Behavior of wide flanged beams is of much importance to civil engineers as this one of the main materials used in steel structures. Openings are made in the web of beams to pass services pipes from one side of the building to another, when these openings are made in the beams, the shear and moment capacity at this section will be reduced. This will increase stresses at this section of the beam and will subsequently affect the stress distribution in the beam with web opening. Longitudinal stiffeners are placed at the top and bottom edges of the web opening to increase both moment and shear capacity at the section with web opening. Four samples were used in this study; a solid wide flange beam, a wide flange beam with web opening and two beams with reinforced web openings. The von Mises stress and the first principal stresses were obtained from the nonlinear static analysis. The results from a nonlinear finite element analysis of the four simply supported beams are discussed. The AISC steel design guide series 2 provide equations for the design of reinforced web opening. The reinforced web opening beam using the AISC guidelines is evaluated by comparing it to the finite element analysis.

Ten reinforced-concrete continuous deep beams with openings were tested to failure. The main variables investigated were the shear span-to-overall depth ratio, and the size and location of openings. Two failure modes influenced by the size and location of web openings regardless of the shear span-to-overall depth ratio were observed. The normalised load capacity of beams having a web opening area ratio of 0.025 within exterior shear spans was approximately similar to that of their companion solid beams. Continuous deep beams having web openings within interior shear spans exhibited a higher load capacity reduction with the increase of the opening size, similar to simply supported deep beams with web openings. Formulae based on the upper bound analysis of the plasticity theory were proposed to predict the load capacity of continuous deep beams with web openings. Comparisons between the measured and predicted load capacities showed a good agreement.

Yes / For composite cellular beams, additional deflections occur due to the loss of bending and shear stiffness at the opening positions and also due to slip in the shear connectors caused by partial shear connection. Design formulae are presented for the additional deflection of composite beams with circular openings or for cellular beams as a function of the proportionate depth of the openings. The simplified formulae are calibrated against finite element results for both cellular and solid web beams and also against measured deflections of a 15.3 m composite cellular beam test. This additional deflection is presented as a function of flexural and shear terms that are a function of the span:depth ratio. For modelling of cellular beams to determine deflections, the circular opening may be represented by an equivalent rectangular opening of length equal to 70% of the opening diameter.

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yes / Ten reinforced-concrete continuous deep beams with openings were tested to failure. The main variables investigated were the shear span-to-overall depth ratio, and the size and location of openings. Two failure modes influenced by the size and location of web openings regardless of the shear span-to-overall depth ratio were observed. The normalised load capacity of beams having a web opening area ratio of 0·025 within exterior shear spans was approximately similar to that of their companion solid beams. Continuous deep beams having web openings within interior shear spans exhibited a higher load capacity reduction with the increase of the opening size, similar to simply supported deep beams with web openings. Formulae based on the upper bound analysis of the plasticity theory were proposed to predict the load capacity of continuous deep beams with web openings. Comparisons between the measured and predicted load capacities showed a good agreement.

In design of an aircraft structure, the great emphasis is placed on achieving high weight efficiency. This thesis is focused on the stress analysis of the spars with thin web with or without web openings, which is one of the most important parts of the airplane structures. In comparison with traditional spars or beams, which are widely used in civil engineering applications, the design of the beam with thin web is more complicated. Thesis contains useful information for analytical calculation of this type of spars and its verification using finite element method and experimental measurement.

[pt] As vigas de aço com abertura de alma propiciam a passagem de tubulações de serviços e instalações, fornecendo boa capacidade de resistência aos esforços cortantes. As vigas casteladas e as vigas celulares apresentam limitações de dimensões da abertura que estão ligadas à altura do perfil base, geralmente produzindo-se um perfil 50 por cento maior em altura. Neste trabalho, são estudadas as vigas casteladas expandidas em altura, através da soldagem de uma chapa complementar de alma, de modo a se obter vigas de maior inércia, mais leves e com maiores aberturas. O presente trabalho aborda os resultados obtidos através da modelagem por elementos finitos com análise não linear física e geométrica, com vistas a investigação do comportamento estrutural quanto a resistência da seção transversal e rigidez visando-se a redução de custos de fabricação pela eliminação da soldagem de chapas de reforço na região da abertura. / [en] Steel beams with web openings allow integration between structural and tubular services and facilities, providing good shear strength capacity. The castellated and cellular beams have limitations due to this web openings and results in a profile with 50 per cent higher depth. In this research, depth expanded castellated beams with the use of an additional welded plate will be studied, aiming the obtainment of higher inertia as well as wider openings on lighter beams. The present work addresses the results results obtained through the finite element method using physical and geometric nonlinear analysis, observing the structural behavior regarding stiffness and strength in order to reduce manufacturing costs since the reinforcement plates in the areas will no more be required.