WCDMA is typically characterised as a system capable of providing mobile users with data rates up to 2 Mb/s and beyond. It has been termed an ultra high-speed, ultra high-capacity radio technology that will be able to carry a new range of fast, colourful media, such as colour graphics, video, animations, digital audio, Internet and e-mail that consumers will be able to access over their mobiles devices. This current study has researched on the various existing Multiuser detection (MUD) processes or proposals conducted by various research institutions around the world. It has identified the advantages that the past work offers, and it is these advantages that form the basis of the current research into the improvement techniques. The proposed Partial Parallel Pipelined Multiuser Detector (PPPMUD or P3MUD) has come about from two main flavours or directions of research. The first one seeks to promote the Soft Parallel Interference Cancellation technique as an effective bias mitigation technique. This bias occurring in the second stage decision statistics, exhibits a very harmful effect on system Bit Error Rate, (BER), particularly for large system loads. This current study goes further by carefully analysing the Soft Cancellation Factor, SCF behaviour to eventually derive and determine the optimum SCF value which exhibits positive characteristics when varied with the increasing system load (number of users). This optimum SCF value is called the universal SCF or SCFUNV, as it is theoretically supposed to perform favourably under various system loads. A favourable or acceptable performance would be characterised by low observed or measured BER during the system processing stages. A further enhancement to the operational performance of the SCFUNV algorithm is the SCFUNV Compensator, which is basically a compensation mechanism created by modelling the behaviour of the SCF values, and adjusts the SCFUNV depending on the system load, (number of simultaneous users). Thus, the SCFUNV is adaptively adjusted in order to perform acceptably under all load conditions. The second direction of research, as regards improvements in MUD techniques, involves the conventional Bit-Streaming, Pipelined Multiuser Detector. This came about due to the computational complexity as well as matrix inversions which affected earlier asynchronous multiuser detection techniques. This detector has a pipelined architecture which avoids multishot (block-based) detection and instead, processes the bits in a streaming fashion. The architecture consists of a matched filter followed by three stages of parallel interference cancellation, (PIC). This present study extends that research by outlining the advantages of incorporating the soft parallel interference cancellation technique, by way of the universal soft cancellation factor, (SCFUNV), into the conventional pipelined multiuser detector architecture to form the P3MUD architecture, which includes the compensator. The contributions of the proposed P3MUD system is that the observed BER output simulations are promising, with an observed overall decrease in the error rate for the P3MUD process, as compared to the conventional pipelined detection method. This decrease signifies an improvement offered by the proposed (P3MUD) algorithm. Further observed analysis indicates the possibility of decreasing the number of parallel interference cancellation stages from three to at least two, after the matched filter detection stage, without an observable change in system BER. Hence, the proposal of the two-stage P3MUD. / Dissertation (MEng (Electronic))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

Binary oxides constitute an outstanding class of functional materials with potential applications in many fields such as catalysis, gas sensing, field emission, solar cells, photodetection, etc. Due to the difference in their physical/chemical properties, different oxides have been explored for different applications. For examples, SnO2, Cr2O3 and ZnO are being explored for gas sensing due to their high adsorption capacity for volatile gases, ZnO, Cu2O etc. are being explored in solar cells because of high adsorption coefficient in UV/visible region and so on. Various techniques are available for synthesis of binary oxides and tuning their properties. Most of the physical or chemical synthesis techniques are expensive, need high cost instruments and produces hazardous chemical waste. We need a simple, cost effective and ecofriendly techniques for the synthesis of binary oxides. In present work, a simple and facile thermal oxidation strategy has been employed for the synthesis of various binary oxides (Cu2O, GeO2 and ZnO). For example, CuO nanorods are obtained when Cu is heated around ~ 500 oC, which then heated in Ar atmosphere to obtain a film of porous Cu2O. Similarly, GeO2 with different morphologies and green-luminescent ZnO are obtained by controlling the reaction parameters. These oxides have then been explored for various applications including white light phosphors, catalysis for the degradation of dyes and non-contact thermometry. Overall, we present a thermal oxidation strategy for the synthesis of various binary oxides and explore potential applications in various fields.

This thesis deals with ultrasound blood flow meter design with emphasis on practical implementation of such device. This medical device is used in ultrasound diagnostic, especially for measuring direction and velocity of blood flow in superficial vessels. This thesis contains consecutive design including description of individual function blocks. Documents for making double-sided printed circuit are included as well.

This work presents a 6.5-kV 1-kA SiC bipolar diode module for megawatt-range medium voltage converters. The study comprises a review of SiC devices and bipolar diodes, a description of the die and module technology, device characterization and modelling and benchmark of the device at converter level. The effects of current change rate, temperature variation, and different insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules for the switching cell, as well as parasitic oscillations are discussed. A comparison of the results with a commercial Si diode (6.5 kV and 1.2 kA) is included. The benchmark consists of an estimation of maximum converter output power, maximum switching frequency, losses and efficiency in a three level (3L) neutral point clamped (NPC) voltage-source converter (VSC) operating with SiC and Si diodes. The use of a model predictive control (MPC) algorithm to achieve higher efficiency levels is also discussed. The analysed diode module exhibits a very good performance regarding switching loss reduction, which allows an increase of at least 10 % in the output power of a 6-MVA converter. Alternatively, the switching frequency can be increased by 41 %.:1 Introduction 2 State of the art of SiC devices and medium-voltage diodes 2.1 Silicon carbide diodes and medium-voltage modules 2.2 Medium-voltage power diodes 3 Characterization of the SiC PiN diode module 37 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Experimental setup 3.3 Experimental results: static behaviour 3.4 Experimental results: switching behaviour 3.5 Comparison with 6.5-kV silicon diode 3.6 Oscillations in the SiC diode 3.7 Summary 4 Comparison at converter level 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Power device modelling 4.3 Determination of maximum converter power rating 4.4 Analysis 4.5 Increased efficiency through model predictive control 4.6 Summary 5 Conclusion

Wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductor devices are becoming increasing popular in power electronics applications. However, WBG semiconductor devices generate a substantial amount of conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) compared to silicon (Si) devices due to their ability to operate at higher switching frequencies, higher operating voltages and faster slew rates. This thesis explores and analyzes EMI mitigation techniques that can be applied to a power module architecture at the packaging level. In this thesis, the EMI footprint of four different module architectures is measured experimentally. A time domain LTspice simulation model of the experimental test setup is then built. The common mode (CM) EMI emissions that escape the baseplate of the module into the converter is then examined through the simulation. The simulation is used to explore the CM noise footprint of eight additional module architectures that were found in literature. The EMI trends and the underlying mitigation principle for the twelve modules is explained by highlighting key differences in the architectures using common mode equivalent modelling and substitution and superposition theorem. The work aims to help future module designers by not only comparing the EMI performance of the majority of module architectures available in literature but by also providing an analysis methodology that can be used to understand the EMI behavior of any new module architecture that has not been discussed. Although silicon carbide (SiC) modules are used for this study, the results are applicable for any WBG device. / M.S. / As society moves towards the electric grid of the future, there have been increasing calls for high efficiency, high power density, and low electromagnetic interference (EMI) power electronic converters. EMI is a big problem when using wide-bandgap (WBG) devices as these devices can switch very quickly and handle higher voltages when compared to silicon devices. In this study, ways to reduce EMI in a WBG power module through twelve different types of packaging are explored. Four WBG power modules are designed and fabricated in the lab, whereas a simulation model was created to study the EMI behavior of the remaining eight power module. The EMI behavior of these modules is explained using common mode (CM) equivalent modeling and substitution and superposition theorem. This study is important because WBG devices are becoming more and more popular in power electronic applications. The author hopes the findings and analysis presented in this paper can help future module designers reduce the EMI footprint of modules they design.

A wide range of services and applications become possible when accurate position information for a radio terminal is available. These include: location-based services; navigation; safety and security applications. The commercial, industrial and military value of radio-location is such that considerable research effort has been directed towards developing related technologies, using satellite, cellular or local area network infrastructures or stand-alone equipment. This work studies and investigates two location techniques. The first one presents an implementation scheme for a wideband transmission and direction finding system using OFDM multi-carrier communications systems. This approach takes advantage of delay discrimination to improve angle-of-arrival estimation in a multipath channel with high levels of additive white Gaussian noise. A new methodology is interpreted over the multi carrier modulation scheme in which the simulation results of the estimated channel improves the performance of OFDM signal by mitigating the effect of frequency offset synchronization to give error-free data at the receiver, good angle of arrival accuracy and improved SNR performance. The full system simulation to explore optimum values such as channel estimation and AoA including the antenna array model and prove the operational performance of the OFDM system as implemented in MATLAB. The second technique proposes a low cost-effective method of tracking and monitoring objects (examples: patient, device, medicine, document) by employing passive radio frequency identification (RFID) systems. A multi-tag, (totalling fifty-six tags) with known ID values are attached to the whole patient’s body to achieve better tracking and monitoring precision and higher accuracy. Several tests with different positions and movements are implemented on six patients. The aim is to be able to track the patient if he/she is walking or sitting; therefore, the tests considered six possible movements for the patient including walking, standing, sitting, resting, laying on the floor and laying on the bed, these placements are important to monitor the status of the patient like if he collapsed and fall on the ground so that the help will be quick. The collected data from the RFID Reader in terms of Time Stamp, RSS, Tag ID, and a number of channels are processed using the MATLAB code.

No description available.

L'objectif de cette thèse vise à l'étude d'un laser à cavité étendue et/ou filtre optique, dont le miroir externe est un réseau de Bragg à pas variable linéairement. En ce qui concerne le milieu à gain dans le résonateur, l’amplificateur optique à semiconducteur (SOA, Semiconductor Optical Amplifier) peut offrir toutes les caractéristiques et avantages classiques et typiques tels que large bande passante spectrale de 50 nm, faible consommation, haute rapidité de commutation électro-optique etc.... Par conséquent, ce type de laser et/ou filtre optique offre de nombreuses applications intéressantes dans le domaine des télécommunications optiques.Dans cette recherche, les premiers travaux sont la conception de la cavité continuum passive à l'aide d’un réseau de Bragg à pas variable. A l’intérieur de cette cavité continuum, formée entre un miroir et un réseau de Bragg chirpé, toutes les longueurs d'onde de Bragg oscillent simultanément ; la phase après un aller-retour de chaque longueur d'onde doit rester constante. La largeur de bande passante du spectre de transmission peut être ajustée dans la bande C (entre 1525 nm et 1565 nm) pour répondre aux besoins des systèmes de multiplexage en longueur d'onde (WDM, Wavelength-Division Multiplexing). On appliquera dans un premier temps ce concept de cavité continuum à la conception et la réalisation d’un filtre optique à bande passante variable. Puis dans un deuxième temps on rajoute un amplificateur optique à semi-conducteur (SOA) dans cette cavité pour réaliser un laser dit continuum. On s’attend à une émission sur un large spectre défini par la bande de réflexion du réseau chirpé. Le contrôle et la compréhension des phénomènes liés à cette émission lumineuse feront l’objet de cette étude. La cavité laser dite continuum sera étudiée en régime d’injection optique. L’idée est d’utiliser cette source comme amplificateur résonant fonctionnant en régime d’injection locking. La contribution dans cette thèse couvre à la fois la modélisation numérique, et les manipulations expérimentales. La conception du filtre ainsi que des mesures expérimentales de validation ont été complètement réalisés sur une structure hybride constituée d’une cavité à fibre optique incluant les réseaux de Bragg. Un bon accord entre théorie et expérience a été obtenu. Par contre, les calculs ont montré qu’un filtre optique intégré sur semi-conducteur utilisant ce concept de cavité n’avait pas d’intérêt. Les propriétés spectrales du filtre réalisé montrent en effet qu’on ne pourra obtenir qu’un faible taux de réjection et une qualité médiocre de forme de filtre en version intégrée. La réalisation expérimentale d’une cavité laser continuum a pu être démontrée et les propriétés spectrales enregistrées. En particulier une émission laser avec une largeur de spectre de 10 nm a été observée. Même si il reste un grand travail de caractérisation et de modélisation pour comprendre totalement les mécanismes qui gouvernent le fonctionnement d’une telle structure, c’est un résultat totalement nouveau que l’on a obtenu ici. Cette structure a par ailleurs été testée en régime d’injection optique. Un fonctionnement d’injection locking est obtenu qui permet à cette structure de jouer le role d’amplificateur à faible bruit. / The aim of this thesis is focused on the study of an extended cavity laser or/and optical filter, whose external mirror is the linearly chirped Bragg grating. As for the gain medium in the resonant, SOA (Semiconductor Optical Amplifier) can act as optical gain device. It can offer all of the classic and typical characteristics and advantages like large spectral passband of 50 nm, low power consumption, high-speed electro-optical commutation and so on. Therefore, this type of laser or/and optical filter have many interesting applications in the field of optical telecommunications.In this research, the first works are the design of passive continuum resonant cavity using linearly chirped Bragg grating. Inside this so-called continuum cavity, formed between mirror and chirped grating, all of the Bragg wavelengths oscillate at the same time, so the round-trip phase of each oscillated wavelength should keep constant. Then there is a passband spectrum at the transmission side. The bandwidth of transmission could be varied in C band (from 1525 nm to 1565 nm) to satisfy the needs of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) systems. This project is separated by two cases, one is about the external cavity applying chirped fiber Bragg grating as an external mirror, and the other is about the integrated cavity on InP chip, where the Bragg grating is already lithographed. Anyway, the first works of the thesis consist of numerical modeling, computational simulations and experimental manipulations.During the second works, the first step we add SOA as gain medium between two chirped fiber Bragg gratings for the purpose of generating laser. There are reflectors and active part in the passive cavity, so there is lasing far and away. It emits the typical F-P multimode light at the intersection of SOA gain band and reflection band of chirped grating. Then the second step is that a seed laser, whose frequency is nearby one of the longitudinal modes, is injected into the cavity in order to lock this mode. So there is only one emitted laser mode because of injection locking. This lasing resonant cavity could also be formed between mirror and linearly chirped Bragg grating.

Les systèmes radio impulsionnelle Ultra large bande (IR-ULB), de part la nature de leurs signaux et de leurs architectures, montrent des caractéristiques intéressantes pour concurrencer les technologies existantes (Zigbee, Bluetooth et RFID) pour certaines applications nécessitant un faible coût et une faible consommation de puissance. Dans ce contexte cette thèse évalue les potentialités des systèmes IR-ULB pour la réalisation d’objets communicants miniatures.En utilisant une technologie "System In Package" (SiP), des objets communicants ULB prototype intégrant une ou plusieurs puces CMOS et une antenne ULB directement réalisée sur le boîtier sont présentés dans la thèse. Les transitions entre le circuit imprimé et les puces sont réalisées avec des fils d'interconnexion ("wirebonding"). Les points d'étude de la thèse se focalisent particulièrement sur la mise en boîtier d'une puce ULB et sur la conception sur silicium de la tête radio fréquence d'un système ULB. La réalisation d'une interconnexion faible cout par "wirebonding" entre un circuit intégré ULB et son support est problématique aux fréquences utilisées en ULB (3-10 GHz) en raison des éléments parasites importants limitant sa bande passante. Pour obtenir une transition ne dégradant pas les signaux ULB, plusieurs méthodologies d’interfaçage sont proposées permettant de réaliser sans augmentation notable de cout une transition large bande entre le circuit intégré et le circuit imprimé du boîtier. L'intégration en technologie CMOS standard des éléments principaux constituant la tête radio fréquence d'un système ULB impulsionnel (LNA, détecteur d'impulsions et générateurs d'impulsions) est étudiée. L'intérêt d'un co-design entre le silicium et le circuit imprimé lors de la conception de ces éléments est mis en avant. L'intégration ainsi que la miniaturisation du système final dans une technologie SIP sont également présentées. / Due to the nature of their signals and their architectures, Impulse Radio Ultra Wide Band (IR-UWB) systems show interesting features to compete with existing technologies (Zigbee, Bluetooth and RFID UHF) for low cost and low power applications. In this context, this thesis evaluates the potential of UWB systems for the realization of miniature communication devices.The thesis presents UWB communicating devices realized with a System in Package (SiP) technology. Devices incorporate one or several CMOS chips and an antenna directly printed on the board (PCB). Transitions between the PCB and the chips are made with standard wire bonds. The thesis especially focuses on packaging of UWB dice and on the design of UWB front end radio frequency.Due to important parasitic elements limiting its bandwidth, wire bonds transition is problematic for UWB applications (3-10 GHz). This thesis proposes several methodologies to interface integrated circuit and PCB to obtain a broadband transition without increasing cost production. The integration in standard CMOS technology of main components comprising the UWB radio frequency front end (LNA, pulse detector and pulse generator) is studied. The interest of a co-design between silicon and PCB to design these elements is pointed up. Integration and miniaturization of the final system in a SIP technology are also presented.

Les circuits de récupération d'horloge et de données sont nécessaires au bon fonctionnement de plusieurs systèmes de communication sans fil. Les travaux effectués dans le cadre de cette thèse concernent le développement de ces circuits avec d'une part la réalisation, en technologie HCMOS9 0,13 μm de STMICROELECTRONICS, de circuits CDR analogiques à 1 et 54 Mbit/s, et d'autre part, la mise en œuvre de fonctions CDR numériques programmables à bas débit. Un circuit CDR fonctionnant à plus bas débit (1 Mbit/s) a été conçu dans le cadre de la gestion d'énergie d'un récepteur ULB impulsionnel non cohérent. Ces deux structures ont été réalisées à l'aide de PLL analogiques du 3ème ordre. Un comparateur de phase adapté aux impulsions issues du détecteur d'énergie a été proposé dans cette étude. Les circuits ont ensuite été dimensionnés dans le but d'obtenir de très bonnes performances en termes de jitter et de consommation. En particulier, les performances mesurées (sous pointes) du circuit CDR à 1 Mbit/s permettent d'envisager une gestion d'énergie efficace (réduction de plus de 97% de la consommation du récepteur). Dans le cadre d'une chaîne de télémesure avion vers sol, deux circuits CDR numériques ont également été réalisés durant cette thèse. Une PLL numérique du second degré a été implémentée en vue de fournir des données et une horloge synchrone de celles-ci afin de piloter une chaîne SOQPSK entièrement numérique. Un circuit ELGS a également mis au point pour fonctionner au sein d'un récepteur PCM/FM. / Clock and data recovery circuits are required in many wireless communication systems. This thesis is about development of such circuits with: firstly, the realization, in HCMOS9 0.13 μm of STMICROELECTRONICS technology, of 1 and 54 Mb/s analog CDR circuits, and secondly, the implementation of programmable digital circuits at low rates. In the aim of an impulse UWB transceiver dealing with video transmission, a CDR circuit at 54 Mb/s rate has been realized to provide clock signal synchronously with narrow pulses (their duration is about a few nanoseconds) from the energy detector. Another CDR circuit has been built at 1 Mb/s rate in a non-coherent IR- UWB receiver power management context. Both circuits have been implemented as 3rd order analog PLL. In this work, a phase comparator suitable for “RZ low duty cycle” data from the energy detector has been proposed. Circuits have been sized to obtain very good performances in terms of jitter and power consumption. Particularly, measured performances of the 1 Mb/s CDR circuit allow to plan an efficient power management (a decrease of more than 97% of the receiver total power consumption). In the context of a telemetry system from aircraft to ground, two digital CDR circuits have also been implemented. A second order digital PLL has been adopted in order to provide synchronous clock and data to an SOQPSK digital transmitter. Also, a digital ELGS circuit has been proposed to work in a PCM/FM receiver. For both CDR structures, the input signal rate is programmable and varies globally from 1 to 30 Mb/s.