• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 9
  • 4
  • Tagged with
  • 14
  • 14
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 4
  • 4
  • 4
  • 4
  • 4
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

An appraisal of the effect of nursing location on weaning weight of piglets and its dependence on the feeding of essential oils to sows

Dierking, Shannon L. 01 January 2019 (has links)
The objective of these studies was to evaluate the effect of piglet nursing location on weaning weight, and its dependence on essential oil supplementation on sow and piglet performances. Piglets that nursed anterior teat pairs had heavier weaning weights and higher gain for the lactation period. Additionally, piglet birthweight did not impact their overall teat selection and nursing location. These results provide some insight into the biological aspects of sow milk production, and implied that milk yield may vary between teat pairs along the udder line. Supplementation of essential oils (EO) during late gestation and lactation had no effect on sow fecal dry matter (DM), immunoglobulin content of colostrum and milk, but it did increase the lactose content in milk from sows supplemented with EO, with an increase from 5.84% to 5. 97% (P = 0.04). There was an increase in sow weight loss during lactation (P = 0.002), and there was a significant effect on piglet birthweight, with sows supplemented with EO producing heavier piglets at birth, 1.56 kg in EO sows, compared to 1.49 kg in the control (CON) sows (P = 0.03). Overall, piglet weaning weight is impacted by their selected nursing location along the udder line. Supplementation of EO may have limited effects on sow performance, such as fecal dry matter (DM) but may positively impact piglet birthweight. Furthermore, including EO into sow diets during late gestation and lactation can potentially impact the nutrient levels of sow milk.
2

Influência do peso ao nascimento e lesões no desempenho de leitões lactantes. / Influence of birth weight and lesions on performance of suckling piglets

Furtado, Cristiane da Silva Duarte January 2007 (has links)
O peso dos leitões ao desmame está positivamente relacionado com o desempenho posterior e sofre influência de diversos fatores relacionados ao ambiente, à matriz e aos próprios leitões. O peso ao nascimento, a presença de lesões orais, dentárias, umbilicais e no aparelho locomotor podem comprometer o ganho de peso dos leitões na maternidade. Foram acompanhados 2004 lactentes, os quais foram pesados e avaliados para a presença de lesões no primeiro dia e aos 7, 14 e 21 (desmame) dias de vida. Leitões nascidos com peso entre 600g e 900g tiveram mortalidade até o desmame superior àqueles pesando entre 901g e 1200g (P<0,05). Entre os leitões nascidos com peso acima de 1500g não houve diferença na mortalidade (P>0,05). O peso ao nascimento apresentou correlação positiva com o peso ao desmame (P<0,05). A ocorrência de lesões orais, umbilicais ou dentárias não comprometeu o desempenho. Por outro lado, a presença de lesões no aparelho locomotor afetou negativamente o peso ao desmame (P<0,05). Leitões com lesões no aparelho locomotor na segunda semana de vida apresentaram peso inferior àqueles com lesões na primeira semana (P<0,05). Leitões leves (≥600g - <1300g) com lesões no aparelho locomotor não sofreram redução do peso ao desmame (P>0,05), enquanto os leitões médios (≥1300g - <1800g) e pesados (≥1800g) com lesões tiveram peso inferior ao daqueles sem lesões (P<0,05). O peso ao nascimento e a ocorrência de lesões no aparelho locomotor podem comprometer a performance dos leitões lactentes. / Weaning weight of piglets is positively related with performance in later ages and is influenced by several factors connected with environment, the sow and the piglets. The birth weight, presence of oral, dental, umbilical or limb lesions can compromise the performance of suckling piglet. A total of 2004 suckled piglets were weighted and evaluated for the presence of lesions in the first day of life and on 7, 14 and 21 days. Pigs with birth weight between 600g and 900g presented preweaning mortality higher than those with weights between 901g and 1200g (P<0.05). Among piglets with birth weight above 1500g, there was no difference in mortality (P>0.05). Birth weight presented a positive correlation with weaning weight (P<0.05). Occurrence of oral, umbilical or dental lesions did not compromise performance. On the other hand, the presence of limb lesions affected negatively the weaning weight (P<0.05). Piglets with limb lesions in the second week of life presented smaller weight when compared with those with lesions only in the first week of life (P<0.05). Lighter piglets (≥600g - <1300g) with limb lesions did not show reduction in weaning weight (P>0.05), while those with intermediate weight (≥1300g - <1800g) and heavier (≥1800g) with lesions had smaller weight when compared to those without lesions (P<0.05). It is concluded that birth weight and the occurrence of limb lesions can compromise the performance of suckling piglets.
3

Influência do peso ao nascimento e lesões no desempenho de leitões lactantes. / Influence of birth weight and lesions on performance of suckling piglets

Furtado, Cristiane da Silva Duarte January 2007 (has links)
O peso dos leitões ao desmame está positivamente relacionado com o desempenho posterior e sofre influência de diversos fatores relacionados ao ambiente, à matriz e aos próprios leitões. O peso ao nascimento, a presença de lesões orais, dentárias, umbilicais e no aparelho locomotor podem comprometer o ganho de peso dos leitões na maternidade. Foram acompanhados 2004 lactentes, os quais foram pesados e avaliados para a presença de lesões no primeiro dia e aos 7, 14 e 21 (desmame) dias de vida. Leitões nascidos com peso entre 600g e 900g tiveram mortalidade até o desmame superior àqueles pesando entre 901g e 1200g (P<0,05). Entre os leitões nascidos com peso acima de 1500g não houve diferença na mortalidade (P>0,05). O peso ao nascimento apresentou correlação positiva com o peso ao desmame (P<0,05). A ocorrência de lesões orais, umbilicais ou dentárias não comprometeu o desempenho. Por outro lado, a presença de lesões no aparelho locomotor afetou negativamente o peso ao desmame (P<0,05). Leitões com lesões no aparelho locomotor na segunda semana de vida apresentaram peso inferior àqueles com lesões na primeira semana (P<0,05). Leitões leves (≥600g - <1300g) com lesões no aparelho locomotor não sofreram redução do peso ao desmame (P>0,05), enquanto os leitões médios (≥1300g - <1800g) e pesados (≥1800g) com lesões tiveram peso inferior ao daqueles sem lesões (P<0,05). O peso ao nascimento e a ocorrência de lesões no aparelho locomotor podem comprometer a performance dos leitões lactentes. / Weaning weight of piglets is positively related with performance in later ages and is influenced by several factors connected with environment, the sow and the piglets. The birth weight, presence of oral, dental, umbilical or limb lesions can compromise the performance of suckling piglet. A total of 2004 suckled piglets were weighted and evaluated for the presence of lesions in the first day of life and on 7, 14 and 21 days. Pigs with birth weight between 600g and 900g presented preweaning mortality higher than those with weights between 901g and 1200g (P<0.05). Among piglets with birth weight above 1500g, there was no difference in mortality (P>0.05). Birth weight presented a positive correlation with weaning weight (P<0.05). Occurrence of oral, umbilical or dental lesions did not compromise performance. On the other hand, the presence of limb lesions affected negatively the weaning weight (P<0.05). Piglets with limb lesions in the second week of life presented smaller weight when compared with those with lesions only in the first week of life (P<0.05). Lighter piglets (≥600g - <1300g) with limb lesions did not show reduction in weaning weight (P>0.05), while those with intermediate weight (≥1300g - <1800g) and heavier (≥1800g) with lesions had smaller weight when compared to those without lesions (P<0.05). It is concluded that birth weight and the occurrence of limb lesions can compromise the performance of suckling piglets.
4

Influência do peso ao nascimento e lesões no desempenho de leitões lactantes. / Influence of birth weight and lesions on performance of suckling piglets

Furtado, Cristiane da Silva Duarte January 2007 (has links)
O peso dos leitões ao desmame está positivamente relacionado com o desempenho posterior e sofre influência de diversos fatores relacionados ao ambiente, à matriz e aos próprios leitões. O peso ao nascimento, a presença de lesões orais, dentárias, umbilicais e no aparelho locomotor podem comprometer o ganho de peso dos leitões na maternidade. Foram acompanhados 2004 lactentes, os quais foram pesados e avaliados para a presença de lesões no primeiro dia e aos 7, 14 e 21 (desmame) dias de vida. Leitões nascidos com peso entre 600g e 900g tiveram mortalidade até o desmame superior àqueles pesando entre 901g e 1200g (P<0,05). Entre os leitões nascidos com peso acima de 1500g não houve diferença na mortalidade (P>0,05). O peso ao nascimento apresentou correlação positiva com o peso ao desmame (P<0,05). A ocorrência de lesões orais, umbilicais ou dentárias não comprometeu o desempenho. Por outro lado, a presença de lesões no aparelho locomotor afetou negativamente o peso ao desmame (P<0,05). Leitões com lesões no aparelho locomotor na segunda semana de vida apresentaram peso inferior àqueles com lesões na primeira semana (P<0,05). Leitões leves (≥600g - <1300g) com lesões no aparelho locomotor não sofreram redução do peso ao desmame (P>0,05), enquanto os leitões médios (≥1300g - <1800g) e pesados (≥1800g) com lesões tiveram peso inferior ao daqueles sem lesões (P<0,05). O peso ao nascimento e a ocorrência de lesões no aparelho locomotor podem comprometer a performance dos leitões lactentes. / Weaning weight of piglets is positively related with performance in later ages and is influenced by several factors connected with environment, the sow and the piglets. The birth weight, presence of oral, dental, umbilical or limb lesions can compromise the performance of suckling piglet. A total of 2004 suckled piglets were weighted and evaluated for the presence of lesions in the first day of life and on 7, 14 and 21 days. Pigs with birth weight between 600g and 900g presented preweaning mortality higher than those with weights between 901g and 1200g (P<0.05). Among piglets with birth weight above 1500g, there was no difference in mortality (P>0.05). Birth weight presented a positive correlation with weaning weight (P<0.05). Occurrence of oral, umbilical or dental lesions did not compromise performance. On the other hand, the presence of limb lesions affected negatively the weaning weight (P<0.05). Piglets with limb lesions in the second week of life presented smaller weight when compared with those with lesions only in the first week of life (P<0.05). Lighter piglets (≥600g - <1300g) with limb lesions did not show reduction in weaning weight (P>0.05), while those with intermediate weight (≥1300g - <1800g) and heavier (≥1800g) with lesions had smaller weight when compared to those without lesions (P<0.05). It is concluded that birth weight and the occurrence of limb lesions can compromise the performance of suckling piglets.
5

Respostas fisiológicas, produtivas e comportamentais de ovelhas Santa Inês submetidas a manejos considerados estressantes e desempenho de seus cordeiros / Physiological, productive and behavioral responses of Santa Inês ewes subjected to stressful managements and performance of their lambs

Stradiotto, Monalissa de Melo 29 May 2012 (has links)
Com o objetivo de avaliar a susceptibilidade de ovelhas ao estresse e a relação com a produção de leite, 50 fêmeas da raça Santa Inês foram submetidas durante 2 lactações sucessivas a quatro situações de estresse (1: estresse fisiológico padrão via administração de ACTH; 2: desmame; 3: primeira ordenha; 4: mudança de ordenhador). Foram avaliadas as respostas fisiológicas, produtivas e comportamentais das ovelhas e o comportamento e ganho de peso dos cordeiros. Na 1ª lactação, os cordeiros foram desmamados com 60 dias de idade e, na 2ª de acordo com os tratamentos: 1º Grupo com 60 dias de idade e o 2º Grupo com 45 dias de idade. A maior parte das ovelhas estudadas foi considerada medianamente susceptível ao estresse, portanto não foi possível classificá-las estatisticamente, pois poucos animais foram considerados muito ou pouco susceptíveis. Após a administração de ACTH e estresse de primeira ordenha, o cortisol apresentou as maiores concentrações aos 60 minutos sendo que após cinco horas as concentrações basais foram restabelecidas. Porém, após o desmame, o cortisol permaneceu elevado, apresentando maiores valores no grupo desmamado aos 45 dias (P&lt;0,05). A mudança de ordenhador causou estresse e promoveu posteriormente maior liberação de cortisol (P&lt;0,05). O comportamento observado na sala de ordenha foi correlacionado positivamente com o tempo de ordenha, produção de leite e reatividade, pois alguns animais apresentaram comportamento mais agitado e reativo na ordenha, com maior frequência de coices, sobre-passos e micção. A produção de leite foi significativamente maior (P&lt;0,05) na segunda quinzena de lactação e a duração da lactação foi estimada em 75 dias. Para ambas as lactações, os teores de sólidos totais, gordura, lactose, minerais e proteína aumentaram (P&lt;0,05) ao longo do período. Nas duas lactações, as frequências dos comportamentos materno-filiais observados diminuíram com o passar dos dias, em função do maior interesse pela alimentação sólida em detrimento ao leite. Não houve influência da lactação e nem da idade a desmama nos pesos dos cordeiros ao parto e a desmama (P&gt;0,05), e as ovelhas recuperaram o peso corporal algumas semanas após o parto. / With the objective to evaluate the susceptibility of ewes to stress and its relation to milk production, 50 Santa Ines females were submitted to four stressful challenges during two successive lactations (1: standard physiological stress through ACTH administration; 2: weaning; 3: first milking; 4: change of milker). In ewes, it were evaluated the physiological, productive and behavioral responses and in lambs behavioral responses and weight gain. In first lactation, lambs were weaned with 60 days of age and in the second according to the treatments: 1st Group with 60 days of age and the 2st Group with 45 days of age. Most of the studied ewes were considered median susceptible to stress, therefore, it was not possible to classify them statistically, as few animals were considered high or low susceptible. After ACTH administration and first milking stress, cortisol level presented the highest concentrations at 60 minutes and after 5 hours, basal concentrations were reestablished. However, after weaning, cortisol level remained high, presenting the greatest values in the weaned group at 45 days (P&lt;0.05). The change of milker caused stress and later promoted higher cortisol release (P&lt;0.05). The behavior observed in milking parlor was positively correlated with time of milking, milk production and reactivity, as some animals presented more restless behavior and reactive during milking with higher frequency of kicks, pawing and urination. Milk production was significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in the second fortnight of lactation and the duration of lactation was estimated in seventy five days. For both lactations, the contents of total solids, fat, lactose, minerals and protein increased (P&lt;0.05) along the period. In both lactations, the frequencies of maternal-offspring behaviors observed decreased along the days, in function of higher interest for solid feed in detriment of milk. There was no influence of lactation and age at weaning in lambs weight at birth and at weaning (P&gt;0.05) and ewes recovered body weight some weeks after birth.
6

Respostas fisiológicas, produtivas e comportamentais de ovelhas Santa Inês submetidas a manejos considerados estressantes e desempenho de seus cordeiros / Physiological, productive and behavioral responses of Santa Inês ewes subjected to stressful managements and performance of their lambs

Monalissa de Melo Stradiotto 29 May 2012 (has links)
Com o objetivo de avaliar a susceptibilidade de ovelhas ao estresse e a relação com a produção de leite, 50 fêmeas da raça Santa Inês foram submetidas durante 2 lactações sucessivas a quatro situações de estresse (1: estresse fisiológico padrão via administração de ACTH; 2: desmame; 3: primeira ordenha; 4: mudança de ordenhador). Foram avaliadas as respostas fisiológicas, produtivas e comportamentais das ovelhas e o comportamento e ganho de peso dos cordeiros. Na 1ª lactação, os cordeiros foram desmamados com 60 dias de idade e, na 2ª de acordo com os tratamentos: 1º Grupo com 60 dias de idade e o 2º Grupo com 45 dias de idade. A maior parte das ovelhas estudadas foi considerada medianamente susceptível ao estresse, portanto não foi possível classificá-las estatisticamente, pois poucos animais foram considerados muito ou pouco susceptíveis. Após a administração de ACTH e estresse de primeira ordenha, o cortisol apresentou as maiores concentrações aos 60 minutos sendo que após cinco horas as concentrações basais foram restabelecidas. Porém, após o desmame, o cortisol permaneceu elevado, apresentando maiores valores no grupo desmamado aos 45 dias (P&lt;0,05). A mudança de ordenhador causou estresse e promoveu posteriormente maior liberação de cortisol (P&lt;0,05). O comportamento observado na sala de ordenha foi correlacionado positivamente com o tempo de ordenha, produção de leite e reatividade, pois alguns animais apresentaram comportamento mais agitado e reativo na ordenha, com maior frequência de coices, sobre-passos e micção. A produção de leite foi significativamente maior (P&lt;0,05) na segunda quinzena de lactação e a duração da lactação foi estimada em 75 dias. Para ambas as lactações, os teores de sólidos totais, gordura, lactose, minerais e proteína aumentaram (P&lt;0,05) ao longo do período. Nas duas lactações, as frequências dos comportamentos materno-filiais observados diminuíram com o passar dos dias, em função do maior interesse pela alimentação sólida em detrimento ao leite. Não houve influência da lactação e nem da idade a desmama nos pesos dos cordeiros ao parto e a desmama (P&gt;0,05), e as ovelhas recuperaram o peso corporal algumas semanas após o parto. / With the objective to evaluate the susceptibility of ewes to stress and its relation to milk production, 50 Santa Ines females were submitted to four stressful challenges during two successive lactations (1: standard physiological stress through ACTH administration; 2: weaning; 3: first milking; 4: change of milker). In ewes, it were evaluated the physiological, productive and behavioral responses and in lambs behavioral responses and weight gain. In first lactation, lambs were weaned with 60 days of age and in the second according to the treatments: 1st Group with 60 days of age and the 2st Group with 45 days of age. Most of the studied ewes were considered median susceptible to stress, therefore, it was not possible to classify them statistically, as few animals were considered high or low susceptible. After ACTH administration and first milking stress, cortisol level presented the highest concentrations at 60 minutes and after 5 hours, basal concentrations were reestablished. However, after weaning, cortisol level remained high, presenting the greatest values in the weaned group at 45 days (P&lt;0.05). The change of milker caused stress and later promoted higher cortisol release (P&lt;0.05). The behavior observed in milking parlor was positively correlated with time of milking, milk production and reactivity, as some animals presented more restless behavior and reactive during milking with higher frequency of kicks, pawing and urination. Milk production was significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in the second fortnight of lactation and the duration of lactation was estimated in seventy five days. For both lactations, the contents of total solids, fat, lactose, minerals and protein increased (P&lt;0.05) along the period. In both lactations, the frequencies of maternal-offspring behaviors observed decreased along the days, in function of higher interest for solid feed in detriment of milk. There was no influence of lactation and age at weaning in lambs weight at birth and at weaning (P&gt;0.05) and ewes recovered body weight some weeks after birth.
7

Pre- and postpartum nutritional effects on milk production, milk composition, calf weaning weight and postpartum reproductive performance of commercial beef cows

Kearnan, Jeffrey Mark 12 March 2009 (has links)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of prepartum and postpartum nutrition on milk production of commercial beef cows. Forty-three Angus or Angus X Holstein females, ranging in age from 2 to 6 yr, were randomly assigned by age and percentage Holstein within age to one of two prepartum grazing treatments (PRE). All females, regardless of PRE, were assigned at calving to receive the same post-calving nutritional energy. Females were assigned at calving by age, percentage Holstein within age, prepartum nutritional treatment and calving date to one of two milking groups. Milk weight (grams), milk composition (fat, protein, lactose, solids-not-fat, somatic cell count), dam body condition score (1 to 9), dam body weight, dam backfat thickness, loineye area, calf weaning weight and postpartum interval to estrus were all evaluated. Milk removal occurred biweekly by vacuum milking machine after intravenous injection of 20 IU of oxytocin. Samples were weighed and taken for milk analysis and determination of milk components. At 76± 10 d post-calving, females were assigned by age, percentage Holstein within age, prepartum nutritional treatment, and calving date to receive one of two postpartum nutritional treatments (POST). Females continued to be milked by machine biweekly until calves were weaned 199 ± 10 d. Differences in grazing level prior to calving significantly effected calf birth weights, with dams on the prepartum restricted grazing being lighter in weight at birth, 36.69 ± .68 and 38.95 ± .81 kg for PRE-L and PRE-H groups, respectively, however grazing differences did not effect calf weaning weight, calf gain or calf average daily gain. POST nutritional treatments significantly effected all calf performance traits with 37.10±.70, 38.54±.88; 196.89±4.9, 213.33±6.2; 159.79±4.8, 174.78±6.0; .809±.024, .888±.030; for birth weight, weaning weight, calf gain and calf average daily gain from cows on the POST -M or POST -H nutritional treatments, respectively. Pre-partum nutrition effected milk production (P < .001) with dams from the PRE-L grazing group producing less milk, 5622 ± 75 vs 6888 ±80 g. Postpartum energy also effected milk production with dams on the POST-H energy level producing more milk than dams from the POST-M group. Percentages of fat, protein, lactose and solids-not-fat were not different between the prepartum or postpartum diets (P>. 10). Somatic cell count was negatively correlated with dam milk production (P< .03). Postpartum interval to estrus was shorter for the PRE-L group than for the PRE-H, 43 ± 4 vs 53 ± 4 d. / Master of Science
8

Estudo de características de desempenho e medidas por escores visuais em bovinos Nelore /

Barrozo, Diego. January 2009 (has links)
Orientador: Sandra Aidar de Queiroz / Banca: João Ademir de Oliveira / Banca: William Koury Fillho / Resumo: O objetivo foi estudar a influência da idade da vaca ao parto (IVP), da idade do animal ao sobreano (IS) e do peso ao sobreano (PS) sobre os escores de conformação (C), precocidade (P), musculatura (M) e temperamento (T) ao sobreano de animais Nelore; estimar a herdabilidade (h²) destas características, empregando-se diferentes modelos estatísticos e estimar as co-variâncias e correlações entre T e as características reprodutivas perímetro escrotal (PE), idade ao primeiro parto (IPP) e idade ao segundo parto (ISP), de bovinos Nelore. A base de dados utilizada pertence ao PAINT®, CRV Lagoa LTDA. Foram realizadas análises de regressão após a absorção do efeito de grupo de contemporâneos (GC). As estimativas de h² foram obtidas por máximaverossimilhança restrita sob um modelo animal, considerando-se o efeito genético aditivo de animal como aleatório, incluindo diferentes efeitos fixos. IVP apresentou efeito quadrático sobre P e M, segmentado quadrático-quadrático sobre C e linear sobre T. A característica C comportou-se de modo similar ao PS e P e M foram semelhantes ao ganho de peso neste período. IS e PS apresentaram efeitos quadráticos sobre C, P e M e efeito cúbico e linear, respectivamente, sobre T. Estimativas de h² foram encontradas entre 0,13 á 0,38 (C, P e M) de acordo com o modelo utilizado, enquanto para PE, IPP e ISP, as estimativas foram iguais a 0,52; 0,13 e 0,03. As correlações genéticas entre T e PE, T e IPP e T e ISP foram de 0,16; -0,04 e -0,32. As correlações estimadas entre T e as características reprodutivas foram de pequena magnitude. A seleção para os escores visuais pode trazer ganhos genéticos moderados nas características de carcaça / Abstract: The aims of this study were to study the effect of age at calving (IVP), age of yearling (IS) and yearling weight (PS) on the scores of conformation (C), precocity (P), muscle (M) and temperament (T) of yearling Nellore, to estimate heritability (h ²) of these traits, using different statistical models and to estimate the covariance and correlation between T and the reproductive traits scrotal circumference (SC), age at first calf (IPP) and age at second calf (ISP). The database used belongs to the breeding program PAINT ® of CRV Lagoa LTDA. Regression analysis were performed after the absorption of the effect of contemporary group (CG). Estimates of h² were obtained by restricted maximum likelihood method under an animal model, considering the genetic effect of animal as random, with different fixed effects. IVP showed a quadratic effect on P and M, segmented quadratic-quadratic and linear on C on T, respectively. C showed similar patter as PS while P and M were similar to weight gain in this period. IS and PS showed a quadratic effect on C, P and M and cubic and linear effects, respectively, on T. The estimates of h ² ranged from 0.13 to 0.38 (C, P and M) according to the model used, whereas for PE, IPP and ISP, the estimates were equal to 0.52, 0.13 and 0, 03. Genetic correlations between T and PE, T and IPP and T and ISP were 0.16, -0.04 and -0.32. The estimated correlations between T and the reproductive traits were small. Selection applied on visual scores could bring moderate genetic gains to the carcass traits / Mestre
9

SELECTION FOR OVULATION RATE AND LITTER SIZE IN RABBITS

Yehia Badawy Elmoghazy, Ahmed 03 October 2017 (has links)
[EN] The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the productive performance of a rabbit line (OR-LS) selected by ovulation rate during first 6 generations (period 1), and later by ovulation rate (OR) and litter size (LS) during 11 generations using independent culling levels (Period 2). Genetic parameters, direct response for OR and LS and the correlated response for embryo (ES), foetal (FS) and prenatal survival (PS) were estimated. Also, the correlated response on growth rates (GR), weaning (WW) and marketing weight (MW) were estimated. The objective of chapter 3 was to estimate the genetic parameters of the productive traits and the response to selection by OR and LS of OR-LS line. For traits analysis, Bayesian methods were used. Heritability values of litter size traits were low, 0.10, 0.07, 0.07 and 0.07 for litter size, number of born alive (NBA), number of kits at weaning (NW) and marketing (NM), respectively. Heritability for OR was moderate (0.25), while it was low (0.13 and 0.14) for number of implanted embryos (IE) and number of live foetuses at 12 days of gestation (LF12), respectively. Low heritability values for survival traits were found, 0.09 for embryo survival (ES), 0.16 for foetal survival (FS) and 0.14 for prenatal survival (PS). In the second period, after 11 generations of selection by OR and LS, a genetic response of 0.17 kits per generation for LS was achieved. This response was higher than the obtained in period 1 (0.07 kits per generation), in which just selection by OR was performed. The opposite effect was found for OR; the highest response for OR appeared in the first period (0.24 ova per generation) versus the second period (0.17 ova per generation). This reduction in OR response can be due to the decrease in selection differential during the second period of selection. Since high genetic correlations were obtained for LS and other litter size traits, a positive correlated response was observed for NBA, NW and NM (0.12, 0.12 and 0.11 kits per generation, respectively) in the second period. In the first period, no correlated response on ES was observed and a decrease in FS (-0.04) was found. Nevertheless, in the second period a correlated response on PS appeared due to an improvement in both ES (0.04) and FS (0.03). Summarizing, the improvement in litter size in the second period is due to an increase in ovulation rate as well as an increase in prenatal survival. The objective of chapter 4 was to study the correlated response on growth traits in the OR-LS line in both periods of selection, the selection by OR during six generations and the selection by independent levels by OR and LS during 11 generations. The heritability estimates were low for weaning weight (WW), marketing weight (MW) and growth rate (GR), 0.09, 0.13 and 0.14, respectively. The estimated genetic correlations of WW, GR and MW with LS were around zero and with OR were positive and from low (0.19) to moderate (0.38). The positive moderate genetic correlation estimated between OR and MW could explain the correlated response found in MW. Correlated response on WW could be explained by positive and high genetic correlation between MW and WW. The aim of chapter 5 was to investigate magnitude and timing of embryo and early foetal survival in females with high OR using hormonal treatment as a model for selection by OR. Two groups of females (treated and untreated) were used. Treated females were injected with 50 IU eCG 48 hours before mating. Females were slaughtered at day 18 of gestation. OR, IE, LF12 and LF18 were recorded. Besides, ES (IE/OR), FSLF18 (LF18/IE), FSLF18/LF12 (LF18/LF12) and PSLF18 (LF18/OR) were estimated. Treated females had a higher OR than untreated females. According to the previous results for OR and LF18, treated females showed a lower survival rate from ovulation to 18 d of gestation. Treated females also had lower embryo and foetal survival. Main difference in foetal survival appeared from day 12 to 18 of gestation. / [ES] El objetivo de esta tesis fue evaluar el tamaño de camada de una línea de conejo seleccionada por tasa de ovulación durante las primeras seis generaciones (periodo 1) y después por tasa de ovulación (OR) y tamaño de camada (LS) durante 11 generaciones mediante el método de niveles independientes (periodo 2). Se estimaron los parámetros genéticos, así como la respuesta en OR y LS y la respuesta correlacionada en los caracteres reproductivos (capítulo 3). Además, se evaluó la respuesta correlacionada en los caracteres de crecimiento (capítulo 4); peso al destete (WW), peso al sacrificio (MW) y ganancia de peso entre el destete y el sacrificio (GR). Para el análisis de los caracteres se utilizaron métodos bayesianos. El objetivo del capítulo 3 fue estimar los parámetros genéticos de los caracteres reproductivos y la respuesta a la selección. Los valores de heredabilidad de los caracteres del tamaño de camada fueron bajos (alrededor de 0.10). La heredabilidad estimada para OR fue moderada (0.25), mientras que fue baja para el número de embriones implantados (IE) y el número de fetos vivos a los 12 días de gestación (LF12). Se obtuvieron valores bajos de heredabilidad; 0.09 para la supervivencia embrionaria (ES), 0.16 para la supervivencia fetal (FS) y 0.14 para la supervivencia prenatal (PS). En el periodo 2, se obtuvo una respuesta genética de 0.17 gazapos por generación para LS. Esta respuesta fue mayor que la obtenida en el periodo 1. En el caso de la tasa de ovulación, la mayor respuesta en OR se obtuvo en el periodo 1 (0.24 óvulos por generación) versus (0.17 óvulos por generación) en el periodo 2. Esta reducción en la respuesta de OR se puede atribuir a la disminución del diferencial de selección durante el período 2 de selección. De acuerdo con la alta correlación genética entre LS y otros caracteres del tamaño de camada, también se observó una respuesta correlacionada positiva en el número de nacidos vivos (NBA), destetados (NW) y comercializados (NM); 0.12, 0.12 y 0.11 gazapos por generación, respectivamente, en el segundo periodo. En el primer periodo no se observa respuesta correlacionada en la SE y se produce una disminución de la SF (-0.04). Sin embargo, en el segundo periodo se produce una respuesta correlacionada positiva en la SP que se debe a una mejora de la SE (0.04) y SF (0.03). En resumen, la mejora del tamaño de camada en el segundo periodo se debe tanto a un aumento de la tasa de ovulación como a un aumento de la supervivencia prenatal. El objetivo del capítulo 4 fue estudiar la respuesta correlacionada en los caracteres de crecimiento en esta línea. Las estimas de heredabilidad fueron bajas para los caracteres WW (0.09), MW (0.13) y GR (0.14). Las correlaciones genéticas estimadas de LS con WW, MW y GR fueron cercanas a cero; con la tasa de ovulación, las correlaciones fueron positivas y variaban de bajas a moderadas (de 0.19 a 0.38). La correlación genética moderada entre OR y MW podría explicar la respuesta correlacionada observada en MW. La alta correlación entre MW y WW podría explicar la respuesta correlacionada obtenida para WW. Finalmente, el objetivo de capítulo 5 fue estudiar en hembras con alta tasa de ovulación en qué momento se producen las mayores pérdidas fetales y cómo se ve afectado el desarrollo fetal. Para ello, de un total de 51 hembras, 24 hembras fueron pinchadas con 50 UI de eCG 48 horas antes de la cubrición para aumentar la tasa de ovulación. Las hembras fueron sacrificadas a los 18 días de gestación. Se registró OR, IE y el número de fetos vivos a los 12 y 18 días de gestación (LF18). Las hembras tratadas tuvieron una tasa de ovulación mayor que las no tratadas. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos para OR y LF18, las hembras tratadas mostraron una supervivencia más baja desde la ovulación hasta los 18 días de gestación y tuvieron una menor supervivencia embrionaria y fetal. Las principales diferencias en l / [CAT] L'objectiu d'esta tesi va ser avaluar la millora de la grandària de ventrada d'una línia de conill seleccionada per tasa d'ovulació durant les primeres sis generacions (període 1) i després per tasa d'ovulació (OR) i la grandària de ventrada (LS) durant 11 generacions per mitjà del mètode de nivells independents (període 2). Es van estimar els paràmetres genètics, així com la resposta en OR i LS i la resposta correlacionada en caràcters reproductius (capítol 3). A més, es va estudiar la resposta correlacionada en els caràcters de creixement (capítol 4); pes al deslletament (WW), pes al sacrifici (MW) i guany de pes entre el deslletament y el sacrifici (GR). Per a l'anàlisi dels caràcters es van utilitzar mètodes bayesians. L'objectiu del capítol 3 va ser estimar els paràmetres genètics dels caràcters reproductius i la resposta a la selecció. Els valors d'heretabilitat dels caràcters de la grandària de ventrada van ser baixos (al voltant de 0.10). L'heretabilitat estimada per a OR va ser moderada (0.25), mentres que va ser baixa per al nombre d'embrions implantats (IE) i el nombre de fetus vius als 12 dies de gestació (LF12). Es van obtindre valors baixos d'heretabilitat; 0.09 per a ES, 0.16 per a FS i 0.14 per a PS. En el període 2, es va obtindre una resposta genètica de 0.17 llorigons per generació per a LS. Esta resposta va ser major que l'obtinguda en el període 1. En el cas de la tasa d'ovulació, la major resposta per a OR va ser en el primer període (0.24 òvuls per generació) versus (0.17 òvuls per generació) en el període 2. Esta reducció en la resposta d'OR es pot atribuir a la disminució del diferencial de selecció durant el període 2 de selecció. Donada l'alta correlació genètica entre LS i altres caràcters de la grandària de ventrada, també es va observar una resposta correlacionada positiva en el nombre de nascuts vius (NBA), deslletats (NW) i comercialitzats (NM); 0.12, 0.12 i 0.11 llorigons per generació, respectivament, en el segon període. En el primer període no s'observa resposta correlacionada en la SE i es produeix una disminució de la SF (-0.04). No obstant això, en el segon període es produeix una resposta correlacionada en la SP que es deu a una millora de la SE (0.04) i SF (0.03). En resum, la millora de la grandària de ventrada en el segon període es deu tant a un augment de la tasa d'ovulació com a un augment de la supervivència prenatal. L'objectiu del capítol 4 va ser estudiar la resposta correlacionada en els caràcters de creixement en aquesta línia. Les estimes d'heretabilitat van ser baixes per als caràcters WW (0.09), MW (0.13) i GR (0.14). Les correlacions genètiques estimades de LS amb WW, MW i GR van ser pròximes a zero; amb la tasa d'ovulació, les correlacions van ser positives i variaven de baixes a moderades (de 0.19 a 0.38). La correlació genètica moderada entre OR i MW podria explicar la resposta correlacionada trobada per a MW. D'altra banda, l'alta correlació entre MW i WW podria explicar la resposta correlacionada obtinguda per a WW. Finalment. l'objectiu del capítol 5 va ser estudiar en femelles amb alta tasa d'ovulació en quin moment es van produir les majors pèrdues fetals i com es veu afectat el desenvolupament fetal. Per a això, d'un total de 51 femelles, 24 femelles van ser punxades amb 50 UI d'eCG 48 hores abans del cobriment per a augmentar la tasa d'ovulació. Les femelles van ser sacrificades al 18 dies de gestació. Es va registrar OR, IE i el nombre de fetus vius al 12 i 18 dies de gestació (LF18). Les femelles tractades van tindre una tasa d'ovulació major que les no tractades. D¿acord als resultats obtinguts per OR i LF18, les femelles tractades van mostrar una supervivència més baixa des de l'ovulació fins als 18 dies de gestació i van tindre una menor supervivència embrionària i fetal. Les principals diferències en la supervivència fetal van aparèixer entre els dies 12 i 18 de gestaci / Yehia Badawy Elmoghazy, A. (2016). SELECTION FOR OVULATION RATE AND LITTER SIZE IN RABBITS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/73265 / TESIS
10

DESEMPENHO PONDERAL DE MACHOS CHAROLÊS, NELORE E SUAS CRUZAS F1 / PONDERAL PERFORMANCE OF MALES CHAROLAIS, NELLORE AND THEIR CROSSES F1

Paula, Perla Cordeiro de 28 February 2012 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of the present study was to evaluate in Charolais and Nellore calves and their crossbred F1 the genetic (crossbreed system, genetic group and heterotic and racial additive effects) and environmental effects influence on weight at birth, adjusted weight for 205, 365, 550 and 730 days of age, and daily average gain of weight from birth to 205, from 205 to 365, from 365 to 550, and from 550 to 730 days of age. Four hundred fifty eight males bovines, all belonging to the same herd, born among the year of 1985 and 1995, from the continuous rotary crossbreed between Charolais and Nellore races were used. The animals were distributed per crossbreed system, defined (Charolais and Nellore) and crossbreed (½ Charolais ½Nellore and ½Nellore ½Charolais). The environmental effects analyzed were cow age at calving (3 to 12 years) and calves birth month (September to December). The data were submitted to variance analysis, f test and t Student test at 5% of significance. The heterotic and racial additive effects were obtained by contrast. Charolais calves presented higher performance in pre- weaning than Nellore, being the individual racial additive genetic effect positive. The maternal racial additive genetic effect influenced just weight at birth (5.26 kg). The heterosis was significant for weaning weight (11.0 kg) and weight gain from birth to weaning (0.052 kg/day). The crossbreed exceeded Nellore in all characteristics and was similar to Charolais for weaning weight. The weight at birth increased with the increasing in cow age at calving, while for the others characteristics of pre- weaning, the influence of genotype x environmental interaction was more evident for defined than crossbreed. The birth month influenced the weight at birth and the gain weight from birth to weaning, with maximum values for born in the months of October (34 kg) and December (0.572 kg/day), respectively. Charolais bovines are superior to Nellore race for performance characteristics in post- weaning, being the individual racial additive genetics effects positives and influence the weight and weight gain from 205 to 365 and from 550 to 730 days of age. Crossbred steers are superior in relation to defined for evaluated weights in post weaning besides of better performance in weight gain from 205 to 365 and from 365 to 550 days of age. The genotype x environmental interaction influenced the weights at year, at yearling and the daily average weight gain from yearling to two years old. The birth month influenced weight at year, and the daily average weight gains from weaning to one year old and from one year old to yearling, with maximum weights for the ones that were born in October, September and December, respectively. / O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar em bezerros Charolês, Nelore e suas cruzas F1, a influência dos efeitos genéticos (sistema de acasalamento, grupo genético e efeitos aditivos raciais e heterótico) e ambientais sobre o peso ao nascer, pesos ajustados para 205, 365, 550 e 730 dias de idade, e o ganho de peso médio diário do nascimento aos 205, 205 aos 365, 365 aos 550 e 550 aos 730 dias de idade. Foram utilizados os dados de 458 bovinos machos, do mesmo rebanho, nascidos entre os anos de 1985 a 1995, oriundos do cruzamento rotativo contínuo entre as raças Charolês e Nelore. Os animais foram distribuídos por sistema de acasalamento, definidos (Charolês e Nelore) e cruzados (½ Charolês ½ Nelore e ½ Nelore ½ Charolês). Os efeitos ambientais analisados foram a idade da vaca ao parto (3 a 12 anos) e mês de nascimento dos bezerros (setembro a dezembro). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, teste F, e teste t de Student a 5% de significância. Efeitos aditivos raciais e heteróticos foram obtidos por contraste. Bezerros Charolês apresentaram maior desempenho no pré-desmame do que os Nelore, sendo os efeitos genéticos aditivos raciais individuais positivos. O efeito genético aditivo racial materno influenciou apenas o peso ao nascer (5,26 kg). A heterose foi significativa para peso ao desmame (11,0 kg) e ganho de peso do nascimento ao desmame (0,052 kg/dia). Os cruzados superaram os Nelore em todas as características e foram similares aos Charolês para peso ao desmame. O peso ao nascer incrementou com o aumento na idade da vaca ao parto, enquanto que para as demais características do pré-desmame, a influência da interação genótipo x ambiente foi mais evidente para os definidos do que para os cruzados. O mês de nascimento influenciou o peso ao nascer e o ganho de peso do nascimento ao desmame, com valores máximos para os nascidos nos meses de outubro (34 kg) e dezembro (0,572 kg/dia), respectivamente. Bovinos Charolês são superiores aos da raça Nelore para as características de desempenho no pós-desmame, sendo que os efeitos genéticos aditivos raciais individuais são positivos e influenciam os pesos e ganhos de peso dos 205 aos 365 e 550 aos 730 dias de idade. Os novilhos cruzados são superiores em relação aos definidos para os pesos avaliados no pós-desmame, além do melhor desempenho nos ganhos de peso dos 205 aos 365 e dos 365 aos 550 dias de idade. A interação genótipo x ambiente influenciou os pesos ao ano, ao sobreano e o ganho de peso médio diário do sobreano aos dois anos de idade. O mês de nascimento influenciou o peso ao ano, e os ganhos de peso médio diário do desmame ao ano e de um ano ao sobreano, com pesos máximos para os nascidos em outubro, setembro e dezembro, respectivamente.

Page generated in 0.4701 seconds