This dissertation aims to identify the main changes in monsoon activity observed over the American monsoon and Amazonian regions during the last decades and the possible links between such changes. To address this, several observational and reanalysis datasets were used. The results suggest the occurrence of two regime types of the North American monsoon during 1948-2009: two dry regimes during 1948-1959 and 1990-2009 and one wet regime during 1960-1989. The occurrence of such regimes is modulated by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. However, the two dry regimes have different causes. In particular, the more recent dry regime is mainly due to both an anomalous westward expansion of the North Atlantic Subtropical High and a northward displacement of the subtropical jet stream over the United States. The former enhances the low-level flow from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Plains and weakens moisture transport to Mexico and the southwestern US. In addition to such a weakening of the North American monsoon during the last two decades, this research shows that the American monsoon systems have shortened after 1978 due to a trend toward earlier retreats of the North American monsoon and delayed onsets of the southern Amazon wet season. These changes produce a longer transition season between both monsoon systems. Whether these changes are caused by a common factor or they are the consequence of independent and unrelated causes was not clear previously. The results discussed here indicate that the observed changes in the American monsoons are partially a consequence of the westward expansion of the North Atlantic surface high observed since 1978. Such a westward expansion enhances the activity of easterly waves over the southern Caribbean Sea and northern South America, producing a dominant easterly flow over the region, which in turn prevents the reversal of the cross-equatorial flow necessary to transport moisture to the southern Amazon and the South American monsoon domain and contributes to its delayed onset. This investigation provides evidence that the shortening and weakening of the American monsoons and the lengthening of the transition season between them are associated with the same large-scale forcing, which may be caused by anthropogenic influence. / text

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Tanzania is close to reach one of the Millennium Development Goals; to reduce child mortality with two-thirds between 1990 until 2015. This qualitative case study focuses on under-five children’s health in Babati district, situated in the north-west of Tanzania. The empirical data used in this thesis has been collected through interviews with health personnel and mothers during three weeks in February to March 2012. The purpose of the study has been to identify direct and underlying reasons causing child mortality, and to investigate what measures are needed to improve the situation. The most prominent diseases creating death amongst children are pneumonia and malaria, and also diarrheal diseases are common. The prevalence of the diseases differs from wet and dry season, whereas there are more cases of illness and death during the wet season. Malaria and pneumonia are common causes of death during the wet season, and diarrheal diseases are more common during the dry season. Underlying reasons affecting child mortality in Babati district are the lack of infrastructure, such as few well-functioning roads to the main hospitals which affects the rural population in particular. Also the limited access to transport is a vast problem when there is acute illness or childbirth. The clinics available in Babati district are poorly equipped and have a lack of personnel, creating a stressful situation for both healthcare workers and patients. More governmental funds and infrastructure is needed in the area to be able to create a sustainable situation for future children. / Tanzania är nära att nå ett av Milleniemålen; att reducera barnadödligheten med två tredjedelar mellan 1990 till 2015. Den här kvalitativa fallstudien fokuserar på barn under fem års hälsosituation i Babati distriktet, beläget i nordvästra Tanzania. De empiriska data som används i studien har samlats genom intervjuer med sjukvårdspersonal och mödrar under tre veckors tid under februari och mars 2012. Syftet med studien har varit att identifiera direkta och indirekta orsaker till barnadödlighet, samt att undersöka vilka förbättringar som krävs för att förbättra situationen. De mest framträdande orsakerna för barnadödlighet är lunginflammation och malaria, men också sjukdomar kopplade till diarré är vanligt förekommande.  Förekomsten av sjukdomarna varierar beroende på om det är regnsäsong eller torrperiod. Under regnsäsongen så är det flest sjukdoms- och dödsfall, och lunginflammation och malaria är mest förekommande medans diarré är vanligast under torrperioden. Bakomliggande orsaker som påverkar barnadödlighet i Babati är bristen på infrastruktur, få välfungerande vägar till huvudsjukhusen vilket framför allt påverkar den rurala befolkningen. Den begränsade tillgången till transport är ett vidsträckt problem vid akut sjukdom eller förlossning. Klinikerna i Babati distriktet är undermåligt utrustade och har personalbrist, vilket skapar en ohållbar situation för både sjukvårdspersonalen och patienterna. Mer statliga resurser och infrastruktur behövs i området för att kunna skapa en hållbar situation för framtidens barn. / Miljö och utveckling i syd

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-02-13T16:32:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - S?rgio Fernandes Ferreira.pdf: 1126904 bytes, checksum: 4e0c93c1821e20d4f3f327740768c373 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-13T16:32:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - S?rgio Fernandes Ferreira.pdf: 1126904 bytes, checksum: 4e0c93c1821e20d4f3f327740768c373 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-20 / CAPES / This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of proteic-energetic supplementation for Nellore x Red Angus steers raised on tropical pastures (Braquiaria mutica) during the wet season. Thirty two steers were used to form 4 groups containing 8 steers each. The experimental treatments were: (1) control (pasture + commercial mineral mix), (2) concentrate (pasture + a concentrate ration, formulated to ensure a gain of 1.10 kg/day), and (3) proteic-energetic supplement containing corn (SCC plus pasture) or (4) wheat midillings (SCW + pasture). The daily weight gain, supplement intake, income over feed costs and the frequency of trough access were measured. The supplement intake was 0.076, 2.77, 0.74 and 0.86 kg/steer/day for the control, concentrate, SCC and SCW group, respectively. There were no differences in the daily weight gain between the 4 groups; the animals that received SCC had the highest gains over feed costs, and the group concentrate had the lowest one. Proteic-energetic supplementation during the wet season can, numerically, improve the daily weight gain, but this nutritional strategic must be done with caution to avoid economic losses. / O presente experimento foi conduzido com o prop?sito de avaliar o efeito de diferentes suplementos prot?ico-energ?ticos sobre o desempenho de novilhos mesti?os F1 Nelore-Red Angus, manejados em pastagem durante o per?odo das ?guas. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Coqueiral de Macab?, localizada na cidade de Anchieta ? Espirito Santo, no per?odo de janeiro a maio de 2007. Os tratamentos consistiram em 4 esquemas de suplementa??o (controle ? suplemento mineral comercial, ra??o, fub? e farelo de trigo), onde utilizou-se 8 novilhos por tratamento. Os animais foram criados em sistema de lota??o continua, recebendo seu respectivo tratamento, ?gua e sendo pesados a cada 28 dias. As vari?veis estudadas foram: consumo, freq??ncia de acesso ao bebedouro, ganho de peso di?rio e a receita menos custo de alimenta??o (RMCA). O consumo estimado dos tratamentos experimentais foi 0,076, 2,77, 0,74 e 0,86 kg/animal/dia para os grupos controle, ra??o, fub? e f. trigo, respectivamente. N?o houve diferen?a significativa (P>0,05) entre os ganhos de peso di?rio (em kg/animal/dia) dos grupos controle (0,67), fub? (0,95) e f. Trigo (0,78); entretanto, o desempenho dos animais do grupo ra??o (1,18) foi similar aos do grupo fub? e superior aos do grupo controle e f. trigo. A an?lise financeira dos tratamentos experimentais mostra que o grupo fub? foi o que resultou na maior RMCA, seguido do grupo controle e f. trigo. O tratamento ra??o (2,77 kg/dia) foi o que resultou na menor RMCA. O grupo controle teve menor freq??ncia de acesso ao bebedouro em rela??o aos demais grupos; o grupo fub? e o grupo f. trigo tiveram comportamento similar, sendo que os animais tiveram tr?s hor?rios di?rios de maior freq??ncia de acesso ao bebedouro; os animais do grupo ra??o tiveram maior porcentagem e distribui??o de freq??ncia de acesso ao bebedouro ao longo do dia. A suplementa??o prot?ico-energ?tica para novilhos no per?odo das ?guas promove maiores ganhos di?rios de peso, e conseq?entemente, maiores desempenhos em termos de peso vivo total; por?m, dependo da remunera??o da arroba e do consumo do suplemento prot?ico-energ?tico, essa estrat?gia pode n?o surtir efeito econ?mico positivo, quando comparado ao grupo controle; isto ?, aquele criado apenas em pastagens de boa qualidade e recebendo apenas suplementa??o mineral adequada.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar estratégias de suplementação energética para bovinos em recria, mantidos em pastagens tropicais bem manejadas durante as águas, quanto ao desempenho animal, capacidade de suporte das pastagens, ganho de peso por área e desempenho dos animais durante a terminação em confinamento. Os tratamentos testados foram: T1) Controle: somente mistura mineral; T2) Constante: fornecimento contínuo do concentrado na dose de 0,6% do PC; T3) Crescente: fornecimento de 0,3% do PC em concentrado no primeiro terço, 0,6% do PC no segundo terço e de 0,9% do PC no terceiro terço do período de recria dos animais. Foram utilizados 76 garrotes de corte, com peso inicial de 208 kg e 8 meses de idade. Os animais foram alocados em 8,5 ha de pastagem de capim Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, manejados em sistema rotacionado com intervalo de desfolha variável. Foram avaliadas a massa de forragem (MF) pré e pós pastejo (kg MS ha-1), a composição morfológica (% de folhas, colmos e material morto) e valor nutritivo da forragem, o ganho de peso individual (kg cab-1 dia-1), a taxa de lotação (cab ha-1) e o ganho de peso por área (kg ha-1) durante a fase de recria dos animais. Na fase de confinamento dos animais foram avaliados o ganho de peso diário individual (GPD em kg cab-1), o consumo de matéria seca (kg dia-1) e a eficiência alimentar dos animais (kg de ganho diário kg de alimento consumido-1).Os animais suplementados apresentaram GPD superiores aos animais não suplementados (0,535, 0,787 e 0,867 kg cab-1 dia-1, respectivamente para os tratamentos controle, constante e crescente). Além disso, os animais do tratamento crescente apresentaram desempenho superior àquele dos animais do tratamento constante, mesmo consumindo quantidades semelhantes de suplemento. A suplementação foi, ainda, eficiente em aumentar a taxa de lotação dos pastos que foi, em média, de 5,94, 7,13 e 6,90 UA ha-1, respectivamente para os tratamentos controle, constante e crescente. Durante a fase de confinamento, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para GPD, que apresentou média de 1,06 kg dia-1. A suplementação energética de bovinos durante a fase de recria em pasto é uma estratégia eficaz para aumentar o GPD dos animais, a taxa de lotação das pastagens e a produção de carne por área de pasto. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of strategies of feeding an energetic supplement to growing cattle, grazing well managed tropical pastures during the rainy season, on the grazing animal performance, pasture stocking rate, total body weight gain per area, and on feedlot finishing phase. The treatments tested were: T1) Control: animals fed only a mineral mixture; T2) Constant level: constant daily feeding of energetic supplement at 0.6% of BW; T3) Increased level: daily feeding of energetic supplement at increasing levels of 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9% BW, according to the experimental period. Seventy six beef steers, averaging 208 kg BW and 8 months of age, were used. Animals were allocated in a 8.5 ha area of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pasture under a rotational grazing system with a variable defoliation interval. Pre- and post-grazing forage mass (FM, kg MS ha-1), morphological composition (leaves, stem, and dead material percentages), nutritive value of the forage, average daily gain (kg animal-1 day-1), stocking rate (animal ha-1), and weight gain per area (kg ha-1) were evaluated during the growing phase. At the feedlot phase were evaluated the average daily gain (kg animal-1 day-1), dry matter intake (kg day-1), and the gain to feed ratio. Supplemented animals had greater ADG than animals not supplemented (0.535, 0.787, and 0.867 kg animal-1 day-1), respectively for the control, constant, and increasing treatment levels. Furthermore, animals in the increasing supplementation group presented a highest performance when compared to the constant supplementation, although animals from both treatments have consumed similar amount of supplement. Supplementation also was efficient in improving the pasture stocking rate, which averaged 5.94, 7.13, and 6.90 AU ha-1, respectively for the control, constant, and increasing treatment levels.During the feedlot phase, there were no ADG differences among any treatment, which averaged 1.06 kg day-1. DMI and feed efficiency were also not affected by supplementation strategies during the grazing phase.

Práticas adequadas de manejo do pastejo e de suplementação podem aumentar a produtividade e a competitividade de sistemas pastoris. Este experimento teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho de bovinos de corte em pastos de capim-marandu submetidos a duas intensidades de pastejo rotativo (10 e 15 cm de resíduo) com e sem o uso de suplementação energética (0,6% do PV), entre 22 de dezembro de 2005 e 25 de maio de 2006. Foram utilizados 150 garrotes (80 marcadores e 70 ajustadores de taxa de lotação), provenientes de cruzamento industrial, com aproximadamente 220 kg e 8 meses de idade. A área experimental de 8,5 ha de pastagem de capim-marandu foi dividida em quatro módulos, com oito piquetes cada (2650 m2). Os pastos foram manejados com período de descanso variável, uma vez que o critério de entrada dos animais nos piquetes era a altura de 25 cm (equivalente a uma interceptação de luz pelo dossel de 95%) e a saída baseada nas alturas pós-pastejo de 10 e 15 cm. Os pastos foram adubados com 150 kg ha-1 de cloreto de potássio, 400 kg ha-1 de superfosfato simples e 30 kg ha-1 de FTE-BR12 (micronutrientes) antes do início do período experimental. Durante a fase experimental foi aplicado 2,5 kg de N. ha-1 dia-1 logo após o pastejo de cada piquete, sendo o período de descanso do ciclo de pastejo anterior utilizado como critério para determinar a quantidade de N aplicada. Foram avaliados: massa de forragem (MF) pré e pós pastejo (kg MS ha-1); composição morfológica (% de folhas, colmos e material morto) e valor nutritivo da forragem; ganho de peso individual (kg cab-1 dia-1); taxa de lotação (cab ha-1) e ganho de peso por área (kg ha-1). Não houve diferença no acúmulo de MS, composição morfológica da MF prépastejo e valor nutritivo da forragem do estrato pastejável entre os tratamentos de pastejo. A suplementação propiciou um ganho médio extra de 0,400 kg dia-1 nos dois tratamentos de pastejo. Os animais sem suplementação e mantidos nos pastos com altura pós-pastejo 10 cm apresentaram GPD baixo, 0,439 kg cab-1 dia-1. A suplementação desses animais propiciou GPD de 0,839 kg cab-1 dia-1. A suplementação com concentrado aumentou em aproximadamente 14% a taxa de lotação dos pastos manejados com a altura pós-pastejo 10 cm. Os pastos manejados com altura póspastejo 15 cm proporcionaram os maiores ganhos de peso por animal, tanto entre os não suplementados como entre os suplementados (0,548 e 0,960 kg cab-1 dia-1 respectivamente). Entretanto, a maior taxa de lotação e o maior ganho de peso por unidade de área, foram obtidos com os animais suplementados mantidos nos pastos manejados com a altura pós-pastejo de 10 cm. Para animais em recria mantidos em pastagens tropicais bem manejadas, a suplementação com concentrados energéticos, na dose de 0,6% do peso corporal, melhora o ganho de peso individual, a taxa de lotação dos pastos e o ganho por unidade de área, além de garantir peso mínimo para viabilizar a terminação dos animais em confinamento após a fase de recria. / Adequate grazing management and supplementation practices can increase yield and economical competitiveness of the production system. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the performance of beef cattle on Brachiaria brizantha pastures (Marandu palisadegrass) subjected to rotational grazing managed with different stubble heights (10 vs 15cm), using an energetic supplement fed as 0 vs 0.6% LBW, from December 22nd of 2005 to May 25th of 2006. One hundred and fifty three cross breed non castrated calves were used (80 testers, and 70 stocking rate adjusters), averaging 220 kg of LBW, and 8 months old. The experimental area included 8.5 ha of Brachiaria brizantha pastures divided in four subareas, having 8 paddocks each, averaging 2650 m2. Resting intervals were different for each paddock, in order to achieve the target of grazing management: 25 cm of sward height at pre-grazing (equivalent to 95% interception of the incident light) and 10 or 15 cm at post-grazing, according to the treatment. Pastures were fertilized with 150 kg ha-1 of potassium chloride, 400 kg ha-1of superphosphate, and 30 kg ha-1 of FTE-BR12 (micronutrients) on October of 2005, prior to the experimental period. During the study, 2.5 kg of N ha-1day-1 were used right after grazing, with the resting period of the preceding cycle being used as criteria for the amount of N to be applied. The variables evaluated were: average daily gain (kg of LBW day-1), stocking rate (AU ha-1 period-1), system yield (kg of LBW ha-1 day-1), herbage mass on pre, and post grazing (kg DM ha-1), the morphological traits (stem, leaf, and senescent material percentages on the samples), and the nutritive value of the grazing horizon herbage. The supplemented animals gained an extra of 0.4 kg of LBW head-1 day -1 when compared to non supplemented, for both stubble height treatments. The animals kept on non supplement treatment with a 10 cm stubble height showed a low daily gain, of only 0.44 kg head-1. The supplementation of these animals promoted a satisfactory daily gain of 0.84 kg head-1. Supplementation increased on 14% the stocking rate (AU ha-1) of pastures managed with a 10 cm stubble height. The 15 cm stubble height treatment allowed higher daily gains for each animal, in both cases, supplemented, and non supplemented. However the highest stocking rates, and yield (ADG ha-1) were observed on the supplemented animals kept on 10 cm stubble height. For growing animals kept on well managed tropical pastures, energetic supplementation on a 0.6% of LBW amount improves daily gain, stocking rate, meat production per area, and assures a minimum weight that allows profitable finishing on a feedlot right after the growing period on pasture.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar estratégias de suplementação energética para bovinos em recria, mantidos em pastagens tropicais bem manejadas durante as águas, quanto ao desempenho animal, capacidade de suporte das pastagens, ganho de peso por área e desempenho dos animais durante a terminação em confinamento. Os tratamentos testados foram: T1) Controle: somente mistura mineral; T2) Constante: fornecimento contínuo do concentrado na dose de 0,6% do PC; T3) Crescente: fornecimento de 0,3% do PC em concentrado no primeiro terço, 0,6% do PC no segundo terço e de 0,9% do PC no terceiro terço do período de recria dos animais. Foram utilizados 76 garrotes de corte, com peso inicial de 208 kg e 8 meses de idade. Os animais foram alocados em 8,5 ha de pastagem de capim Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, manejados em sistema rotacionado com intervalo de desfolha variável. Foram avaliadas a massa de forragem (MF) pré e pós pastejo (kg MS ha-1), a composição morfológica (% de folhas, colmos e material morto) e valor nutritivo da forragem, o ganho de peso individual (kg cab-1 dia-1), a taxa de lotação (cab ha-1) e o ganho de peso por área (kg ha-1) durante a fase de recria dos animais. Na fase de confinamento dos animais foram avaliados o ganho de peso diário individual (GPD em kg cab-1), o consumo de matéria seca (kg dia-1) e a eficiência alimentar dos animais (kg de ganho diário kg de alimento consumido-1).Os animais suplementados apresentaram GPD superiores aos animais não suplementados (0,535, 0,787 e 0,867 kg cab-1 dia-1, respectivamente para os tratamentos controle, constante e crescente). Além disso, os animais do tratamento crescente apresentaram desempenho superior àquele dos animais do tratamento constante, mesmo consumindo quantidades semelhantes de suplemento. A suplementação foi, ainda, eficiente em aumentar a taxa de lotação dos pastos que foi, em média, de 5,94, 7,13 e 6,90 UA ha-1, respectivamente para os tratamentos controle, constante e crescente. Durante a fase de confinamento, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para GPD, que apresentou média de 1,06 kg dia-1. A suplementação energética de bovinos durante a fase de recria em pasto é uma estratégia eficaz para aumentar o GPD dos animais, a taxa de lotação das pastagens e a produção de carne por área de pasto. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of strategies of feeding an energetic supplement to growing cattle, grazing well managed tropical pastures during the rainy season, on the grazing animal performance, pasture stocking rate, total body weight gain per area, and on feedlot finishing phase. The treatments tested were: T1) Control: animals fed only a mineral mixture; T2) Constant level: constant daily feeding of energetic supplement at 0.6% of BW; T3) Increased level: daily feeding of energetic supplement at increasing levels of 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9% BW, according to the experimental period. Seventy six beef steers, averaging 208 kg BW and 8 months of age, were used. Animals were allocated in a 8.5 ha area of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pasture under a rotational grazing system with a variable defoliation interval. Pre- and post-grazing forage mass (FM, kg MS ha-1), morphological composition (leaves, stem, and dead material percentages), nutritive value of the forage, average daily gain (kg animal-1 day-1), stocking rate (animal ha-1), and weight gain per area (kg ha-1) were evaluated during the growing phase. At the feedlot phase were evaluated the average daily gain (kg animal-1 day-1), dry matter intake (kg day-1), and the gain to feed ratio. Supplemented animals had greater ADG than animals not supplemented (0.535, 0.787, and 0.867 kg animal-1 day-1), respectively for the control, constant, and increasing treatment levels. Furthermore, animals in the increasing supplementation group presented a highest performance when compared to the constant supplementation, although animals from both treatments have consumed similar amount of supplement. Supplementation also was efficient in improving the pasture stocking rate, which averaged 5.94, 7.13, and 6.90 AU ha-1, respectively for the control, constant, and increasing treatment levels.During the feedlot phase, there were no ADG differences among any treatment, which averaged 1.06 kg day-1. DMI and feed efficiency were also not affected by supplementation strategies during the grazing phase.

Práticas adequadas de manejo do pastejo e de suplementação podem aumentar a produtividade e a competitividade de sistemas pastoris. Este experimento teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho de bovinos de corte em pastos de capim-marandu submetidos a duas intensidades de pastejo rotativo (10 e 15 cm de resíduo) com e sem o uso de suplementação energética (0,6% do PV), entre 22 de dezembro de 2005 e 25 de maio de 2006. Foram utilizados 150 garrotes (80 marcadores e 70 ajustadores de taxa de lotação), provenientes de cruzamento industrial, com aproximadamente 220 kg e 8 meses de idade. A área experimental de 8,5 ha de pastagem de capim-marandu foi dividida em quatro módulos, com oito piquetes cada (2650 m2). Os pastos foram manejados com período de descanso variável, uma vez que o critério de entrada dos animais nos piquetes era a altura de 25 cm (equivalente a uma interceptação de luz pelo dossel de 95%) e a saída baseada nas alturas pós-pastejo de 10 e 15 cm. Os pastos foram adubados com 150 kg ha-1 de cloreto de potássio, 400 kg ha-1 de superfosfato simples e 30 kg ha-1 de FTE-BR12 (micronutrientes) antes do início do período experimental. Durante a fase experimental foi aplicado 2,5 kg de N. ha-1 dia-1 logo após o pastejo de cada piquete, sendo o período de descanso do ciclo de pastejo anterior utilizado como critério para determinar a quantidade de N aplicada. Foram avaliados: massa de forragem (MF) pré e pós pastejo (kg MS ha-1); composição morfológica (% de folhas, colmos e material morto) e valor nutritivo da forragem; ganho de peso individual (kg cab-1 dia-1); taxa de lotação (cab ha-1) e ganho de peso por área (kg ha-1). Não houve diferença no acúmulo de MS, composição morfológica da MF prépastejo e valor nutritivo da forragem do estrato pastejável entre os tratamentos de pastejo. A suplementação propiciou um ganho médio extra de 0,400 kg dia-1 nos dois tratamentos de pastejo. Os animais sem suplementação e mantidos nos pastos com altura pós-pastejo 10 cm apresentaram GPD baixo, 0,439 kg cab-1 dia-1. A suplementação desses animais propiciou GPD de 0,839 kg cab-1 dia-1. A suplementação com concentrado aumentou em aproximadamente 14% a taxa de lotação dos pastos manejados com a altura pós-pastejo 10 cm. Os pastos manejados com altura póspastejo 15 cm proporcionaram os maiores ganhos de peso por animal, tanto entre os não suplementados como entre os suplementados (0,548 e 0,960 kg cab-1 dia-1 respectivamente). Entretanto, a maior taxa de lotação e o maior ganho de peso por unidade de área, foram obtidos com os animais suplementados mantidos nos pastos manejados com a altura pós-pastejo de 10 cm. Para animais em recria mantidos em pastagens tropicais bem manejadas, a suplementação com concentrados energéticos, na dose de 0,6% do peso corporal, melhora o ganho de peso individual, a taxa de lotação dos pastos e o ganho por unidade de área, além de garantir peso mínimo para viabilizar a terminação dos animais em confinamento após a fase de recria. / Adequate grazing management and supplementation practices can increase yield and economical competitiveness of the production system. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the performance of beef cattle on Brachiaria brizantha pastures (Marandu palisadegrass) subjected to rotational grazing managed with different stubble heights (10 vs 15cm), using an energetic supplement fed as 0 vs 0.6% LBW, from December 22nd of 2005 to May 25th of 2006. One hundred and fifty three cross breed non castrated calves were used (80 testers, and 70 stocking rate adjusters), averaging 220 kg of LBW, and 8 months old. The experimental area included 8.5 ha of Brachiaria brizantha pastures divided in four subareas, having 8 paddocks each, averaging 2650 m2. Resting intervals were different for each paddock, in order to achieve the target of grazing management: 25 cm of sward height at pre-grazing (equivalent to 95% interception of the incident light) and 10 or 15 cm at post-grazing, according to the treatment. Pastures were fertilized with 150 kg ha-1 of potassium chloride, 400 kg ha-1of superphosphate, and 30 kg ha-1 of FTE-BR12 (micronutrients) on October of 2005, prior to the experimental period. During the study, 2.5 kg of N ha-1day-1 were used right after grazing, with the resting period of the preceding cycle being used as criteria for the amount of N to be applied. The variables evaluated were: average daily gain (kg of LBW day-1), stocking rate (AU ha-1 period-1), system yield (kg of LBW ha-1 day-1), herbage mass on pre, and post grazing (kg DM ha-1), the morphological traits (stem, leaf, and senescent material percentages on the samples), and the nutritive value of the grazing horizon herbage. The supplemented animals gained an extra of 0.4 kg of LBW head-1 day -1 when compared to non supplemented, for both stubble height treatments. The animals kept on non supplement treatment with a 10 cm stubble height showed a low daily gain, of only 0.44 kg head-1. The supplementation of these animals promoted a satisfactory daily gain of 0.84 kg head-1. Supplementation increased on 14% the stocking rate (AU ha-1) of pastures managed with a 10 cm stubble height. The 15 cm stubble height treatment allowed higher daily gains for each animal, in both cases, supplemented, and non supplemented. However the highest stocking rates, and yield (ADG ha-1) were observed on the supplemented animals kept on 10 cm stubble height. For growing animals kept on well managed tropical pastures, energetic supplementation on a 0.6% of LBW amount improves daily gain, stocking rate, meat production per area, and assures a minimum weight that allows profitable finishing on a feedlot right after the growing period on pasture.

This thesis provides the measurements of 222Rn exhalation rates, 210Pb deposition rates and excess 210Pb inventories for locations in and around Ranger Uranium Mine and Jabiru located within Kakadu National Park, Australia. Radon-222 is part of the natural 238U series decay chain and the only gas to be found in the series under normal conditions. Part of the natural redistribution of 222Rn in the environment is a portion exhales from the ground and disperses into the atmosphere. Here it decays via a series of short-lived progeny, that attach themselves to aerosol particles, to the long lived isotope 210Pb (T1/2 = 22.3 y). Attached and unattached 210Pb is removed from the atmosphere through wet and dry deposition and deposited on the surface of the earth, the fraction deposited on soils is gradually transported through the soil and can create a depth profile of 210Pb. Here it decays to the stable isotope 206Pb completing the 238U series. Measurements of 222Rn exhalation rates and 210Pb deposition rates were performed over complete seasonal cycles, August 2002 - July 2003 and May 2003 - May 2004 respectively. The area is categorised as wet and dry tropics and it experiences two distinct seasonal patterns, a dry season (May-October) with little or no precipitation events and a wet season (December-March) with almost daily precipitation and monsoonal troughs. November and April are regarded as transitional months. As the natural processes of 222Rn exhalation and 210Pb deposition are heavily influenced by soil moisture and precipitation respectively, seasonal variations in the exhalation and deposition rates were expected. It was observed that 222Rn exhalation rates decreased throughout the wet season when the increase in soil moisture retarded exhalation. Lead-210 deposition peaked throughout the wet season as precipitation is the major scavenging process of this isotope from the atmosphere. Radon-222 is influenced by other parameters such as 226Ra activity concentration and distribution, soil porosity and grain size. With the removal of the influence of soil moisture during the dry season it was possible to examine the effect of these other variables in a more comprehensive manner. This resulted in categorisation of geomorphic landscapes from which the 222Rn exhalation rate to 226Ra activity concentration ratios were similar during the dry season. These results can be extended to estimate dry season 222Rn exhalation rates from tropical locations from a measurement of 226Ra activity concentration. Through modelling the 210Pb budget on local and regional scales it was observed that there is a net loss of 210Pb from the region, the majority of which occurs during the dry season. This has been attributed to the fact that 210Pb attached to aerosols is transported great distance with the prevailing trade winds created by a Hadley Circulation cell predominant during the dry season (winter) months. By including the influence of factors such as water inundation and natural 210Pb redistribution in the soil wet season budgeting of 210Pb on local and regional scales gave very good results.