There is a need for an efficient adjustment of the energy supply system towards renewable energy resources in the near future. This raises the question whether it is financially efficient to repower an onshore wind turbine or wind farm in operation with respect to specific surrounding conditions? To this purpose, the objective of this Thesis is a quantitative analysis of a wind power project repowering addressing certain legislative parameters, varying economic factors and WT models respectively. To enable this analysis, a case-study considering a number of hypothetical scenarios for repowering a wind farm in Germany has been applied. The scenarios address in particular the widely implemented limitation in overall building heights of 100m depending upon varying economical parameters. Nevertheless, this case-study applies three different WT models whereof one model matches the legislations and the other two models exceed the legislations by a varying degree in order to evaluate a potential productivity growth. The varying economic conditions are represented by a base case projection applying average wind power construction costs and financial rates whereas a best case and worst case projection consider deviating interest rates, capacity factors, investment and O&M costs respectively.   The economic calculations together with the determination of the capacity factor with respect to each WT model are performed by utilising the decision aid tool RETScreen. The results obtained by this case-study show versatile economic and technological performance. WT models of minor size addressing in particular local existing legislation regarding the limitation of overall height which must not exceed 100m are inefficient regardless of varying economic conditions. Exceeding the limitation, WT models provide a significant increase in performance and thus return positive economic results independent of varying economic conditions. The main conclusion is that existing local legislations based on previous considerations from the past but which no longer correspond to the state of technology have to be questioned in general or have to be mitigated by subsidy instruments in order to support a generation shift in technology before the end of life of operational wind farms and thus promptly increase efficiency by repowering.

Renewable energy is harnessed from continuously replenishing natural processes. Some commonly known are sunlight, water, wind, tides, geothermal heat and various forms of biomass. The focus on renewable energy has over the past few decades intensified greatly. This thesis contributes to the research on developing renewable energy technologies, within the wind power, wave power and marine current power projects at the division of Electricity, Uppsala University. In this thesis grid connection of permanent magnet generator based renewable energy sources is evaluated. A tap transformer based grid connection system has been constructed and experimentally evaluated for a vertical axis wind turbine. Full range variable speed operation of the turbine is enabled by using the different step-up ratios of a tap transformer. This removes the need for a DC/DC step or an active rectifier on the generator side of the full frequency converter and thereby reduces system complexity. Experiments and simulations of the system for variable speed operation are done and efficiency and harmonic content are evaluated.  The work presented in the thesis has also contributed to the design, construction and evaluation of a full-scale offshore marine substation for wave power intended to grid connect a farm of wave energy converters. The function of the marine substation has been experimentally tested and the substation is ready for deployment. Results from the system verification are presented. Special focus is on the transformer losses and transformer in-rush currents. A control and grid connection system for a vertical axis marine current energy converter has been designed and constructed. The grid connection is done with a back-to-back 2L-3L system with a three level cascaded H-bridge converter grid side. The system has been tested in the laboratory and is ready to be installed at the experimental site. Results from the laboratory testing of the system are presented. / Wind Power / Wave Power / Marine Currnet Power

Master of Arts / Department of Economics / Tracy M. Turner / This report provides a summary of the state of wind energy in the United States, the policy instruments used to encourage renewable energy and the research finding on the benefits of wind energy. It provides insight from a Texas case study, as well as international perspectives. Renewable and non-renewable energy sources are defined and compared. The report discusses the negative environmental impacts of conventional power generation, in contrast to lack of emissions from renewable power. Background information on U.S. energy consumption and climate change are provided. The primary policies used to promote renewable energy, which apply to wind power, are explained. The economic theory behind the relationship of subsidies and externalities is explained, as well as the implications that firm profit-maximization has on market outcomes. This report finds that the benefits derived from wind energy production and the promoting policies outweigh the costs associated with them.

Wind power is one of the fastest growing production methods of electric energy. The expansion of wind power in Sweden are focused to northern counties. There are advantages as good wind conditions and large unexploited areas to build wind farms in the north, but there are also problems caused by the long winters. Due to the long periods of cold climate, ice and snow accumulation on blades are a safety risk, induces production losses and causes wear at wind turbine components. The commercial de-icing systems are not fulfilling the demands of being cost effective and are mainly focusing the heating to the leading edge. Therefore a new de-icing system based on infrared radiation has been investigated. This system is supposed to be placed at the wind turbine tower and de-ice one blade at a time. Experiments with this new de-icing system has been performed in small and full scale at a section of a real wind turbine blade. The experiments were carried out in facilities of Arctic Falls in Piteå. Different parameters as power demand of the heaters, distance between blade and heaters, wavelength of the radiation, influence by the surrounding temperature and total de-icing time were evaluated. Results showed that the largest impact of the efficiency and de-icing time were induced by the distance and width of the radiation spectrum for the heaters. Three types of filaments with different peaks of wavelengths were investigated and the most efficient de-icing was achieved when using a combination of heaters. Measurements of intensity together with de-icing experiments showed that the optimal distance from the blade was 1.5 m for heaters with standard reflectors. The main conclusion from the experiments with an infrared de-icing system is that it works. But not efficient enough to compete with the commercial systems of today even though it manage to de-ice the whole blade instead of just the leading edge. But this de-icing system has good potential if the heaters first of all are developed to radiate a more concentrated beam of radiation that is only focusing at the blades. The new method is estimated to be an lower investment due to that the techniques of infrared heaters are already well implemented in other areas. But more economic calculations has to be done to further motivate the work.

Este trabalho adota a técnica de simulação baseada em agentes para analisar o processo de precificação de energia comercializada no ambiente de contratação regulada (leilões) do mercado elétrico do Brasil. Nesse contexto, são simulados leilões de energia nova - produto fonte eólica. O simulador dos leilões de energia do Brasil foi construído através de programação realizada em matlab. Nesse programa, é possível comparar a escolha de lances de vendedores participantes nos pleitos. Os agentes (vendedores) participantes dos leilões aprendem com o decorrer dos leilões simulados. A aprendizagem é determinada através da utilização de variação do algoritmo Q-learning. Os resultados claramente demonstram que as técnicas de aprendizagem consideradas têm resultados mais favoráveis do que escolhas aleatórias (sem aprendizagem). Considerando outro ponto de vista, é possível verificar diferença de média de preços nos leilões entre os perfis de geradores públicos e privados. Além disso, é possível afirmar que o preço da energia se altera dada alteração na participação relativa de vendedores públicos ou privados nos pleitos. / This thesis adopts an agent based simulation in order to analyses the pricing process of energy that is negotiate by auctions in Brazil. In this work, wind energy power auctions are simulate. The model was developed in Matlab platform, and so, it was possible to compare the bidding process of the players in those auctions. The players learn during the auctions, and the process of learning is defined by a variation of the Q-learning algorithm. The results of the research show that when Q-learning is considered by generators there are more benefits than it is not. From another point of view, it is possible to say that there is difference between the prices of public and private players (enterprises that sell Wind energy). Besides it is possible to say that when the number of public and private players in an auction change the energy price.

This thesis presents a complete method of modeling the autospectra of turbulence in closed form via an expansion series using the von Kármán model as a basis function. It is capable of modeling turbulence in all three directions of fluid flow: longitudinal, lateral, and vertical, separately, thus eliminating the assumption of homogeneous, isotropic flow. A thorough investigation into the expansion series is presented, with the strengths and weaknesses highlighted. Furthermore, numerical aspects and theoretical derivations are provided. This method is then tested against three highly complex flow fields: wake turbulence inside wind farms, helicopter downwash, and helicopter downwash coupled with turbulence shed from a ship superstructure. These applications demonstrate that this method is remarkably robust, that the developed autospectral models are virtually tailored to the design of white noise driven shaping filters, and that these models in closed form facilitate a greater understanding of complex flow fields in wind engineering. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-08-14T18:59:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MauroSergioSilvaPinto.pdf: 1648622 bytes, checksum: 71f809c341318a8660df7cdd2182a4f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-14T18:59:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MauroSergioSilvaPinto.pdf: 1648622 bytes, checksum: 71f809c341318a8660df7cdd2182a4f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-01 / The Unit Commitment Problem (UC) in power generation is a difficult problem, traditionally modeled with a mixed-integer optimization formulation. What makes it especially difficult is the time-dependency of the generation decisions, caused by ramping limitation constraints applied mostly to thermal generation, as well as minimum shut down and start up times. The main types of uncertainty are usually taken in account: in the actual load values and the (un)reliability of the generators. The uncertainty in generator availability has been met with a specification of operational reserve policy. The uncertainty in load, taking in account that its magnitude is usually small, is in many cases simply ignored. With the significant inclusion of wind power in the portfolio of a county or region, it is no longer adequate to deal with the UC problem in the traditional way. The uncertainty in wind generation is at least one order of magnitude higher than the uncertainty in load. Moreover, the wind behavior includes the possibility of strong ramping, with important stressing effect on thermal generation. Dealing with such challenges in a business-as-usual manner is doomed to produce sub-optimal solutions and to put the system in jeopardy or cause substantial financial loss with costly emergency actions. The transition to models that take risk in account supposes a change in paradigm in the decisionmaking process in the UC process. Without clear guidelines, operators will tend to over-protect – while under commercial pressure, they may run excessive risks. To help in the transition to a UC decision-making process under uncertainty, this thesis contributes to the set of planning paradigms and makes an attempt to organize the comparative analysis and results and conclusions reached, from an illustrative case built around the IEEE RTS 30-bus system. The results show that the Pareto-optimal front, in a stochastic cost vs. risk space, may not be convex, which precludes the use of simplistic trade-off approaches. The conclusion, as a contribution from this thesis, is unmistakable: a stochastic programming approach is not adequately informative on the risks run as consequence of system operator decisions on unit commitment, in systems with a high penetration of wind power. Models that follow the Risk Analysis paradigm are necessary, in order to quantify the costs of hedging (protecting against adverse scenarios). Furthermore, by relying on an explicit multiple criteria representation, the thesis shows how this risk aversion perspective, in terms of undesired events, may be blended with a stochastic optimization perspective of average gain or expense On the planning matter, embedding the risk in the operating cost annually capitalized assists the decision-making in investments in system planning. / O problema do pré-despacho em sistemas de potência, conhecido na literatura como Unit Commitment -UC, é um problema não linear, tradicionalmente modelado como uma formulação de otimização inteira mista. Um dos pontos críticos deste processo é a sua interdependência temporal, além de restrições como tempos mínimos de parada e partida. Tradicionalmente, as fontes de incertezas no sistema são o valor atual da carga e a disponibilidade do fornecimento de potência por parte dos geradores, relacionando-se com a confiabilidade. A geração deve satisfazer a critérios que determinam um nível mínimo de reserva girante ou uma política de reserva operacional através de métricas determinísticas ou estocásticas. A incerteza da carga é menor e muitas vezes é desprezada no processo de pré-despacho. Em ambos os casos, o objetivo é transformar um problema com incerteza em um modelo determinístico. Devido à elevada integração de fontes eólicas na matriz energética, as abordagens tradicionais de pré-despacho se tornam inadequadas para lidar com as incertezas associadas a este tipo de fonte. O grau de incerteza das fontes eólicas é pelo menos maior em magnitude do que o grau de incertezas da carga. Além disso, o comportamento do vento inclui a possibilidade de fortes rajadas que podem se transformar em eventos de rampa não previstos. Diante disto, as formas usuais de tratar este problema podem produzir soluções sub-ótimas, colocando o sistema em risco ou causando perda financeira substancial por ações de correções técnicas dispendiosas. A transição para modelos que levam em conta o risco propõe uma mudança de paradigma no processo de tomada de decisão do problema do pré-desapcho. Desta forma, estes desafios exigem que novos modelos de decisão sejam elaborados levando em conta este novo quadro de incertezas e que forneçam soluções úteis para o planejamento da operação. Em particular, no que se refere à operação do sistema, são necessárias ferramentas que auxiliem os operadores na tomada de decisões levando em conta o risco decorrente do ambiente de incerteza presente no sistema. Esta tese vem contribuir no suporte ao processo de tomada de decisão, analisando um conjunto de paradigmas de planejamento quanto a sua capacidade/utilidade de fornecer soluções consistentes em sistemas com significativa integração eólica. Os resultados mostraram que a fronteira de Pareto das soluções ótimas não-dominadas em um espaço multicritério entre custo estocástico versus o risco pode não ser convexa, o que impede uma abordagem de análise simples de trade-off. Mostra-se, que o modelo tradicional estocástico pode não ser adequado para lidar com as incertezas geradas pelas fontes eólicas. Além disso, esta Tese mostra que eventos indesejados, sob uma perspectiva de risco em um espaço multicritério, podem ser negligenciados pela abordagem tradicional estocástica. No muito curto prazo, a abordagem de tomada de decisão com incertezas eólicas mostra que o simples despacho de mais reservas operacionais no sistema com alta penetração eólica pode ser insuficiente para lidar com as incertezas. Sob o aspecto do planejamento, a incorporação do risco nos custos de operação capitalizados anualmente auxilia a tomada de decisão de investimentos no planejamento do sistema.

Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2017-08-31T17:31:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Rafael Gil Ferques.pdf: 3690928 bytes, checksum: 17c4b08062f8653c149c33ca36510c74 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-31T17:31:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Rafael Gil Ferques.pdf: 3690928 bytes, checksum: 17c4b08062f8653c149c33ca36510c74 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / The objective of this work was the development of a computational application for the design of wind power generation systems in small-scale On-Grid and Off-Grid installations, using a user friendly and interactive process. For this, the concepts of artificial intelligence were used in conjunction with genetic algorithms, to verify the technical and economic viability of the implantation of the wind power generation system. Also, implement an integrated database, containing technical specifications and component costs of a wind system. The encoding of the application was done through the languages Java, C, C++ and the database in MySQL language. For the development of the neural networks and genetic algorithms, it was used to the Encog library. With wind data, demand, energy consumption and type of configuration desired, the application performs the sizing of the wind system and then, using artificial intelligence, verifies the best scenario for the project. Following is a report with the physical and financial information. The calculations used for the design were according to Pinho et al. (2008), CRESESB (2014) and Albano (2009). The application has proven effective in scaling and economical analysis of small wind systems, allowing fast and simple simulation of On-Grid systems and Off-Grid systems. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de uma aplicação computacional para dimensionamento de sistemas de geração de energia eólica em instalações On-Grid e Off-Grid de pequeno porte, utilizando-se um processo amigável e interativo ao usuário. Para isso foram utilizados os conceitos de inteligência artificial em conjunto com algoritmos genéticos, para verificação da viabilidade técnica e econômica da implantação do sistema de geração eólica. Ainda, implementar um banco de dados integrado, contendo especificações técnicas e custos de componentes de um sistema eólico. A codificação da aplicação foi feita por meio das linguagens Java, C, C++ e o banco de dados em linguagem MySQL. Para o desenvolvimento das redes neurais e algoritmos genéticos, foi utilizado a biblioteca Encog. Com os dados de vento, demanda, consumo energético e tipo de configuração desejada, o aplicativo realiza o dimensionamento do sistema eólico e em seguida, com o uso da inteligência artificial, verifica o melhor cenário para o projeto. Na sequência é apresentado um relatório com as informações físicas e financeiras. Os cálculos utilizados para o dimensionamento foram conforme Pinho et al. (2008), CRESESB (2014) e em Albano (2009). O aplicativo mostrou-se eficaz no dimensionamento e análise econômica de sistemas eólicos de pequeno porte, permitindo de forma rápida e simples a simulação de sistemas On-Grid e sistemas Off-Grid.

Com o déficit de energia que atualmente preocupa o setor elétrico brasileiro, ameaçando os consumidores com a possibilidade de novos racionamentos, surge a perspectiva de aumento de produção de energia, através da criação de usinas eólicas para suprir essa demanda. Entretanto, esta forma de geração, sabidamente, provoca distorções na qualidade de energia fornecida, principalmente quanto à geração de harmônicas, que acabam por interferir diretamente nas cargas podendo provocar danos a equipamentos e instalações. Por esse motivo, este trabalho visa analisar a contribuição desse tipo de geração no sistema elétrico e discutir, com base em estudos experimentais realizados em modelos de aerogeradores e diretamente em unidades geradoras instaladas em plantas de geração eólica, as perturbações harmônicas geradas pelo controle de tensão e frequência do sistema. A metodologia utilizada será a de medição das distorções harmônicas, através de analisadores de qualidade de energia, instalados primeiramente em modelos laboratoriais dos principais tipos de aerogeradores existentes no mercado, medindo as perturbações em diversas situações de carga, obedecendo ao estabelecido na norma NBR-IEC- 61400-21/2010 Medição e Avaliação da Qualidade de Energia de Aerogeradores Conectados a Rede. / With the energy deficit that currently worries the Brazilian electric sector, threatening consumers with the possibility of further rationing comes the prospect of increased energy production through the creation of wind farms to meet this demand. However, this form of generation is known to distort the quality of power supplied, especially as the generation of harmonics, which ultimately interfere directly in the loads can cause damage to equipment and facilities. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the contribution of this type of generation on the electrical system and discuss, based on experimental studies in directly generating units installed in wind generation plants, disturbances generated by harmonic voltage and frequency control system. The methodology will be the measurement of harmonic distortion through power quality analyzers, installed primarily in laboratory models of the main types of wind turbines on the market, measuring disturbances in various loading conditions, obeying the established standard NBR-IEC-61400-21/2010 - Measurement and Evaluation of Power Quality of Wind Turbines Connected Network.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:11:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Romulo Bainy2.pdf: 2925977 bytes, checksum: f7adb8982457ac4631549de0def5054e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work evaluated the effect of the variation of some factors over the transient behavior of a feeder from a Distribution Power System where there are Distributed Generator (DG) connected. Two types of distributed generation were evaluated, which are photovoltaic and wind power. The chosen Distribution Power System has 32 nodes and was presented by (de Abreu, 2005) and (Salim, 2010). First of all, this feeder was characterized and the nodes were separated on four clusters, comply some electric characteristics from each one. Each cluster has a chosen node that represents the center of the group from the cluster, which resulted on four candidates nodes. Than, it was time to build the scenarios for simulation, they were made by two candidate node and fault node, which means that there are six possible scenarios. To chose the fault node, there is some premises: None of GD can generate on a islanded operation; It is not necessary that all scenarios has the same fault node; and, the more important one, the fault node must have fault current similar on all scenarios. The studied factors were: Loading of the feeder; Power factor of the loads; X/R relation of lines; GFV conexion; FSIG conexion. The simulation evaluated the influence of each factors. Among the five , only two showed influence in the transient behavior of the system: the connection ratio X/R and the FSIG conexion . The other three did not shown influence. Thus, the two factors correspond to valuable study object , and should be considered when evaluating the transient behavior at Distribution System with DG. / Este trabalho avaliou a influência de alguns fatores sobre o comportamento transitório de um alimentador de um sistema de distribuição com geradores distribuídos conectados. Dois tipos de geração distribuída foram avaliados, sendo eles a fotovoltaica e a eólica. O sistema elétrico de distribuição (SED) escolhido possui 32 nós e foi apresen-tado por (de Abreu, 2005) e em (Salim, 2010). Primeiramente este alimentador foi caracterizado e os nós separados em 4 clusters, conforme algumas características elétricas de cada um. Para cada cluster um nó foi escolhido como representante das centroide, ou seja, mais similar com a identidade do grupo. O trabalho seguiu com a concepção dos cenários de simulação, estes compostos pela junção destes quatro nós em duplas, além do nó de falta, o que se traduz em seis possíveis cenários. A escolha do nó para inserção de um curto-circuito trifásico respeitou três premissas: não causar ilhamento em nenhum dos geradores distribuídos; não é necessário que o nó de falta de todos os cenários seja igual; e, a premissa mais importante, que ele deve gerar uma corrente de falta com valor similar em todos os cenários.Os fatores avaliados foram: Carregamento do Alimentador; Fator de Potência das Cargas; Relação X/R das linhas de distribuição; Conexão do GFV; Conexão do FSIG.Cada um dos fatores sofreu uma quantidade específica de variações para que seu efeito sobre o comportamento transitório fosse investigado. Dentre esses cinco, apenas dois se mostraram capazes de influenciar no comportamento transitório do sistema: a relação X/R e a conexão do FSIG. Os outros três não demonstraram grande influência, sendo sempre imperceptível o efeito de sua variação. Dessa forma, a variação dos dois fatores corresponde a valioso objeto de estudo, sendo necessário considerá-los quando se deseja avaliar o comportamento transitório de um Sistema de Distribuição com geradores distribuídos.