<p><strong>AIM</strong>: As global warming is a fact and the consumption of energy is continuously increasing, alternative sourcing of energy is a must. The use of oil and coal for heating is limited due to it is nature resource which is also limited. Everyone will be forced to evaluate their own usage of energy and look into the alternatives of how to be a part of solving this global issue. For many, alternatives such as sun panels and wind power stations could be an alternative power source.</p><p> </p><p>Today, there is only a limited availability in Sweden of small sized wind power stations and only small local producers or importers that sell the equipment – mostly through internet based market communications.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Method</strong>: The theoretical approach to this thesis is based on the MIO model in combination with several other models and tools such as, PESTEL, Marketing Mix, SWOT, Porter’s five forces, EVC and STP.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Result & Conclusions</strong>: There is a market for small wind power stations between 5 – 50 kW in Sweden.</p><p>The biggest reason why the market segment exist and will increase is due to continuously increasing energy prices and that wind power stations of this size are permitted to be connected directly to household consumption.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Suggestions for future research</strong>: How are other energy complements like solar panels influenced? What governmental decisions affect the business of small wind power stations?</p><p> </p><p><strong>Contributions to the thesis</strong>: Success in this segment requires a different approach to product offering than what the current competition is doing.</p>

<p>Vindkraft är ett miljövänligt energislag med stor utvecklingspotential, både i Sverige ochutomlands. I det här examensarbetet sammanfattas de viktigaste bitarna av kunskapen sombehövs för att förstå sig på vindkraft, med fokus på meteorologi och kommunikation medkonsultföretag i branschen. På grundval av litteratur i ämnet, konsultrapporter beställda av ettsvenskt företag i branschen och diskussion med experter ges här en grundläggande översikt imeteorologi för vindkraft, vilken innefattar kunskaper om klimatet i allmänhet ochvindklimatet i synnerhet, förståelse för luftens flöde, den geostrofiska vinden och hurtopografi och dylikt påverkar luftens strömning i gränsskiktet. Vidare diskuteras hur energin ivinden tas till vara, med en sammanfattning av viktiga tekniska detaljer; vindkraftsspecifikastorheter och uttryck, energiförluster och effekterna av att placera många vindkraftverk i engrupp; vakeffekten. En av de dominerande delarna av alla konsultrapporter som studerats ärhur man analyserar och behandlar vinddata för maximering av tillförlitlighet och relevans. Föratt en mätserie ska kunna användas för att förutsäga framtida vindar måste dennormalårskorrigeras, antingen med hjälp av andra mätserier, avancerade fysikaliska modellerav strömningen, eller både och. Osäkerheter uppkommer alltid, och en diskussion kring hur deolika konsultbolagen behandlar dem görs. Slutligen diskuteras olika sätt att förbättrakvaliteten på både beställning av rapport och slutprodukten från konsulten, utifrån ett antalfrågor ställda av ovan nämnda företag och författaren själv. Resultatet sammanfattas nedan.En mycket viktig del av utvecklingen står vindkraftprojekteringsföretag för. Företagen ibranschen behöver ha goda kunskaper i meteorologi för att bli framgångsrika. De måste ocksåkunna kommunicera sina kunskaper på ett klart och precist sätt. Företagen måste också kunnalära av andra i samma bransch och av andra med specialistkunskaper. För företag utan egnameteorologer anställda är det viktigt att kommunikationen och det ömsesidiga lärandet mellankonsult- och beställarbolag sker på ett professionellt, men samtidigt stöttande och lärande, sätt.Beställaren måste lära sig vad man ska beställa och vara tydlig med vad man kräver avkonsulten. Konsulten måste i sin tur vara tydlig med val av metod, tillvägagångssätt ochbegärande av rätt material som underlag för sina studier. En ny infallsvinkel som intediskuteras i rapporterna fast den kanske borde det är klimatförändringarnas påverkan på detlångsiktiga klimatet. Faktum är att trenden under 1900-talet inte visar någon större långsiktigförändring av medelvinden, men de årliga variationerna kan vara stora och tenderar att varierai cykler som skulle kunna utnyttjas för att maximera framgången för vindkraften.</p> / <p>Wind power is an environmentally friendly energy source with a considerable growthpotential, in Sweden as well as abroad. In this Bachelor’s thesis work, the most importantparts of the knowledge needed to understand wind power, is summarized. The focus is onmeteorology and communication with wind power consultants by a Swedish wind powercompany. With the basis of relevant literature, consultancy reports and discussion withsubject experts, is here provided a basic synopsis of wind power meteorology, which includesknowledge of the climate in general, and the wind climate specifically, understanding of thegeneral flow of the wind, the geostrophic wind in particular, and how topography and similarground features affect the boundary layer flow. Furthermore it is discussed how the windenergy content is harnessed, briefly going over some technical details, wind power specificquantities and expressions, energy losses and the effects of bundling wind power plants closetogether: wake effects. One of the dominant parts of all wind consultancy reports studied hereis how to analyze wind data series to maximize accuracy and relevance. A trustworthymeasuring series good enough to predict future wind energy content needs to be long termcorrected using other, longer measuring series as reference, or checked against an advancedphysically accurate mesoscale flow model, or both. Uncertainties are always a part of theequation, and a discussion over how the different wind power consultants treat theseuncertainties is made. Finally there is a discussion about different measures that can be madeto improve quality on both detailing orders for wind power consultancy reports and the finalproduct delivered to the client. The results are summarized in the next paragraph.Wind power developers are a major influence on how wind power research is shaped. A goodknowledge of meteorology is a key to success for wind power industry businesses.Communication with industry expert companies is also paramount. Clearly and precisely,companies need to learn from, and communicate with, other wind power enterprises, scientificexperts and researchers. Wind power companies without their own meteorologists have aneven bigger need of this professional contact with other businesses providing themeteorological expertise they need. Contacts need to be supportive and teaching. The clientneeds to learn what to order in detail and what they expect from the report. The providercompany needs to be detailed about their selection of methods and procedure. Consultantsshould be equally detailed in requisition of base data from the client. A point of view notpresent in the studied consult reports is climate change and how it affects the long term windclimate. As a matter of fact the Scandinavian 20th century average wind trend is neutral, butyear-to-year variations can be quite significant and tend to vary in cycles possible to exploitfor wind power success.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references.

Vindkraft är ett miljövänligt energislag med stor utvecklingspotential, både i Sverige ochutomlands. I det här examensarbetet sammanfattas de viktigaste bitarna av kunskapen sombehövs för att förstå sig på vindkraft, med fokus på meteorologi och kommunikation medkonsultföretag i branschen. På grundval av litteratur i ämnet, konsultrapporter beställda av ettsvenskt företag i branschen och diskussion med experter ges här en grundläggande översikt imeteorologi för vindkraft, vilken innefattar kunskaper om klimatet i allmänhet ochvindklimatet i synnerhet, förståelse för luftens flöde, den geostrofiska vinden och hurtopografi och dylikt påverkar luftens strömning i gränsskiktet. Vidare diskuteras hur energin ivinden tas till vara, med en sammanfattning av viktiga tekniska detaljer; vindkraftsspecifikastorheter och uttryck, energiförluster och effekterna av att placera många vindkraftverk i engrupp; vakeffekten. En av de dominerande delarna av alla konsultrapporter som studerats ärhur man analyserar och behandlar vinddata för maximering av tillförlitlighet och relevans. Föratt en mätserie ska kunna användas för att förutsäga framtida vindar måste dennormalårskorrigeras, antingen med hjälp av andra mätserier, avancerade fysikaliska modellerav strömningen, eller både och. Osäkerheter uppkommer alltid, och en diskussion kring hur deolika konsultbolagen behandlar dem görs. Slutligen diskuteras olika sätt att förbättrakvaliteten på både beställning av rapport och slutprodukten från konsulten, utifrån ett antalfrågor ställda av ovan nämnda företag och författaren själv. Resultatet sammanfattas nedan.En mycket viktig del av utvecklingen står vindkraftprojekteringsföretag för. Företagen ibranschen behöver ha goda kunskaper i meteorologi för att bli framgångsrika. De måste ocksåkunna kommunicera sina kunskaper på ett klart och precist sätt. Företagen måste också kunnalära av andra i samma bransch och av andra med specialistkunskaper. För företag utan egnameteorologer anställda är det viktigt att kommunikationen och det ömsesidiga lärandet mellankonsult- och beställarbolag sker på ett professionellt, men samtidigt stöttande och lärande, sätt.Beställaren måste lära sig vad man ska beställa och vara tydlig med vad man kräver avkonsulten. Konsulten måste i sin tur vara tydlig med val av metod, tillvägagångssätt ochbegärande av rätt material som underlag för sina studier. En ny infallsvinkel som intediskuteras i rapporterna fast den kanske borde det är klimatförändringarnas påverkan på detlångsiktiga klimatet. Faktum är att trenden under 1900-talet inte visar någon större långsiktigförändring av medelvinden, men de årliga variationerna kan vara stora och tenderar att varierai cykler som skulle kunna utnyttjas för att maximera framgången för vindkraften. / Wind power is an environmentally friendly energy source with a considerable growthpotential, in Sweden as well as abroad. In this Bachelor’s thesis work, the most importantparts of the knowledge needed to understand wind power, is summarized. The focus is onmeteorology and communication with wind power consultants by a Swedish wind powercompany. With the basis of relevant literature, consultancy reports and discussion withsubject experts, is here provided a basic synopsis of wind power meteorology, which includesknowledge of the climate in general, and the wind climate specifically, understanding of thegeneral flow of the wind, the geostrophic wind in particular, and how topography and similarground features affect the boundary layer flow. Furthermore it is discussed how the windenergy content is harnessed, briefly going over some technical details, wind power specificquantities and expressions, energy losses and the effects of bundling wind power plants closetogether: wake effects. One of the dominant parts of all wind consultancy reports studied hereis how to analyze wind data series to maximize accuracy and relevance. A trustworthymeasuring series good enough to predict future wind energy content needs to be long termcorrected using other, longer measuring series as reference, or checked against an advancedphysically accurate mesoscale flow model, or both. Uncertainties are always a part of theequation, and a discussion over how the different wind power consultants treat theseuncertainties is made. Finally there is a discussion about different measures that can be madeto improve quality on both detailing orders for wind power consultancy reports and the finalproduct delivered to the client. The results are summarized in the next paragraph.Wind power developers are a major influence on how wind power research is shaped. A goodknowledge of meteorology is a key to success for wind power industry businesses.Communication with industry expert companies is also paramount. Clearly and precisely,companies need to learn from, and communicate with, other wind power enterprises, scientificexperts and researchers. Wind power companies without their own meteorologists have aneven bigger need of this professional contact with other businesses providing themeteorological expertise they need. Contacts need to be supportive and teaching. The clientneeds to learn what to order in detail and what they expect from the report. The providercompany needs to be detailed about their selection of methods and procedure. Consultantsshould be equally detailed in requisition of base data from the client. A point of view notpresent in the studied consult reports is climate change and how it affects the long term windclimate. As a matter of fact the Scandinavian 20th century average wind trend is neutral, butyear-to-year variations can be quite significant and tend to vary in cycles possible to exploitfor wind power success.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore disruptions Swedish wind turbines onshore are exposed to, and to estimate their economic impacts on the operators. We want to investigate whether there is a need for a more developed service and maintenance market within the Swedish wind power market. This study focuses on wind power, a renewable energy source in an emerging market, which experiences exponential growth. Sweden is a minor actor in the wind power market with a production of around 2 TWh yearly. The government aims at a total production of 10TWh in 2015 and 20TWh in 2020, which equals an annual growth of 24%. However, we hypothesize that the Swedish wind power market is negatively affected by a service and maintenance market which is underdeveloped due to a lack of competition. This results in lengthy repair times and disproportionate costs for wind power operators. The study was carried out by conducting semi-structured qualitative interviews and by sending out a survey to approximately 300 wind power operators. Six interviewees were wind power operators and one interviewee was a representative from an independent service supplier. We have also analysed the current cost situation of operators with theories about maintenance costs and we have also carried out an industry analysis on the service and maintenance market, which was based on Porter’s structural industry analysis. After conducting a structural analysis of the service and maintenance market, we can conclude a lack of competition today as there is a dominance of the wind turbine manufacturers as the service supplier. Furthermore we can see that this lack of competition has negative effects on the efficiency of the service and maintenance provided. The results also stress a need for a more developed service and maintenance market. We have found that the profitability for the Swedish wind power operators is challenged if the service and maintenance market is not keeping pace and meeting the demands of the rapidly growing Swedish wind power market as a whole.

The value of an easy to install, accurate, far-reaching measurement instrument is easily understood when dealing with setting up and monitoring wind power parks. However the use of remote sensing equipment when doing this is a subject of much discussion amongst professional experts and scholars. This is especially the case when the environmental conditions are difficult, such as areas with complex terrain or cold climate (or both), for example forested, hilly or mountainous regions in north Europe and North America. The remote sensing technology SODAR provides for detailed 3-dimensional datasets, but need a skilled analyst to make sure the measurements are realistic. This thesis is aimed at verifying the accuracy of the SODAR wind measuring equipment at two potential wind power parks in Sweden. It has been done by comparing the wind speed, wind direction and turbulence measured by an AQ Systems AQ500 Wind Finder SODAR to the wind speed, wind direction and turbulence measured by in situ anemometers mounted in nearby meteorological masts. The comparison was made by calculation of statistical parameters such as correlation and root mean square error. The results of this investigation shows that the differences in the measured quantities are site specific and that i t‟s very difficult to distinguish between differences arising from ambient conditions, the measurement method and the method of calculating comparable values. It is clear, however, that conditions such as temperature, inhomogeneous fetch and wind speed are contributors to the observed discrepancies. When compensating for these various sources of error; such as eliminating data from malfunctioning equipment, icing conditions, mast wake and forest flow disturbance, the SODAR wind speed data shows a very high correlation with the mast anemometer data, giving a correlation coefficient of around 0.90 – 0.95. / Värdet av ett mätinstrument som är lätt att installera, noggrant och som kan mäta högt upp i troposfären är lätt att inse när man har att göra med att installera och övervaka vindkraftparker. Det har dock funnits en debatt om huruvida fjärranalytiska mätningar är tillräckliga för sådana ändamål i expert- och akademikerkretsar. Debatten spetsas ytterligare till då omgivningarna är svåra, exempelvis i områden med komplex terräng eller kallt klimat (eller både och), till exempel skogbeklädda, kulliga eller bergiga områden i norra Europa och Nordamerika som är aktuella för exploatering av vindkraft. Det fjärranalytiska redskapet SODAR förser exploatören med detaljerade tredimensionella datasamlingar, men kräver en erfaren och skicklig analytiker för att verkligen verifiera att mätresultaten är realistiska och tillförlitliga. Detta examensarbete har som mål att verifiera noggrannheten hos SODAR-utrustning vid två potentiella vindkraftparker i Sverige. Det har gjorts genom att jämföra vindhastighet, vindriktning och turbulens mätt med en AQ Systems AQ500 Wind Finder SODAR med vindhastighet, vindriktning och turbulens mätt med anemometrar i närbelägna meteorologiska mätmaster. Jämförelsen gjordes genom att beräkna statistiska parametrar som korrelation och standardavvikelse. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att skillnaderna i de uppmätta storheterna är specifika för varje mätplats och att det är mycket svårt att särskilja bidragen till skillnaderna mellan omgivande förhållanden, mätmetoder och beräkningsmetoder. Det står dock klart att förhållanden så som temperatur, inhomogen omgivande skrovlighet på anloppssträckan och vindhastigheten i sig själv bidrar till de observerade skillnaderna i mätresultat. Kompenseras felaktig och störd data bort så visar vindhastigheten mätt med SODAR en mycket god korrelation med mastanemometerdata, med en korrelationskoefficient omkring 0,90 – 0,95.

Power electronic converters have become popular in the field of power transformation for renewable energy. Power electronics converters achieve high efficiency, and the price of their components is falling, thus making them even more beneficial for renewable energy applications. Those systems coupled to the grid need to withstand certain utility-defined circumstances which may occur during operation. Additionally the new net regulations for large generation plants specify that during specified severe grid disturbances the relatively delicate converters should stay connected supporting the system. For PV inverters the forthcoming standards may optionally add the possibility of reactive power compensation where for wind-power those standards are already in use. This thesis focuses on reliable, sensor-less control of the PWM converters coping with varying grid conditions and existing problems. The thesis presents a variety of digital control solutions for interfacing PWM converter with the grid, synchronization, sensorless operation and grid impedance detection. The introductory chapter gives the fundamental theory about three-phase converters and control.The following chapters deal with unbalanced condition and symmetric component decomposition, which is the tool to cope with unbalanced grid voltages or currents. A sensor-less operation method using dual frame virtual flux model is presented with good results. In addition sensor-less synchronization to the grid is shown. Moreover an algorithm based on virtual flux for grid inductance estimation is also successfully demonstrated. Knowing the grid inductance is important during weak grid operation, since it is needed in order to provide unity power factor to the point of common connection. At the end of the thesis, a control algorithm for voltage harmonic compensation during stand alone operation is presented. The presented algorithm gives the possibility to supply high quality power in isolated islands, where the load is unknown. Furthermore, this algorithm can be successfully used for UPS applications. The last chapter applies the voltage harmonic control to the Z-source converter having the possibility of achieving higher ac voltage than in conventional VSI, results are promising.

During the last two decades, the increase in electricity demand and environmental concern resulted in fast growth of power production from renewable sources. Wind power is one of the most efficient alternatives. Due to the rapid development of wind turbine technology and increasing size of wind farms, wind power plays a significant part in the power production mix of Germany, Spain, Denmark, and some other countries. The best conditions for the development of wind farms are in remote, open areas with low population density. The transmission system in such areas might not be dimensioned to accommodate additional large-scale power infeed. Furthermore a part of the existing transmission capacity might already be reserved for conventional power plants situated in the same area. In this thesis four alternatives for large-scale wind power integration in areas with transmission bottlenecks are considered. The first possibility is to revise the methods for calculation of available transmission capacity. The second solution for large-scale integration of wind power in such areas is to reinforce the network. This alternative, however, may be expensive and time consuming. As wind power production depends on the wind speed, the full load hours of wind turbine generator are only 2000-4000 hours per year. Therefore reinforcing a transmission network in order to remove a bottleneck completely is often not economically justified. Wind energy curtailments during congestion situations is then the third solution for large-scale wind power integration with less or no grid reinforcement. The fourth solution is to store excess wind energy. Pumped hydro storage or battery storage for the large-scale wind farms are still rather expensive options, but existing conventional power plants with fast production control capabilities and sufficient storage capacity, e.g., hydro power plants, could be used for this purpose. As there is a lot of research work on the first two alternatives, the thesis provides a review and summarizes the main conclusions from the existing work. The thesis is then directed towards the development of the methods for estimation of wind energy curtailments, evaluation of wind energy storage possibility in hydro reservoirs and development of short term hydro power production planning methods, considering coordination with wind power. Additionally in the thesis the strategy that minimizes imbalance costs of a wind power utility, trading wind power on the short term power market is elaborated and analyzed. / QC 20100608

AIM: As global warming is a fact and the consumption of energy is continuously increasing, alternative sourcing of energy is a must. The use of oil and coal for heating is limited due to it is nature resource which is also limited. Everyone will be forced to evaluate their own usage of energy and look into the alternatives of how to be a part of solving this global issue. For many, alternatives such as sun panels and wind power stations could be an alternative power source.   Today, there is only a limited availability in Sweden of small sized wind power stations and only small local producers or importers that sell the equipment – mostly through internet based market communications.   Method: The theoretical approach to this thesis is based on the MIO model in combination with several other models and tools such as, PESTEL, Marketing Mix, SWOT, Porter’s five forces, EVC and STP.   Result &amp; Conclusions: There is a market for small wind power stations between 5 – 50 kW in Sweden. The biggest reason why the market segment exist and will increase is due to continuously increasing energy prices and that wind power stations of this size are permitted to be connected directly to household consumption.   Suggestions for future research: How are other energy complements like solar panels influenced? What governmental decisions affect the business of small wind power stations?   Contributions to the thesis: Success in this segment requires a different approach to product offering than what the current competition is doing.

Electric power systems are experiencing dramatic changes with respect to structure, operation and regulation and are facing increasing pressure due to environmental and societal constraints. Bulk electric system reliability is an important consideration in power system planning, design and operation particularly in the new competitive environment. A wide range of methods have been developed to perform bulk electric system reliability evaluation. Theoretically, sequential Monte Carlo simulation can include all aspects and contingencies in a power system and can be used to produce an informative set of reliability indices. It has become a practical and viable tool for large system reliability assessment technique due to the development of computing power and is used in the studies described in this thesis. The well-being approach used in this research provides the opportunity to integrate an accepted deterministic criterion into a probabilistic framework. This research work includes the investigation of important factors that impact bulk electric system adequacy evaluation and security constrained adequacy assessment using the well-being analysis framework.<p> Load forecast uncertainty is an important consideration in an electrical power system. This research includes load forecast uncertainty considerations in bulk electric system reliability assessment and the effects on system, load point and well-being indices and reliability index probability distributions are examined. There has been increasing worldwide interest in the utilization of wind power as a renewable energy source over the last two decades due to enhanced public awareness of the environment. Increasing penetration of wind power has significant impacts on power system reliability, and security analyses become more uncertain due to the unpredictable nature of wind power. The effects of wind power additions in generating and bulk electric system reliability assessment considering site wind speed correlations and the interactive effects of wind power and load forecast uncertainty on system reliability are examined. The concept of the security cost associated with operating in the marginal state in the well-being framework is incorporated in the economic analyses associated with system expansion planning including wind power and load forecast uncertainty. Overall reliability cost/worth analyses including security cost concepts are applied to select an optimal wind power injection strategy in a bulk electric system. The effects of the various demand side management measures on system reliability are illustrated using the system, load point, and well-being indices, and the reliability index probability distributions. The reliability effects of demand side management procedures in a bulk electric system including wind power and load forecast uncertainty considerations are also investigated. The system reliability effects due to specific demand side management programs are quantified and examined in terms of their reliability benefits.