A description is given of a prevalence study of canine distemper virus antibodies in large carnivores in the Kruger National Park and Marakele National Park in South Africa. The serum-virus neutralization test was used to determine the prevalence of antibodies in different carnivore species in Kruger National Park and Marakele National Park. The species tested included 198 lions, 33 hyenas, 23 wild dogs and a leopard. The results demonstrated a total of 69 (34.8%) positive sera from lions. Moreover, CDV neutralizing antibodies were present in 25 (75.8%) hyena sera, 18 (78.3%) wild dog sera and the serum of one leopard. The results demonstrate that canine distemper virus is present in the Kruger National Park and that removal of the fences between the Kruger National Park and other conservation areas may pose a risk for spreading infectious diseases to susceptible species. Further work would be required to determine the prevalence of CDV in neighbouring regions. Only then risks can be estimated. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / unrestricted

The higher proximity among humans, domestic animals and wildlife favours disease spill-over both from wildlife to domestic animals and vice versa, which is a potential risk for the extinction of wildlife populations and could be influencing the emergence and/or re-emergence of zoonotic diseases. The domestic dog (Canis familiaris) is the most abundant and widely distributed carnivore worldwide and is known to be carrying many infectious diseases. Among these diseases, domestic dogs are known to be source of canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV) and Echinococcus granulosus to wild carnivores and human being. Populations of domestic dogs inhabiting urban areas can be the source of infection of directly transmitted pathogens, since in these areas a high density of domestic dogs can facilitate the maintenance of these infections to both domestic and wild carnivore populations. In addition, the knowledge of the diseases present in the domestic dog populations in close proximity to wildlife is essential for conservation planning and for control of both zoonotic diseases and diseases of conservation concern. This thesis explores the effect of urbanization on the epidemiology of CDV, CPV, and E granulosus in domestic dogs and wild carnivores of the Coquimbo region of Chile as for example, chilla (L. griseus) and culpeo (L. culpaeus) foxes and assess the risk factors that could be facilitate disease transmission between canid inhabiting urban and rural areas. The first of the chapters containing original data, Chapter 3, describe the demography of dogs in the study area, indicating that urban sites have a greater population and a higher density of domestic dogs, a high growth rate and therefore a high turnover of susceptible than rural areas, which can be of relevance for the differences in diseases transmission patterns between these sites. Chapter 4 describe the degree of interaction between wild and domestic carnivores and its effect on interespecific disease transmission; indicating that in the study area there are many opportunities for domestic/wild carnivores interactions, as for example livestock predation by carnivores, by approaching to peridomestic environments, facilitating in this scenario the transmission of CDV, CPV and also E. granulosus by predating on livestock contaminated with cyst echinococcosis. Chapter 5 indicate that urban areas hold domestic dog populations with higher CDV seroprevalence than rural sites and probably these areas are the source of infection to rural sites. In contrast, a more stable CPV seroprevalence was found between urban and rural areas, indicating that possibly this pathogen follow an endemic state across the study area. Chapter 6 describe the factors for E. granulosus prevalence in domestic dogs, livestock and human being, suggesting that more cases of E. granulosus in livestock and in humans are found in provinces of the Coquimbo region with higher percentage of rural population; however, and unexpectedly, more cases of E. granulosus in domestic dogs were found in urban areas, although analysis of risk factors indicated that those domestic dogs inhabiting in the borders of urban areas, were at greater risk of being infected with E. granulosus than those in the centre of these areas. The results of this study exemplify how three pathogens are found in urban areas which can be source of infection to domestic and wild carnivores in the study area.

Foram coletados cinqüenta e oito (58) amostras de cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) de vida livre, provenientes do Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Os animais eram mortos por atropelamento ao longo da rodovia estadual ES-060 que liga os municípios de Vila Velha à Guarapari, passando por duas reservas florestais de Mata Atlântica. Todos os animais eram encaminhados para a Universidade de Vila Velha UVV pela concessionária RodoSol, onde passavam por detalhado exame necroscópico com coleta de tecidos e ectoparasitas para pesquisa de patógenos pela técnica de Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase (PCR). Todas as amostras obtidas foram testadas quanto à presença de agentes pertencentes à família Anaplasmataceae e membros dos gêneros Rickettsia, Borrelia, Babesia, Coxiella, Leishmania, Hepatozoon e Ehrlichia. No total foram colhidos 25 espécimes de carrapatos, todos em estágio ninfal e pertencentes à espécie Amblyomma cajennense. Na pesquisa de patógenos pela PCR, não foi encontrada nenhuma amostra de animal ou carrapato positiva para Leishmania spp, Rickettsia spp, Borrelia spp, Babesia spp e Coxiella spp. Das 58 amostras de tecidos, 29 (50%) foram positivas para Hepatozoon spp no gene 18S rRNA, tendo sido identificado dois genótipos, um denominado Hepatozoon sp. ex Cerdocyon thous, presente em 96,55% dos animais testados, com máxima similaridade de 98,67% com a espécie Hepatozoon sp. curupira 2 (AY461377). O outro genótipo foi encontrado em somente um animal (3,44%), denominado Hepatozoon sp. P20 Cerdocyon thous, que apresentou máxima similaridade de 97,5% com Hepatozoon sp. 744C (EU430234). Na pesquisa para Ehrlichia spp, seis amostras foram positivas (10,34%). As seis amostras foram caracterizadas como uma possível nova espécie de Ehrlichia, denominada Ehrlichia sp. ex Cerdocyon thous, com máxima similaridade de 97,57% com a espécie Ehrlichia ruminantium (DQ482915) para o gene 16S e 82,51% similar com E. ruminantium str. Gardel (CR925677) para o gene dsb. Todas as espécies de carrapatos foram negativas. Hepatozoon spp e Ehrlichia spp são agentes infecciosos transmitidos por carrapatos, com potencial zoonótico, de potencial impacto para saúde animal e humana. / We collected samples from fifty-eight (58) free-living crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) from the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. All animals were hit by vehicles passing through the highway ES-060, which crosses an Atlantic rainforest reserve, located between the cities of Guarapari and Vila Velha. The animals were collected by the Rodosol Company, and taken to the University of Vila Velha - UVV, where they underwent post-mortem examination, and collection of tissue samples and ectoparasites for research through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. All samples were tested for the presence of agents belonging to the family Anaplasmataceae and members of the genera Rickettsia, Borrelia, Babesia, Coxiella, Leishmania, Hepatozoon, and Ehrlichia. We collected 25 specimens of nymphal ticks, which were all identified as Amblyomma cajennense. Search of pathogens by PCR did not find any positive animal or tick sample for Leishmania spp, Rickettsia spp, Borrelia spp, Babesia spp and Coxiella spp. From the 58 tissue samples, 29 (50%) were positive for Hepatozoon sp by the PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene. Amplicons generated two different genotypes, one named Hepatozoon sp. ex Cerdocyon thous, present in 96.55% of the animals, with a maximum of 98.67% similarity with the sequence of Hepatozoon sp. curupira 2 (AY461377); the second genotype was found in only one animal (3.44%), named Hepatozoon sp. P20 Cerdocyon thous, which showed maximum similarity (97.5%) with Hepatozoon sp. 744C (EU430234). The survey for Ehrlichia spp resulted in six positive samples (10.34%). The six samples were characterized as a possible new species of Ehrlichia, named Ehrlichia sp. ex Cerdocyon thous, with maximum similarity (97.57%) with the species Ehrlichia ruminantium (DQ482915) for the 16S and 82.51% similar to E. ruminantium str. Gardel (CR925677) for the dsb gene. All species of ticks were negative for all pathogens searched. Hepatozoon spp and Ehrlichia spp are tick-borne infectious agents with zoonotic potential; the present findings are of potential impact for both animal and human health.

A conservação dos animais selvagens de vida livre é ameaçada pela fragmentação de habitat, caça, diminuição de presas e, em menor escala pela ocorrência de doenças infecciosas. Reconhecendo a importância das doenças para a conservação, e considerando que o crescimento da população humana no entorno de áreas protegidas propicia o aumento do contato de animais domésticos e selvagens, o presente estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar a exposição de carnívoros selvagens de vida livre e cães domésticos da região do Parque Nacional das Emas (PNE), Goiás à cinomose, parvovirose, brucelose e brucelose canina. Entre as espécies de carnívoros selvagens amostradas estão o lobo-guará, cachorro-do-mato, raposinha-do-campo, onça-parda, jaguatirica, gato-palheiro, gatomourisco, jaratataca e quati. Foram realizados os testes de soroneutralização, inibição de hemaglutinação, imunodifusão em gel ágar e PCR, para cinomose, parvovirose, brucelose canina e brucelose, respectivamente. Lobos-guará (12,7%, n=9), cachorros-do-mato (11,6%, n=7), jaguatiricas (18,2%, n=2) e cães domésticos (71,4%, n=25) foram expostos à cinomose. Todas as espécies de carnívoros selvagens amostradas, com exceção do quati, sendo 40,4% (n=65) dos indivíduos, e 37,1% (n=13) dos cães domésticos foram expostos à parvovirose. Apenas o lobo-guará (1,67%, n=2) foi exposto à brucelose canina e a raposinha-do-campo à Brucella spp. (1,47%, n=1). Este é o primeiro relato da exposição de gato-palheiro, gatomourisco e jaratataca ao parvovírus, e de lobo-guará à Brucella canis. A cinomose e a parvovirose merecem atenção no PNE pela possibilidade de envolvimento de cães domésticos na sua transmissão, embora não possa ser comprovada no presente estudo. A brucelose, no momento, parece não ser uma ameaça sanitária para as populações de carnívoros do PNE. / The conservation of free ranging wildlife is threatened by habitat fragmentation, hunting, decrease of prey and, to a lesser extent by the occurrence of infectious diseases. Recognizing the diseases importance for conservation, and considering that the increase of human population around protected areas provides increased contact with domestic and wild animals, the present study aimed to investigate the exposure of free ranging wild carnivores and domestic dogs in the region of Emas National Park (ENP), Goiás, Brazil for canine distemper virus (CDV), parvovirus, brucellosis and canine brucellosis. Among the species of wild carnivores sampled are the maned wolf, crab-eating fox, hoary fox, puma, ocelot, pampas cat, jaguarondi, skunk and coati. The tests performed for CDV, parvovirus, canine brucellosis and brucellosis tests were the serum neutralization test, hemagglutination inhibition, agar gel immunodiffusion and PCR, respectively. Maned wolves (12.7%, n = 9), crab-eating foxes (11.6%, n = 7), ocelots (18.2%, n = 2) and domestic dogs (71.4%, n = 25) were exposed to CDV. All species of wild carnivores sampled, except coatis, being 40.4% (n = 65) of individuals, and 37.1% (n = 13) of domestic dogs were exposed to parvovirus. Only maned wolves (1.67%, n = 2) were exposed to canine brucellosis and hoary fox to Brucella spp. (1.47%, n = 1). This is the first report of pampas cat, jaguarondi and skunk exposure to parvovirus, and of maned wolf to Brucella canis. CDV and parvovirus deserve attention in ENP by the possibility of involvement of domestic dogs in its transmission, although it can not be proven in this study. At the moment, brucellosis doesn\'t seem to be a sanitary threat for carnivores population at ENP.

A conservação dos animais selvagens de vida livre é ameaçada pela fragmentação de habitat, caça, diminuição de presas e, em menor escala pela ocorrência de doenças infecciosas. Reconhecendo a importância das doenças para a conservação, e considerando que o crescimento da população humana no entorno de áreas protegidas propicia o aumento do contato de animais domésticos e selvagens, o presente estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar a exposição de carnívoros selvagens de vida livre e cães domésticos da região do Parque Nacional das Emas (PNE), Goiás à cinomose, parvovirose, brucelose e brucelose canina. Entre as espécies de carnívoros selvagens amostradas estão o lobo-guará, cachorro-do-mato, raposinha-do-campo, onça-parda, jaguatirica, gato-palheiro, gatomourisco, jaratataca e quati. Foram realizados os testes de soroneutralização, inibição de hemaglutinação, imunodifusão em gel ágar e PCR, para cinomose, parvovirose, brucelose canina e brucelose, respectivamente. Lobos-guará (12,7%, n=9), cachorros-do-mato (11,6%, n=7), jaguatiricas (18,2%, n=2) e cães domésticos (71,4%, n=25) foram expostos à cinomose. Todas as espécies de carnívoros selvagens amostradas, com exceção do quati, sendo 40,4% (n=65) dos indivíduos, e 37,1% (n=13) dos cães domésticos foram expostos à parvovirose. Apenas o lobo-guará (1,67%, n=2) foi exposto à brucelose canina e a raposinha-do-campo à Brucella spp. (1,47%, n=1). Este é o primeiro relato da exposição de gato-palheiro, gatomourisco e jaratataca ao parvovírus, e de lobo-guará à Brucella canis. A cinomose e a parvovirose merecem atenção no PNE pela possibilidade de envolvimento de cães domésticos na sua transmissão, embora não possa ser comprovada no presente estudo. A brucelose, no momento, parece não ser uma ameaça sanitária para as populações de carnívoros do PNE. / The conservation of free ranging wildlife is threatened by habitat fragmentation, hunting, decrease of prey and, to a lesser extent by the occurrence of infectious diseases. Recognizing the diseases importance for conservation, and considering that the increase of human population around protected areas provides increased contact with domestic and wild animals, the present study aimed to investigate the exposure of free ranging wild carnivores and domestic dogs in the region of Emas National Park (ENP), Goiás, Brazil for canine distemper virus (CDV), parvovirus, brucellosis and canine brucellosis. Among the species of wild carnivores sampled are the maned wolf, crab-eating fox, hoary fox, puma, ocelot, pampas cat, jaguarondi, skunk and coati. The tests performed for CDV, parvovirus, canine brucellosis and brucellosis tests were the serum neutralization test, hemagglutination inhibition, agar gel immunodiffusion and PCR, respectively. Maned wolves (12.7%, n = 9), crab-eating foxes (11.6%, n = 7), ocelots (18.2%, n = 2) and domestic dogs (71.4%, n = 25) were exposed to CDV. All species of wild carnivores sampled, except coatis, being 40.4% (n = 65) of individuals, and 37.1% (n = 13) of domestic dogs were exposed to parvovirus. Only maned wolves (1.67%, n = 2) were exposed to canine brucellosis and hoary fox to Brucella spp. (1.47%, n = 1). This is the first report of pampas cat, jaguarondi and skunk exposure to parvovirus, and of maned wolf to Brucella canis. CDV and parvovirus deserve attention in ENP by the possibility of involvement of domestic dogs in its transmission, although it can not be proven in this study. At the moment, brucellosis doesn\'t seem to be a sanitary threat for carnivores population at ENP.

Foram coletados cinqüenta e oito (58) amostras de cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) de vida livre, provenientes do Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Os animais eram mortos por atropelamento ao longo da rodovia estadual ES-060 que liga os municípios de Vila Velha à Guarapari, passando por duas reservas florestais de Mata Atlântica. Todos os animais eram encaminhados para a Universidade de Vila Velha UVV pela concessionária RodoSol, onde passavam por detalhado exame necroscópico com coleta de tecidos e ectoparasitas para pesquisa de patógenos pela técnica de Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase (PCR). Todas as amostras obtidas foram testadas quanto à presença de agentes pertencentes à família Anaplasmataceae e membros dos gêneros Rickettsia, Borrelia, Babesia, Coxiella, Leishmania, Hepatozoon e Ehrlichia. No total foram colhidos 25 espécimes de carrapatos, todos em estágio ninfal e pertencentes à espécie Amblyomma cajennense. Na pesquisa de patógenos pela PCR, não foi encontrada nenhuma amostra de animal ou carrapato positiva para Leishmania spp, Rickettsia spp, Borrelia spp, Babesia spp e Coxiella spp. Das 58 amostras de tecidos, 29 (50%) foram positivas para Hepatozoon spp no gene 18S rRNA, tendo sido identificado dois genótipos, um denominado Hepatozoon sp. ex Cerdocyon thous, presente em 96,55% dos animais testados, com máxima similaridade de 98,67% com a espécie Hepatozoon sp. curupira 2 (AY461377). O outro genótipo foi encontrado em somente um animal (3,44%), denominado Hepatozoon sp. P20 Cerdocyon thous, que apresentou máxima similaridade de 97,5% com Hepatozoon sp. 744C (EU430234). Na pesquisa para Ehrlichia spp, seis amostras foram positivas (10,34%). As seis amostras foram caracterizadas como uma possível nova espécie de Ehrlichia, denominada Ehrlichia sp. ex Cerdocyon thous, com máxima similaridade de 97,57% com a espécie Ehrlichia ruminantium (DQ482915) para o gene 16S e 82,51% similar com E. ruminantium str. Gardel (CR925677) para o gene dsb. Todas as espécies de carrapatos foram negativas. Hepatozoon spp e Ehrlichia spp são agentes infecciosos transmitidos por carrapatos, com potencial zoonótico, de potencial impacto para saúde animal e humana. / We collected samples from fifty-eight (58) free-living crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) from the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. All animals were hit by vehicles passing through the highway ES-060, which crosses an Atlantic rainforest reserve, located between the cities of Guarapari and Vila Velha. The animals were collected by the Rodosol Company, and taken to the University of Vila Velha - UVV, where they underwent post-mortem examination, and collection of tissue samples and ectoparasites for research through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. All samples were tested for the presence of agents belonging to the family Anaplasmataceae and members of the genera Rickettsia, Borrelia, Babesia, Coxiella, Leishmania, Hepatozoon, and Ehrlichia. We collected 25 specimens of nymphal ticks, which were all identified as Amblyomma cajennense. Search of pathogens by PCR did not find any positive animal or tick sample for Leishmania spp, Rickettsia spp, Borrelia spp, Babesia spp and Coxiella spp. From the 58 tissue samples, 29 (50%) were positive for Hepatozoon sp by the PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene. Amplicons generated two different genotypes, one named Hepatozoon sp. ex Cerdocyon thous, present in 96.55% of the animals, with a maximum of 98.67% similarity with the sequence of Hepatozoon sp. curupira 2 (AY461377); the second genotype was found in only one animal (3.44%), named Hepatozoon sp. P20 Cerdocyon thous, which showed maximum similarity (97.5%) with Hepatozoon sp. 744C (EU430234). The survey for Ehrlichia spp resulted in six positive samples (10.34%). The six samples were characterized as a possible new species of Ehrlichia, named Ehrlichia sp. ex Cerdocyon thous, with maximum similarity (97.57%) with the species Ehrlichia ruminantium (DQ482915) for the 16S and 82.51% similar to E. ruminantium str. Gardel (CR925677) for the dsb gene. All species of ticks were negative for all pathogens searched. Hepatozoon spp and Ehrlichia spp are tick-borne infectious agents with zoonotic potential; the present findings are of potential impact for both animal and human health.

Nas últimas décadas, pesquisadores vêm atribuindo crescente importância à ocorrência de agentes patogênicos para a conservação de animais selvagens. Epizootias em carnívoros selvagens na África e América do Norte levaram a declínios significativos nas populações afetadas. Por outro lado, animais selvagens podem agir como reservatórios para agentes que afetam o homem e animais domésticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi pesquisar a exposição de carnívoros selvagens e de animais domésticos da região da RPPN SESC Pantanal a patógenos importantes para a conservação dos carnívoros selvagens e para o homem. Para isto, entre 2002 e 2006, 76 carnívoros selvagens (43 cachorros-do-mato, Cerdocyon thous, 13 guaxinins, Procyon cancrivorous, oito lobos-guarás, Chrysocyon brachyurus, quatro jaguatiricas, Leopardus pardalis, sete suçuaranas, Puma concolor e um cachorro-vinagre, Speothos venaticus) foram capturados e tiveram amostras sangüíneas coletadas. Também foram amostrados 103 cães domésticos em comunidades humanas localizadas ao norte da RPPN e 27 cavalos utilizados no interior da reserva. Para os carnívoros (selvagens e domésticos) foi realizado sorodiagnóstico para o vírus da cinomose (soroneutralização), parvovírus (HI), raiva (SFIMT) e Leptospira spp. (MAT), além do diagnóstico direto para Leishmania spp., através da PCR. A sorologia para Leptospira spp. também foi realizada nos eqüinos. Dentre os carnívoros selvagens, 21 de 75 animais testados apresentaram título >= 8 de anticorpos para o vírus da cinomose, 70 de 76 apresentaram título >= 80 de anticorpos para o parvovírus, 4 de 76 apresentaram título >= 10 UI/ml de anticorpos para o vírus da raiva, 32 de 75 apresentaram título >= 100 de anticorpos para Leptospira spp. e 7 de 21 foram positivos para Leishmania spp. Dentre os cães domésticos, foram diagnosticados 65 positivos à sorologia para o vírus da cinomose dos 79 indivíduos testados, 98 de 102 para o parvovírus, 27 de 102 para o vírus da raiva e 18 de 103 para Leptospira spp. Para Leishmania spp., 20 de 70 foram positivos. As amostras dos animais positivos para Leishmania foram identificadas como pertencentes ao sub-gênero Viannia, sendo duas delas identificadas especificamente como Leishmania (V.) braziliensis. Vinte de 27 cavalos foram positivos sorologicamente para Leptospira spp. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os carnívoros selvagens e cães domésticos foram expostos aos cinco agentes pesquisados, demonstrando a presença destes na região. Isto indica que os carnívoros selvagens da região podem ser ameaçados pela presença dos patógenos que comumente circulam nas populações de cães domésticos. Também demonstram que agentes zoonóticos circulam nestes animais na região. No entanto, nem a mortalidade de carnívoros selvagens em decorrência de doenças nem o papel dos animais selvagens como reservatórios de agentes zoonóticos puderam ser claramente demonstrados. Apesar disto, é evidente a necessidade de implementação de medidas preventivas visando evitar a transmissão de patógenos aos carnívoros selvagens, como vacinação e controle populacional dos cães domésticos, e de um sistema de vigilância para as leishmanioses, para a raiva e para a leptospirose, aliado a um programa de educação em saúde na comunidade de São Pedro de Joselândia e adjacências. / In the last decades, researchers have been giving growing importance to the occurrence of pathogens for the conservation of wild animals. Epizootics in wild carnivores in Africa and North America have led to declines in the affected populations. On the other hand, wild animals may act as reservoirs to pathogens that affect humans and domestic animals. The purpose of this study was to assess the exposure of wild carnivores and domestic animals from the Northern Pantanal region to pathogens that are important for the conservation of wild carnivores and for men. From 2002 to 2006, 76 wild carnivores (43 crab eating foxes, Cerdocyon thous, 13 raccoons, Procyon cancrivorous, eight maned wolves, Chrysocyon brachyurus, four ocelots, Leopardus pardalis, seven pumas, Puma concolor, and one bush dog, Speothos venaticus) were captured and blood samples were collected. Additionally, 103 domestic dogs and 27 horses from the same area were also sampled. Serological tests were performed for wild carnivores and domestic dogs for CDV (SN), CPV (HI), rabies virus (SFIMT) and Leptospira spp. (MAT), along with PCR for Leishmania spp. MAT was also performed for horses. Among wild carnivores, 21 of 75 tested animals had titers >= 8 for CDV antibodies, 70 of 76 had titers >= 80 for CPV antibodies, 4 of 76 had titers >= 10 UI/ml for rabies virus antibodies, 32 of 75 had >= 100 for Leptospira spp. antibodies, and 7 of 21 were positive for Leishmania spp. Among domestic dogs, 65 of 79 animals tested positive for serology for CDV, 98 of 102 for CPV, 27 of 102 for rabies virus and 18 of 103 for Leptospira spp. For Leishmania spp., 20 of 70 were positive. Positive samples for Leishmania spp. were identified as belonging to the sub-genus Viannia. Two of these were identified to the species level as Leishmania (V.) braziliensis. Twenty of 27 horses were serologically positive for Leptospira spp. These results indicate that wild carnivores and domestic dogs were exposed to all five tested pathogens, showing their presence in the region. This indicates that wild carnivores in the region may be threatened by pathogens that commonly circulate among domestic dog populations. It also demonstrates that zoonotic agents circulate among the wild carnivore population in the region. However, neither a greater mortality of wild carnivores due to infectious diseases nor their role as reservoirs of zoonosis have been clearly demonstrated. Nevertheless, the need to act to prevent the transmission of pathogens to wild carnivores, through vaccination of domestic dogs and population control, is evident. The implementation of a surveillance system for rabies, leishmaniasis and leptospirosis, together with a health education program in the human community, would also be very important.

Nas últimas décadas, pesquisadores vêm atribuindo crescente importância à ocorrência de agentes patogênicos para a conservação de animais selvagens. Epizootias em carnívoros selvagens na África e América do Norte levaram a declínios significativos nas populações afetadas. Por outro lado, animais selvagens podem agir como reservatórios para agentes que afetam o homem e animais domésticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi pesquisar a exposição de carnívoros selvagens e de animais domésticos da região da RPPN SESC Pantanal a patógenos importantes para a conservação dos carnívoros selvagens e para o homem. Para isto, entre 2002 e 2006, 76 carnívoros selvagens (43 cachorros-do-mato, Cerdocyon thous, 13 guaxinins, Procyon cancrivorous, oito lobos-guarás, Chrysocyon brachyurus, quatro jaguatiricas, Leopardus pardalis, sete suçuaranas, Puma concolor e um cachorro-vinagre, Speothos venaticus) foram capturados e tiveram amostras sangüíneas coletadas. Também foram amostrados 103 cães domésticos em comunidades humanas localizadas ao norte da RPPN e 27 cavalos utilizados no interior da reserva. Para os carnívoros (selvagens e domésticos) foi realizado sorodiagnóstico para o vírus da cinomose (soroneutralização), parvovírus (HI), raiva (SFIMT) e Leptospira spp. (MAT), além do diagnóstico direto para Leishmania spp., através da PCR. A sorologia para Leptospira spp. também foi realizada nos eqüinos. Dentre os carnívoros selvagens, 21 de 75 animais testados apresentaram título >= 8 de anticorpos para o vírus da cinomose, 70 de 76 apresentaram título >= 80 de anticorpos para o parvovírus, 4 de 76 apresentaram título >= 10 UI/ml de anticorpos para o vírus da raiva, 32 de 75 apresentaram título >= 100 de anticorpos para Leptospira spp. e 7 de 21 foram positivos para Leishmania spp. Dentre os cães domésticos, foram diagnosticados 65 positivos à sorologia para o vírus da cinomose dos 79 indivíduos testados, 98 de 102 para o parvovírus, 27 de 102 para o vírus da raiva e 18 de 103 para Leptospira spp. Para Leishmania spp., 20 de 70 foram positivos. As amostras dos animais positivos para Leishmania foram identificadas como pertencentes ao sub-gênero Viannia, sendo duas delas identificadas especificamente como Leishmania (V.) braziliensis. Vinte de 27 cavalos foram positivos sorologicamente para Leptospira spp. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os carnívoros selvagens e cães domésticos foram expostos aos cinco agentes pesquisados, demonstrando a presença destes na região. Isto indica que os carnívoros selvagens da região podem ser ameaçados pela presença dos patógenos que comumente circulam nas populações de cães domésticos. Também demonstram que agentes zoonóticos circulam nestes animais na região. No entanto, nem a mortalidade de carnívoros selvagens em decorrência de doenças nem o papel dos animais selvagens como reservatórios de agentes zoonóticos puderam ser claramente demonstrados. Apesar disto, é evidente a necessidade de implementação de medidas preventivas visando evitar a transmissão de patógenos aos carnívoros selvagens, como vacinação e controle populacional dos cães domésticos, e de um sistema de vigilância para as leishmanioses, para a raiva e para a leptospirose, aliado a um programa de educação em saúde na comunidade de São Pedro de Joselândia e adjacências. / In the last decades, researchers have been giving growing importance to the occurrence of pathogens for the conservation of wild animals. Epizootics in wild carnivores in Africa and North America have led to declines in the affected populations. On the other hand, wild animals may act as reservoirs to pathogens that affect humans and domestic animals. The purpose of this study was to assess the exposure of wild carnivores and domestic animals from the Northern Pantanal region to pathogens that are important for the conservation of wild carnivores and for men. From 2002 to 2006, 76 wild carnivores (43 crab eating foxes, Cerdocyon thous, 13 raccoons, Procyon cancrivorous, eight maned wolves, Chrysocyon brachyurus, four ocelots, Leopardus pardalis, seven pumas, Puma concolor, and one bush dog, Speothos venaticus) were captured and blood samples were collected. Additionally, 103 domestic dogs and 27 horses from the same area were also sampled. Serological tests were performed for wild carnivores and domestic dogs for CDV (SN), CPV (HI), rabies virus (SFIMT) and Leptospira spp. (MAT), along with PCR for Leishmania spp. MAT was also performed for horses. Among wild carnivores, 21 of 75 tested animals had titers >= 8 for CDV antibodies, 70 of 76 had titers >= 80 for CPV antibodies, 4 of 76 had titers >= 10 UI/ml for rabies virus antibodies, 32 of 75 had >= 100 for Leptospira spp. antibodies, and 7 of 21 were positive for Leishmania spp. Among domestic dogs, 65 of 79 animals tested positive for serology for CDV, 98 of 102 for CPV, 27 of 102 for rabies virus and 18 of 103 for Leptospira spp. For Leishmania spp., 20 of 70 were positive. Positive samples for Leishmania spp. were identified as belonging to the sub-genus Viannia. Two of these were identified to the species level as Leishmania (V.) braziliensis. Twenty of 27 horses were serologically positive for Leptospira spp. These results indicate that wild carnivores and domestic dogs were exposed to all five tested pathogens, showing their presence in the region. This indicates that wild carnivores in the region may be threatened by pathogens that commonly circulate among domestic dog populations. It also demonstrates that zoonotic agents circulate among the wild carnivore population in the region. However, neither a greater mortality of wild carnivores due to infectious diseases nor their role as reservoirs of zoonosis have been clearly demonstrated. Nevertheless, the need to act to prevent the transmission of pathogens to wild carnivores, through vaccination of domestic dogs and population control, is evident. The implementation of a surveillance system for rabies, leishmaniasis and leptospirosis, together with a health education program in the human community, would also be very important.

Einleitung: Wildtiere stellen eine Quelle zoonotischer Erreger dar. Insbesondere Mesokarnivoren, kleine bis mittelgroße Karnivoren, wie z. B. Füchse, Marderhunde, Waschbären, Dachse und Marder, spielen eine besondere Rolle bei Eintrag, Erhalt und Übertragung parasitärer Zoonosen auf Haustiere und den Menschen. Ziele der Untersuchung: Das Ziel der Arbeit bestand darin, Vorkommen und Prävalenz relevanter zoonotischer Parasiten bei wildlebenden Karnivoren zu definieren und eventuell vorhandene Areale mit einem erhöhten „relativen geografischen Risiko“ als Näherungswert für das Infektionsrisiko des Menschen zu berechnen. Im Sinne des One-Health-Ansatzes wurde das vorhandene Risiko sowie Risikominderungsmaßnahmen unter Betrachtung der Erreger, der Wirte und der Umwelt interpretiert. Tiere, Material und Methoden: In den Jahren 2016 und 2017 wurden im Rahmen des Surveillanceprogramms zur Aufrechterhaltung des Status „Tollwutfreie Region“ 1.206 Wildkarnivoren, darunter 926 Füchse, 213 Waschbären, 38 Marderhunde und 29 andere Karnivoren (Dachs, Marder, Steinmarder), eingesendet. Dabei wurden die Untersuchungen bei den in Mitteleuropa für den jeweiligen Parasiten relevantesten Endwirten durchgeführt. Konkret wurde auf Echinococcus multilocularis (Füchse und Marderhunde, n= 864), Baylisascaris procyonis (Waschbären, n= 197), Alaria alata (Füchse und Marderhunde, n= 864), Trichinella spp., Thelazia callipaeda und Sarcoptes scabiei (alle Karnivoren, n= 1.206) untersucht. Zudem wurde im Jahr 2018 eine Stichprobe von 150 Füchsen auf Giardia spp. untersucht. Für alle nachgewiesenen Erreger wurde die adjustierte Prävalenz berechnet. Zur Beantwortung der Frage, ob Anhäufungen positiver Nachweise durch die zugrundeliegende Populationsdichte zu erklären waren, wurden unter Nutzung der Pakete „sparr“, „sm“ und „maptools“ in der Software R eine Kernelglättung mit berechnetem, konstanten Glättungsparameter durchgeführt und darüber hinaus Toleranzkonturen ermittelt. Dadurch konnten Areale mit einem erhöhten Risiko der Infektion der Endwirte definiert werden. Ergebnisse: Folgende adjustierte Prävalenzen wurden für die untersuchten Erreger nachgewiesen: Echinococcus multilocularis 27,71 % (adjust. KI 95 %: 24,94 %–30,49 %), Baylisascaris procyonis 32,49 % (KI 95 % 25,96 %–39,01 %), Giardia intestinalis 27,43 % (adjust. KI 95 %: 20,32 %–34,54 %), Alaria alata 0,58 % (KI 95 %: 0,07 %–1,08 %), Trichinella spp. 0,25 % (KI 95 %: 0–0,53 %) und Sarcoptes scabiei 2,24 % (adjust. KI 95 %: 1,4 %–3,07 %). Für alle Erreger, außer Sarcoptes scabiei, konnten Risikogebiete berechnet werden. Thelazia callipaeda konnte bei keinem Tier nachgewiesen werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Mit der vorliegenden Studie wurden One-Health-relevante zoonotische, parasitäre Erreger bei Wildkarnivoren in Sachsen-Anhalt nachgewiesen. Für Echinococcus multilocularis und Baylisascaris procyonis kann durch die ermittelten Prävalenzen und die Berechnung von Risikoarealen ein Risiko für die Bevölkerung definiert werden. Auch für Giardia intestinalis konnten mit dem Erstnachweis in Füchsen aus Sachsen-Anhalt eine erhöhte Prävalenz und Risikoareale berechnet werden. Hier kann von einem Risiko für die Bevölkerung ausgegangen werden, obwohl die assemblages nicht differenziert wurden. Bei Trichinella spp. und Alaria alata kann keine direkte Risikoeinschätzung erfolgen. Jedoch kann aufgrund der niedrigen Prävalenz von einem geringen Risiko ausgegangen werden. Da Thelazia callipaeda nicht nachgewiesen wurde, ist das Risiko in Sachsen-Anhalt vernachlässigbar. Für Sarcoptes scabiei konnte eine geringe Prävalenz, die vermutlich unterschätzt ist, berechnet werden. Auch hierbei kann von einem vernachlässigbaren Risiko ausgegangen werden. Weitere Untersuchungen von Zoonoseerregern mit diesem One-Health-Ansatz sind für eine frühzeitige Erkennung von Änderungen des Risikos für den Menschen relevant.:Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung 2. Literaturübersicht 2.1 Wildkarnivoren 2.1.1 Rotfuchs 2.1.2 Waschbär 2.1.3 Marderhund 2.1.4 Dachs 2.1.5 Marder 2.2 Ausgewählte zoonotische Parasiten 2.2.1 Echinococcus multilocularis 2.2.2 Baylisascaris procyonis 2.2.3 Giardia spp. 2.2.4 Alaria alata 2.2.5 Trichinella spp. 2.2.6 Thelazia callipaeda 2.2.7 Sarcoptes scabiei 3. Material und Methoden 3.1 Untersuchungsgebiet 3.2 Untersuchungsmaterial 3.3 Untersuchungsmethoden zum Erregernachweis 3.3.1 Echinococcus multilocularis 3.3.2 Baylisascaris procyonis 3.3.3 Giardia spp. 3.3.4 Alaria alata 3.3.5 Trichinella spp. 3.3.6 Thelazia callipeda 3.3.7 Sarcoptes scabiei 3.4. Methoden zur statistischen Auswertung 3.4.1 Geografische Darstellung der Untersuchungsergebnisse 3.4.2 Vergleich zwischen zwei Proportionen 3.4.4 Berechnung der Konfidenzintervalle bei nicht extremen Prävalenzen 3.4.5 Berechnung der geographischen Erkrankungswahrscheinlichkeit 4. Ergebnisse 4.1 Echinococcus multilocularis 4.2 Baylisascaris procyonis 4.3 Giardia spp. 4.4 Alaria alata 4.5 Trichinella spp. 4.6 Thelazia callipaeda 4.7 Sarcoptes scabiei 5. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerungen 6. Zusammenfassung 7. Summary 8. Literaturverzeichnis Anhang Angaben zum Probenmaterial / Introduction: Wild animals are a source of zoonotic pathogens. Especially mesocarnivores, small- or mid-sized carnivores, i.e. foxes, raccoon dogs, raccoons, badgers and martens, play a relevant role in the introduction, maintenance and transmission of parasitic zoonoses to humans or domestic animals. Aims of the Study: Aim of this study was to define the presence and prevalence of relevant zoonotic parasites in wild carnivores and to detect areas with an increased “spatial relative risk” as proxy for the risk of human infection. The risk and risk reducing measures were interpreted under consideration of the pathogens, the hosts and the environment as requested by a One-Health approach. Animals, Material and Methods: In the years 2016 and 2017, 1.206 wild carnivores, therefrom 926 foxes, 213 raccoons, 38 raccoon dogs and 29 other carnivores (badgers and martens), of the surveillance program against rabies were examined. The study was carried out on the final hosts that are most relevant for the respective parasite in Central Europe. Overall, Echinococcus multilocularis (foxes and raccoon dogs, n=864), Baylisascaris procyonis (raccoons, n=197), Alaria alata (foxes and raccoon dogs, n=864), Trichinella spp., Thelazia callipaeda and Sarcoptes scabiei (all carnivores, n=1.206) were examined. In 2018, a sample of 150 foxes was examined for Giardia spp.. The adjusted prevalence was calculated. In order to answer the question whether the accumulation of positive detections could be explained by the underlying population density, a kernel smoothing with a calculated, constant smoothing parameter was performed using the packages 'sparr', 'sm' and 'maptools' in the software R and tolerance contours were also determined. This made it possible to define areas with an increased risk of infection of the final hosts. Results: Following adjusted Prevalences could be calculated: Echinococcus multilocularis 27.71 % (adjust. CI 95 %: 24.94 %–30.49 %); Baylisascaris procyonis 32.49 % (CI 95 %: 25.96 %–39.01 %), Giardia intestinalis 27.43 % (adjust. CI 95 %: 20.32 %–34.54 %), Alaria alata 0.58 % (CI 95 %: 0.07 %–1.08 %), Trichinella spp. 0.25 % (CI 95 %: 0 %–0.53 %) and Sarcoptes scabiei 2.24 % (adjust. CI 95 %: 1.4 %–3.07 %). For all these pathogens, except Sarcoptes scabiei, risk areas were calculated. Thelazia callipaeda could not be detected in any animal. Conclusions: With the current study, it was possible to prove the presence of One-Health relevant zoonotic, parasitic pathogens in wild carnivores in Saxony-Anhalt. For Echinococcus multilocularis and Baylisascaris procyonis, a risk for the population can be defined by the recorded prevalence and the calculated risk areas. Giardia intestinalis was detected for the first time in foxes in Saxony-Anhalt. Also for this parasite an increased prevalence and risk areas were calculated. Here, a risk for the population can be assumed, although the assemblages have not been differentiated. In the case of Trichinella spp. and Alaria alata, a direct risk assessment cannot be made. However, due to the low, determined prevalence, a reduced risk can be assumed. Since Thelazia callipaeda has not been detected, there is currently a neglibible risk in Saxony-Anhalt. For Sarcoptes scabiei, a low prevalence, which is probably underestimated, could be detected. In this case, a negligible risk can be assumed. Further studies of zoonotic pathogens with this One-Health approach are relevant to determine rapidly a change in the risk for humans.:Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung 2. Literaturübersicht 2.1 Wildkarnivoren 2.1.1 Rotfuchs 2.1.2 Waschbär 2.1.3 Marderhund 2.1.4 Dachs 2.1.5 Marder 2.2 Ausgewählte zoonotische Parasiten 2.2.1 Echinococcus multilocularis 2.2.2 Baylisascaris procyonis 2.2.3 Giardia spp. 2.2.4 Alaria alata 2.2.5 Trichinella spp. 2.2.6 Thelazia callipaeda 2.2.7 Sarcoptes scabiei 3. Material und Methoden 3.1 Untersuchungsgebiet 3.2 Untersuchungsmaterial 3.3 Untersuchungsmethoden zum Erregernachweis 3.3.1 Echinococcus multilocularis 3.3.2 Baylisascaris procyonis 3.3.3 Giardia spp. 3.3.4 Alaria alata 3.3.5 Trichinella spp. 3.3.6 Thelazia callipeda 3.3.7 Sarcoptes scabiei 3.4. Methoden zur statistischen Auswertung 3.4.1 Geografische Darstellung der Untersuchungsergebnisse 3.4.2 Vergleich zwischen zwei Proportionen 3.4.4 Berechnung der Konfidenzintervalle bei nicht extremen Prävalenzen 3.4.5 Berechnung der geographischen Erkrankungswahrscheinlichkeit 4. Ergebnisse 4.1 Echinococcus multilocularis 4.2 Baylisascaris procyonis 4.3 Giardia spp. 4.4 Alaria alata 4.5 Trichinella spp. 4.6 Thelazia callipaeda 4.7 Sarcoptes scabiei 5. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerungen 6. Zusammenfassung 7. Summary 8. Literaturverzeichnis Anhang Angaben zum Probenmaterial

Einleitung: Wildtiere stellen eine Quelle zoonotischer Erreger dar. Insbesondere Mesokarnivoren, kleine bis mittelgroße Karnivoren, wie z. B. Füchse, Marderhunde, Waschbären, Dachse und Marder, spielen eine besondere Rolle bei Eintrag, Erhalt und Übertragung parasitärer Zoonosen auf Haustiere und den Menschen. Ziele der Untersuchung: Das Ziel der Arbeit bestand darin, Vorkommen und Prävalenz relevanter zoonotischer Parasiten bei wildlebenden Karnivoren zu definieren und eventuell vorhandene Areale mit einem erhöhten „relativen geografischen Risiko“ als Näherungswert für das Infektionsrisiko des Menschen zu berechnen. Im Sinne des One-Health-Ansatzes wurde das vorhandene Risiko sowie Risikominderungsmaßnahmen unter Betrachtung der Erreger, der Wirte und der Umwelt interpretiert. Tiere, Material und Methoden: In den Jahren 2016 und 2017 wurden im Rahmen des Surveillanceprogramms zur Aufrechterhaltung des Status „Tollwutfreie Region“ 1.206 Wildkarnivoren, darunter 926 Füchse, 213 Waschbären, 38 Marderhunde und 29 andere Karnivoren (Dachs, Marder, Steinmarder), eingesendet. Dabei wurden die Untersuchungen bei den in Mitteleuropa für den jeweiligen Parasiten relevantesten Endwirten durchgeführt. Konkret wurde auf Echinococcus multilocularis (Füchse und Marderhunde, n= 864), Baylisascaris procyonis (Waschbären, n= 197), Alaria alata (Füchse und Marderhunde, n= 864), Trichinella spp., Thelazia callipaeda und Sarcoptes scabiei (alle Karnivoren, n= 1.206) untersucht. Zudem wurde im Jahr 2018 eine Stichprobe von 150 Füchsen auf Giardia spp. untersucht. Für alle nachgewiesenen Erreger wurde die adjustierte Prävalenz berechnet. Zur Beantwortung der Frage, ob Anhäufungen positiver Nachweise durch die zugrundeliegende Populationsdichte zu erklären waren, wurden unter Nutzung der Pakete „sparr“, „sm“ und „maptools“ in der Software R eine Kernelglättung mit berechnetem, konstanten Glättungsparameter durchgeführt und darüber hinaus Toleranzkonturen ermittelt. Dadurch konnten Areale mit einem erhöhten Risiko der Infektion der Endwirte definiert werden. Ergebnisse: Folgende adjustierte Prävalenzen wurden für die untersuchten Erreger nachgewiesen: Echinococcus multilocularis 27,71 % (adjust. KI 95 %: 24,94 %–30,49 %), Baylisascaris procyonis 32,49 % (KI 95 % 25,96 %–39,01 %), Giardia intestinalis 27,43 % (adjust. KI 95 %: 20,32 %–34,54 %), Alaria alata 0,58 % (KI 95 %: 0,07 %–1,08 %), Trichinella spp. 0,25 % (KI 95 %: 0–0,53 %) und Sarcoptes scabiei 2,24 % (adjust. KI 95 %: 1,4 %–3,07 %). Für alle Erreger, außer Sarcoptes scabiei, konnten Risikogebiete berechnet werden. Thelazia callipaeda konnte bei keinem Tier nachgewiesen werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Mit der vorliegenden Studie wurden One-Health-relevante zoonotische, parasitäre Erreger bei Wildkarnivoren in Sachsen-Anhalt nachgewiesen. Für Echinococcus multilocularis und Baylisascaris procyonis kann durch die ermittelten Prävalenzen und die Berechnung von Risikoarealen ein Risiko für die Bevölkerung definiert werden. Auch für Giardia intestinalis konnten mit dem Erstnachweis in Füchsen aus Sachsen-Anhalt eine erhöhte Prävalenz und Risikoareale berechnet werden. Hier kann von einem Risiko für die Bevölkerung ausgegangen werden, obwohl die assemblages nicht differenziert wurden. Bei Trichinella spp. und Alaria alata kann keine direkte Risikoeinschätzung erfolgen. Jedoch kann aufgrund der niedrigen Prävalenz von einem geringen Risiko ausgegangen werden. Da Thelazia callipaeda nicht nachgewiesen wurde, ist das Risiko in Sachsen-Anhalt vernachlässigbar. Für Sarcoptes scabiei konnte eine geringe Prävalenz, die vermutlich unterschätzt ist, berechnet werden. Auch hierbei kann von einem vernachlässigbaren Risiko ausgegangen werden. Weitere Untersuchungen von Zoonoseerregern mit diesem One-Health-Ansatz sind für eine frühzeitige Erkennung von Änderungen des Risikos für den Menschen relevant.:Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung 2. Literaturübersicht 2.1 Wildkarnivoren 2.1.1 Rotfuchs 2.1.2 Waschbär 2.1.3 Marderhund 2.1.4 Dachs 2.1.5 Marder 2.2 Ausgewählte zoonotische Parasiten 2.2.1 Echinococcus multilocularis 2.2.2 Baylisascaris procyonis 2.2.3 Giardia spp. 2.2.4 Alaria alata 2.2.5 Trichinella spp. 2.2.6 Thelazia callipaeda 2.2.7 Sarcoptes scabiei 3. Material und Methoden 3.1 Untersuchungsgebiet 3.2 Untersuchungsmaterial 3.3 Untersuchungsmethoden zum Erregernachweis 3.3.1 Echinococcus multilocularis 3.3.2 Baylisascaris procyonis 3.3.3 Giardia spp. 3.3.4 Alaria alata 3.3.5 Trichinella spp. 3.3.6 Thelazia callipeda 3.3.7 Sarcoptes scabiei 3.4. Methoden zur statistischen Auswertung 3.4.1 Geografische Darstellung der Untersuchungsergebnisse 3.4.2 Vergleich zwischen zwei Proportionen 3.4.4 Berechnung der Konfidenzintervalle bei nicht extremen Prävalenzen 3.4.5 Berechnung der geographischen Erkrankungswahrscheinlichkeit 4. Ergebnisse 4.1 Echinococcus multilocularis 4.2 Baylisascaris procyonis 4.3 Giardia spp. 4.4 Alaria alata 4.5 Trichinella spp. 4.6 Thelazia callipaeda 4.7 Sarcoptes scabiei 5. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerungen 6. Zusammenfassung 7. Summary 8. Literaturverzeichnis Anhang Angaben zum Probenmaterial / Introduction: Wild animals are a source of zoonotic pathogens. Especially mesocarnivores, small- or mid-sized carnivores, i.e. foxes, raccoon dogs, raccoons, badgers and martens, play a relevant role in the introduction, maintenance and transmission of parasitic zoonoses to humans or domestic animals. Aims of the Study: Aim of this study was to define the presence and prevalence of relevant zoonotic parasites in wild carnivores and to detect areas with an increased “spatial relative risk” as proxy for the risk of human infection. The risk and risk reducing measures were interpreted under consideration of the pathogens, the hosts and the environment as requested by a One-Health approach. Animals, Material and Methods: In the years 2016 and 2017, 1.206 wild carnivores, therefrom 926 foxes, 213 raccoons, 38 raccoon dogs and 29 other carnivores (badgers and martens), of the surveillance program against rabies were examined. The study was carried out on the final hosts that are most relevant for the respective parasite in Central Europe. Overall, Echinococcus multilocularis (foxes and raccoon dogs, n=864), Baylisascaris procyonis (raccoons, n=197), Alaria alata (foxes and raccoon dogs, n=864), Trichinella spp., Thelazia callipaeda and Sarcoptes scabiei (all carnivores, n=1.206) were examined. In 2018, a sample of 150 foxes was examined for Giardia spp.. The adjusted prevalence was calculated. In order to answer the question whether the accumulation of positive detections could be explained by the underlying population density, a kernel smoothing with a calculated, constant smoothing parameter was performed using the packages 'sparr', 'sm' and 'maptools' in the software R and tolerance contours were also determined. This made it possible to define areas with an increased risk of infection of the final hosts. Results: Following adjusted Prevalences could be calculated: Echinococcus multilocularis 27.71 % (adjust. CI 95 %: 24.94 %–30.49 %); Baylisascaris procyonis 32.49 % (CI 95 %: 25.96 %–39.01 %), Giardia intestinalis 27.43 % (adjust. CI 95 %: 20.32 %–34.54 %), Alaria alata 0.58 % (CI 95 %: 0.07 %–1.08 %), Trichinella spp. 0.25 % (CI 95 %: 0 %–0.53 %) and Sarcoptes scabiei 2.24 % (adjust. CI 95 %: 1.4 %–3.07 %). For all these pathogens, except Sarcoptes scabiei, risk areas were calculated. Thelazia callipaeda could not be detected in any animal. Conclusions: With the current study, it was possible to prove the presence of One-Health relevant zoonotic, parasitic pathogens in wild carnivores in Saxony-Anhalt. For Echinococcus multilocularis and Baylisascaris procyonis, a risk for the population can be defined by the recorded prevalence and the calculated risk areas. Giardia intestinalis was detected for the first time in foxes in Saxony-Anhalt. Also for this parasite an increased prevalence and risk areas were calculated. Here, a risk for the population can be assumed, although the assemblages have not been differentiated. In the case of Trichinella spp. and Alaria alata, a direct risk assessment cannot be made. However, due to the low, determined prevalence, a reduced risk can be assumed. Since Thelazia callipaeda has not been detected, there is currently a neglibible risk in Saxony-Anhalt. For Sarcoptes scabiei, a low prevalence, which is probably underestimated, could be detected. In this case, a negligible risk can be assumed. Further studies of zoonotic pathogens with this One-Health approach are relevant to determine rapidly a change in the risk for humans.:Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung 2. Literaturübersicht 2.1 Wildkarnivoren 2.1.1 Rotfuchs 2.1.2 Waschbär 2.1.3 Marderhund 2.1.4 Dachs 2.1.5 Marder 2.2 Ausgewählte zoonotische Parasiten 2.2.1 Echinococcus multilocularis 2.2.2 Baylisascaris procyonis 2.2.3 Giardia spp. 2.2.4 Alaria alata 2.2.5 Trichinella spp. 2.2.6 Thelazia callipaeda 2.2.7 Sarcoptes scabiei 3. Material und Methoden 3.1 Untersuchungsgebiet 3.2 Untersuchungsmaterial 3.3 Untersuchungsmethoden zum Erregernachweis 3.3.1 Echinococcus multilocularis 3.3.2 Baylisascaris procyonis 3.3.3 Giardia spp. 3.3.4 Alaria alata 3.3.5 Trichinella spp. 3.3.6 Thelazia callipeda 3.3.7 Sarcoptes scabiei 3.4. Methoden zur statistischen Auswertung 3.4.1 Geografische Darstellung der Untersuchungsergebnisse 3.4.2 Vergleich zwischen zwei Proportionen 3.4.4 Berechnung der Konfidenzintervalle bei nicht extremen Prävalenzen 3.4.5 Berechnung der geographischen Erkrankungswahrscheinlichkeit 4. Ergebnisse 4.1 Echinococcus multilocularis 4.2 Baylisascaris procyonis 4.3 Giardia spp. 4.4 Alaria alata 4.5 Trichinella spp. 4.6 Thelazia callipaeda 4.7 Sarcoptes scabiei 5. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerungen 6. Zusammenfassung 7. Summary 8. Literaturverzeichnis Anhang Angaben zum Probenmaterial