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Arms Trade & Democracy : How Sweden justifies weapons exports to non-democracies.Luboya, Amanda January 2018 (has links)
Sweden is top ranked in indexes measuring democracy, but the country is also a major weapons exporter. The contradiction is reflected upon in this paper, where Sweden as a well established democracy seems to be going against its own democratic values when exporting weapons to non-democracies. Previous research is limited and lacks sufficient explanation to why Sweden exports weapons to non-democratic states. The aim of this study is therefore to analyze arguments behind the Swedish weapons exportation to countries with a low degree of democratic freedom. By applying Framing theory and argumentation analysis, selected statements arguing for weapons exports, expressed by Swedish government representatives have been analyzed. The justifications for weapons exportation to dictatorships have been categorized, depending on emphasis, into four frames namely; security, development, credibility and reliability. The research result showed that the most commonly used arguments to justify weapons exports to non-democracies include following; (1) There is a need of a defense industry for Swedish security reasons, (2) It is positive for international exchange and trade and (3) The rules for weapons exports are strict enough and well established in politics. The different ways of justifying the weapons export shows that the concerned Swedish government representatives frame their arguments in a way that supports their political opinion and the current government.
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Combating the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons: Strengthening Domestic RegulationsCukier, W., Bandeira, A. January 2001 (has links)
yes / Small arms and light weapons have become the weapons of choice in conflicts around the world
and figure prominently in crime. Recently, considerable attention has been focused on the
proliferation of SALW at the national, regional and international level. The recognition that m o s t
illicit SALW began as legal weapons is, however, fundamental to efforts to reduce the proliferation
and misuse of SALW and the diversion of civilian weapons is one source of supply. Indeed,
it is estimated that there are as many SALW in the hands of civilians worldwide as there are
in the possession of states, and that in many parts of the world diversion from civilian stocks
is the principal source of the illicit supply. Consequently, strengthening domestic regulation,
which reduces the diversion of legal weapons to illegal markets, is a critical part of any strategy
to address illicit trafficking. It is also consistent with resolutions from the United Nations
Security Council and other Commissions as well as regional initiatives. This briefing reviews
the ways in which SALW are diverted from legal to illegal markets and the measures which
can be used to reduce this diversion. In addressing illicit trafficking in all its aspects, it is
imperative that the UN Conference not does neglect this significant problem.
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Conquête des esprits et commerce des armes : la diplomatie militaire française au Brésil (1945-1974) / Conquering minds and trading arms : French military diplomacy in Brazil (1945-1974)Nabuco de Araujo, Rodrigo 12 December 2011 (has links)
Les relations internationales du Brésil sont marquées par l’omniprésence états-unienne. Nous proposons ici de déconstruire en partie cette perspective, à l’appui d’archives inédites issues des ministères français des Affaires étrangères et de la Défense. Durant les années 50, 60 et 70, la France a envoyé ses plus grands spécialistes du renseignement au Brésil. Issus d’horizons politiques très différents, ces hommes ont assuré le transfert des doctrines coloniales de l’armée française vers l’armée brésilienne mais ils ont aussi créé des débouchés pour les industries françaises reconstituées dans l’après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. En moins de vingt ans, l’armée française a entièrement remodelé la perception que les militaires brésiliens avaient de leur rôle. La technologie exportée n’était pas uniquement matérielle ; politique, elle a permis la construction d’un nouvel édifice militaire, fondé sur le principe de la guerre anti-subversive, sur l’action des services de renseignement et sur l’hégémonie des groupes industriels liés à l’armement. En ce sens, la France a largement contribué à ce que l’armée brésilienne atteigne son autonomie stratégique. Pourtant, sa technologie n’a pas apporté que des résultats positifs. Bien au contraire, à l’instar des guerres menées par l’armée française dans les colonies, la guerre anti-subversive au Brésil a refondu la société brésilienne. / Brazil's international relations are characterized by the overwhelming presence of the United States of America, both in terms of specialized bibliography and in the writings of the political actors involved. In this thesis we propose to put this established perspective into question, with the help of archives we found in the libraries of the French Department of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Defense which had never been studied previously. In the 1950s, 60s and 70s, France sent their best experts in information to Brazil. They came from very different political backgrounds; their mission was to pass on the colonial doctrines of the French Army to the Brazilian officers. They also created new outlets for the recently reformed French industries which had suffered great losses in the War. Within less than twenty years, the French Army has thoroughly reshaped the perception Brazilian officers entertained of their own role. The exported technology was not only of a material nature : it was also a political technology which paved the way for a new military edifice, based on the principle of the anti-subversive war, on the action of the information services and on the leading role given to the industrial groups linked with the armament sector. Thus, France can be said to have greatly contributed to the process leading to the strategic autonomy of the Brazilian Army. And yet, France's imported technologies did not only bring about positive results. On the contrary, as in the wars led by France in the colonies, the anti-subversive war in Brazil has deeply restructured the former Brazilian society.
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HOW FAR WILL YOU GO WHEN THERE IS AN EMBARGO?A STOCHASTIC ACTOR-ORIENTED MODEL OF THE EFFECTS OF ARMS EMBARGOS ON ILLICIT WEAPONS TRADEHagala, Jennifer A 01 June 2017 (has links)
The international community routinely implements embargoes in an effort to restrict the flow of small arms and light weapons into politically unstable regions. The effectiveness of sanctions fall into question when reports indicate that weapons continue to pour into embargoed territories. Using stochastic actor-based modeling, the current study investigates how shipment patterns change over time, and how trade patterns evolve in the presence of endogenous influences, such as embargoes, while controlling for corruption levels and national wealth (e.g., gross domestic product). The analysis here indicated that embargoes did have an effect in diverting illicit weapons trade through indirect ties. This was seen highest during the embargo implementation period and post embargo implementation period. The results stand to improve our understanding of this complex illegal global market and the role national control of corruption and gross domestic product play in the enforceability of these sanctions. In the final analysis what was discovered was that embargoes do effect change in the illegal arms trade network. This effect is seen in the form of indirect ties to end user countries. This suggests that improvements to policies and regulation on transshipment points need to be highly scrutinized.
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The UN 2001 Conference: Setting the Agenda: Framework Briefing.Greene, Owen J., Clegg, E., Meek, S., O'Callaghan, G. January 2001 (has links)
yes / The United Nations will convene the `UN Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and
Light Weapons in All Its Aspects¿ in June/July 2001. The `2001 Conference¿ is now the primary
focus for international efforts to strengthen and develop co-ordinated and comprehensive global
action to prevent and reduce the proliferation and misuse of small arms and light weapons.
A powerful international coalition of States, international organisations and civil society groups
is uniting to promote effective global action. Expectations for the 2001 Conference are high and
public awareness of the opportunities it offers is growing. It is critical that the 2001 Conference
is a success.
The 2001 Conference must achieve agreement on an effective International Action Programme
to prevent and reduce small arms and light weapons proliferation and combat illicit trafficking
in such weapons. This International Action Programme should reinforce, co-ordinate and
extend measures being taken at local, national and regional levels. In addition to establishing
an appropriate set of international norms and standards, the 2001 Conference should achieve
agreement on specific international action on the problems associated with small arms and
light weapons.
The specific objectives of the 2001 Conference are currently undecided. This paper, the first
in a series of briefings, outlines a proposed scope for the Conference. It further proposes
concrete objectives and practical agreements which could be achieved during the Conference.
It is hoped that the proposals and recommendations presented will contribute to efforts to secure
a comprehensive and progressive framework for the Conference.
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Regional initiatives and the UN 2001 Conference: Building Mutual Support and Complementarity.Clegg, E., Greene, Owen J., Meek, S., O'Callaghan, G. January 2001 (has links)
yes / As the agenda for the United Nations (UN) 2001 Conference on The Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects takes shape, governments should begin to identify a set
of standards, mechanisms and specific agreements that will help consolidate, reinforce and
co-ordinate regional and national measures to address the problem of the proliferation and
misuse of small arms. An important element of this approach will be to build upon the wealth
of regional and national experiences and perspectives that illustrate the different contexts
in which efforts to combat the proliferation and misuse of small arms and light weapons have
occurred. At the same time, agreements reached at the UN 2001 Conference should be
substantial, establishing an agreed comprehensive `international action programme¿ f o r
sustained global effort on this complex problem. However there remain issues and concerns
that are common to all regions: these should be identified and addressed internationally
within the context of the UN 2001 Conference.
This briefing, the second in the Biting the Bullet series, reviews some of the current regional
e fforts on small arms and light weapons. It identifies common approaches that have been used
in different regions to counter the proliferation and misuse of small arms and light weapons,
these include: law enforcement and crime control; supplier restraint and transparency; national
legislation and regulation of arms; and arms reduction and control. The briefing analyses
initiatives using these approaches that are moving forward in West Africa, Eastern and
Southern Africa, the European Union (EU), and the development of cooperation between
EU Member States and other countries and regional organizations, including Cambodia
and the Southern African Development Community. The briefing identifies the impact and
priorities of these initiatives, suggesting ways in which the UN 2001 Conference is both
relevant to the region and what the region can contribute to the outcomes of the Conference.
The briefing concludes with recommendations on the ways in which regional processes can be
reinforced and further developed by the international community, focusing especially on the
contribution of the UN 2001 Conference. Experience is showing that much of what happens
nationally and regionally needs reinforcement and further development with assistance from
the international community. The UN 2001 Conference comes at an important time for providing
the framework ¿ through the international action programme ¿ to develop, reinforce and
c o-ordinate these national and regional processes, through developing appropriate international
norms, standards, programmes and mechanisms. Using the illustration of combating illicit arms
trafficking, this briefing outlines some of the processes that could be taken forward through
the UN 2001 Conference which would build upon and strengthen national and regional eff o r t s .
The briefing contains an annex, which provides background information on many current
regional and international initiatives, including those in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe
and inter-regionally, such as the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe and
the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.
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Stockpiling Security and Reducing Surplus Weapons.Greene, Owen J. January 2001 (has links)
yes / Measures to enhance the security and management of legal stocks of small arms and
to reduce `surplus¿ weapons are clearly essential components of an effective international
action programme to combat illicit trafficking and prevent and reduce the proliferation
of small arms. Many of the weapons of concern are lost from official stockpiles through theft,
corruption or neglect. Moreover, the existence of large quantities of `surplus¿ small arms
is a major factor in the excessive availability and flows of these weapons.
The primary responsibility for measures to address these problems lies with governments.
Regional and international organisations involved in any way with managing and disposing
of small arms also have important responsibilities to take action. Nevertheless, this is a global
issue, and the entire international community should play a role in developing policies on the
management of stockpiles and the disposal or destruction of surplus weapons. This briefing
outlines the dimensions of the issues, drawing on recent experience, and identifies ways
in which an international action programme could usefully be developed to address them.
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The UN firearms protocol: considerations for the UN 2001 conference.O'Callaghan, G., Meek, S. January 2001 (has links)
yes / Since April 1998, the Vienna-based UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Commission
on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice has been negotiating the draft Protocol Against the
Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition
(hereafter referred to as the Firearms Protocol). This Protocol will be the first global measure
regulating international transfers of small arms and light weapons, and should have a tremendous
impact on both the legal and the illicit manufacture and trade in firearms.
The draft agreement seeks to combat and criminalise trafficking in firearms, through the
development of harmonised international standards governing the manufacture, possession
and transfer of commercial shipments of these weapons. While the final outcome of the
Protocol relies on the outcome of negotiations in February 2001, the draft agreement contains
provisions which commit states, among other things, to:
l Adopt legislative measures to criminalise the illicit manufacture, trafficking, possession
and use of firearms;
l Maintain detailed records on the import, export and in-transit movements of firearms;
l Adopt an international system for marking firearms at the time of manufacture and each
time they are imported;
l Establish a harmonised licensing system governing the import, export, in-transit
movement and re-export of firearms;
l Exchange information regarding authorised producers, dealers, importers and exporters,
the routes used by illicit traffickers, best practice in combating trafficking in order to
enhance states ability to prevent, detect and investigate illicit trafficking;
l Co-operate at the bilateral, regional and international level to prevent, combat and
eradicate the illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in firearms; and
l Consider developing systems to require arms brokers, traders and forwarders
to register and obtain licences for their transactions.
The Protocol places a premium on international co-operation, information exchange and
transparency. The provisions in the Firearms Protocol are an important complement to those
being developed for the UN 2001 Conference. Issues such as improving the ability to trace
small arms and light weapons through effective marking systems, regulating the activities
of arms brokers and building international norms on the responsible disposal of surplus small
arms are common to both initiatives.
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Enhancing traceability of small arms and light weapons flows: developing an international marking and tracing regime.Greene, Owen J. January 2001 (has links)
yes / Efforts to combat and prevent illicit trafficking and proliferation of small arms and light weaponsEfforts to combat and prevent illicit trafficking and proliferation of small arms and light weapons
(SALW) are obstructed by lack of capacity to trace sources and lines of supply for arms. Such
efforts are necessary in order to identify points of diversion or loss of responsible control so that
actions can be taken to tackle the problems. This hampers efforts to prevent future loss and
diversion, for example, or to close down unauthorised or destabilising arms supply networks.
Measures to enable tracing of sources and lines of supply of SALW are therefore a priority.
Because of the international scope of the flows of SALW, such measures need to be taken by
all states and all other relevant members of the international community. International standards
and mechanisms to enable tracing need to be established and developed as a priority.
An effective international system to enable tracing of sources and flows of SALW requires
three essential elements: adequate marking to uniquely identify each weapon; detailed and
accessible record-keeping; and mechanisms for international co-operation in tracing sources
and lines of supply of SALW. At present there are substantial weaknesses and problems in
each of these three areas.
(SALW) are obstructed by lack of capacity to trace sources and lines of supply for arms. Such
efforts are necessary in order to identify points of diversion or loss of responsible control so that
actions can be taken to tackle the problems. This hampers efforts to prevent future loss and
diversion, for example, or to close down unauthorised or destabilising arms supply networks.
Measures to enable tracing of sources and lines of supply of SALW are therefore a priority.
Because of the international scope of the flows of SALW, such measures need to be taken by
all states and all other relevant members of the international community. International standards
and mechanisms to enable tracing need to be established and developed as a priority.
An effective international system to enable tracing of sources and flows of SALW requires
three essential elements: adequate marking to uniquely identify each weapon; detailed and
accessible record-keeping; and mechanisms for international co-operation in tracing sources
and lines of supply of SALW. At present there are substantial weaknesses and problems in
each of these three areas.
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Combating the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons: Enhancing Controls on Legal Transfers.Saferworld January 2001 (has links)
yes / A prerequisite for effective international action to prevent and combat the illicit trade in small
arms and light weapons (SALW) is that states develop a common understanding of what
constitutes the ¿legal¿ trade and therefore what is ¿illicit¿. At the same time, failure to exert
e ffective control over the legal trade in SALW opens up possibilities for diversion to illicit markets
and end-users and blurs the lines between the legal and illicit trade. All governments are
potential suppliers of SALW, since even those with no manufacturing capacity will have the
potential to export surplus weapons once owned by their police and/or armed forces. A major
concern for the UN Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its
Aspects should thus be to define clear parameters for and to agree on a comprehensive
mechanism for controlling the legal trade in these weapons. / British American Security Information Council (BASIC), International Alert
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