are the most important factors. If risk is the major consideration, cattle farming should be selected. If the overall financial analysis outlined in the study is considered, boerbok farming should be selected, followed by sheep farming. Note that these recommendations are made for specific scenarios; therefore, the general recommendation is that each decision–maker should take his/her own unique situation's variables into account in this financial analysis. The limitations of the study, which arose because a number of assumptions were made, are as follows: The results of the investigation are only valid for the Potchefstroom and surrounding areas and, carrying capacity, based on this area's average, may even differ in the area; Dosage is based on the needs of the environment as in January 2011; Buying and selling prices are as at January 2011; The input costs for livestock handling infrastructure may differ, as farming practices and approaches differ; The physical shape of the farm could have a direct impact on the fencing expenditure; Lamb and calf growth percentages may vary as a result of different farming practices and approaches; and The combination of initial capital and farm size may influence the results. As a result of these constraints (assumptions), it is very risky to generalise, but the practical value of the study is that a Microsoft Excel programme was developed, which can be used for calculations, similar to calculations in this study, which is available at the following web address: http://sites.google.com/site/rooivleisvergelyking/. Therefore, variables such as farm size, capital available, carrying capacity, costs and prices can be changed for each unique scenario, and the results will be calculated accordingly. The contribution of this study is that it supports the decision regarding the choice between the types of red meat farming for several unique scenarios, because every land user can determine which of these species are recommended according to the different management accounting evaluation techniques. The value of the study is that it is the first attempt where the viability of three species of red meat farming is compared by means of a case study with different scenarios. The gap for further research that should be done is as follows: The number of evaluation techniques can be extended to give more substance to the results; The number of species in the comparison can be extended; An analysis of the behaviour of costs between the different scenarios can be done; and The optimal combination of farm size and capital available can be determined. / Thesis (M.Com. (Management Accountancy))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.