Orientador: José Bonifácio de Souza Amaral Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T10:41:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Macedo_LuzieneDantasde_D.pdf: 5437306 bytes, checksum: fe8fc2d876d5d667391d01fdac4dc165 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Esta tese tem como objetivo explicar a presença do setor eólica na região Nordeste, em geral, e no Rio Grande do Norte, em particular, explorando as oportunidades de negócios que a atividade engendra. Para tanto, retoma o debate sobre o planejamento setorial elaborado no âmbito da Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (EPE), buscando averiguar o sentido dos estudos e pesquisas para efeito de implantação de políticas específicas no campo da inserção das novas fontes renováveis para geração de eletricidade, bem como trata de aspectos ligados à inovação tecnológica do setor eólico no mundo e no Brasil. A tese está estruturada em seis capítulos que discorrem sobre o sentido dessa atividade no país e sobre as políticas específicas e de inovação que o setor vem desenvolvendo. Por meio de um estudo teórico-empírico, envolvendo levantamento bibliográfico e de documentos oficiais, além da coleta de dados secundários, pode-se apontar os seguintes resultados: i) a capacidade instalada de geração de energia elétrica por fonte eólica, no mundo, em 2013, é liderada por China, EUA, Alemanha, Espanha e Índia. Os países em desenvolvimento vêm investindo em novas alternativas tecnológicas no campo da energia, cuja tendência para os próximos anos é sustentar taxas de crescimento significativas no setor eólico, assim como nos países desenvolvidos; ii) o Brasil, que ocupava em 2013 a 11ª posição mundial em capacidade instalada em turbinas eólicas, destaca-se no mundo no campo da energia, haja vista sua matriz elétrica ser limpa e renovável, baseada na hidroeletricidade, bem como porque pode manter sua geração de eletricidade baseada em fontes renováveis; nesse contexto, sobressai-se no processo de inserção dessas fontes para efeito de complementaridade à energia hidráulica existente dentro dos aspectos normativos que envolvem a questão ambiental, os critérios de modicidade tarifária e segurança energética; iii) no tocante à energia eólica, objeto dessa pesquisa, sua essencialidade em tempos de esgotamento progressivo das fontes hídricas vem confirmando a importância da implementação de duas políticas importantes: o PROINFA, em 2002, e a realização, desde 2009, de leilões para a contratação da energia eólica no ambiente regulado. Tudo isso, atrelado à potencialidade que o Brasil apresenta para transformar o vento em eletricidade, permite constatar a direção do investimento que o setor eólico vem imprimindo em alguns espaços do país, os quais são beneficiados com a qualidade do vento necessária à geração de energia elétrica por fonte eólica; iv) dentre esses espaços, o Nordeste apresenta-se como a melhor fronteira para geração de energia elétrica por fonte eólica do país, razão pela qual vem sendo criado um encadeamento produtivo desse setor em alguns Estados, que oferecem escala de produção e a capacidade dos governos estaduais de introduzir políticas específicas com o objetivo de atrair os fabricantes de equipamentos eólicos - casos da Bahia, Pernambuco e Ceará; v) o Rio Grande do Norte destaca-se no número de projetos eólicos em construção, outorgados e em operação, mas a cadeia produtiva de fabricantes de equipamentos não está adensada nesse espaço, em virtude de alguns gargalos que dificultam a esse Estado atrair a cadeia fornecedora de equipamentos no mesmo patamar em que recebe um número significativo de parques eólicos instalados ou em vias de se instalar. Ou seja, não basta ter vento mas, além disso, é preciso fomentar a indústria com infraestrutura de transmissão e de logística, além de incentivos financeiros adequados; caso contrário, perderá competitividade no médio e longo prazo, assim como a capacidade de transformar a criação de oportunidades que o setor propicia em desenvolvimento socioeconômico nos espaços onde estiverem sendo implantados os parques eólicos / Abstract: This thesis aims to explain the presence of the wind power industry in the Northeast region of Brazil, in general, and in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, more specifically, with the business opportunities that this activity generates. To do so, it resumes the debate on sectoral planning developed within the Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (EPE, Energy Research Agency, linked to the Ministry of Energy) seeking to find out the meaning of the studies and researches elaboration for implementation of specific policies in the field of integration of alternative energy to electricity generation, as well as the aspects related to technological innovation in the wind sector, worldwide and in Brazil. Through a theoretical and empirical study, involving specific literature and official documents, in addition to the collection of secondary data, it is possible to point out the following results: i) wind power in the world in terms of MW installed as of 2013, is dominated by China, USA, Germany, Spain and India. Developing countries have been investing in new alternative technologies in the energy field, whose trend for the coming years is to sustain significant growth rates, just like developed countries; ii) Brazil, which in 2013 was placed in the 11th position in terms of global cumulative capacity of wind turbines, occupies a special place in the world in the energy field, due to its clean and renewable hydropower-based electricity generation matrix, and also because it can keep alternative sources and, in this context, excel in the integration process of these sources for complementary effect to the existing hydropower under the normative aspects involved in environmental issues, the criteria for tariffs moderateness and in energy supply security; iii) regarding wind power - the subject of this work - its essentiality in times of gradual depletion of new water sources, has just confirmed the importance of the implementation of two important policies: the PROINFA in 2002 (a program to stimulate the generation of electricity by alternative sources), and the auctions carried out since 2009 for the contracting of wind energy to supply the "regulated environment" (retail market served by electricity distributors). These measures, and the country¿s wind potential as a natural resource to generate electricity, allows to detect the direction that the investments in the wind sector is showing in some regions of the country, which are benefited with the wind quality needed to generate electricity by its power; iv) among these, the Northeast region is presented as the best wind border of the country, reason why a productive chain has been created in states that offer production scale, scope economy and the capacity of the state government to introduce specific policies in order to attract the wind equipment manufacturers. These are the cases of the states of Bahia, Pernambuco and Ceará; v) Rio Grande do Norte state is remarkable in the number of wind projects under construction, granted and in operation, but the supply chain is not dense in that state, due to some bottlenecks that hinder this State to attract the chain of equipments suppliers in a similar degree it receives a significant number of wind farms or in setting up routes. Wind only is not enough, but it is necessary to promote this industry with infrastructure - electricity transmission and logistics-, and financial incentives; otherwise, state will loose competitiveness in the medium and long term, and the ability to transform the creation of opportunities that the sector provides in socioeconomic development in areas where wind farms are being deployed / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Doutora em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Orientadores: Paulo de Barros Correia, Ieda Geriberto Hidalgo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T12:05:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barros_RegianeSilvade_D.pdf: 4190585 bytes, checksum: c320645bbd13fd28d572f5b9751d4ff7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Este trabalho propõe um modelo de despacho ótimo no horizonte diário de operação, que permite coordenar a operação entre uma usina eólica e uma usina hidrelétrica. Nessa abordagem, a usina eólica é despachada em primeira instância. Para suprir eventuais saídas forçadas que possam ocorrer na geração eólica, aloca-se um valor de reserva girante incremental na usina hidrelétrica usando o conceito de Value at Risk como métrica de risco da geração eólica. O modelo é formulado como um problema multiobjetivo que busca maximizar a geração de energia e minimizar o número de partidas e paradas da usina hidrelétrica. O acoplamento hidráulico é considerado através da meta diária de defluência da usina. O problema é solucionado em duas etapas. A primeira resolve 24 problemas estáticos, que representam o despacho horário da usina hidrelétrica, separadamente. Essa etapa emprega o Algoritmo Genético para otimizar a operação da usina em termos da geração de energia elétrica. A segunda etapa soluciona o problema dinâmico, ou seja, o despacho diário da usina. A natureza do problema dinâmico, correspondendo à obtenção de caminhos mínimos eficientes em termos de partidas e paradas, sugeriu o uso da técnica de Otimização por Colônia de Formigas. As restrições de reserva girante, meta de defluência, atendimento do contrato de demanda e limites operacionais das usinas são plenamente satisfeitas. A diferença entre os montantes de energia produzidos e contratados é liquidada no mercado de curto prazo e valorada ao preço de liquidação das diferenças. O modelo se mostrou adequado em termos de tempo computacional e em relação à qualidade das soluções obtidas / Abstract: This work proposes an optimal dispatch model in the daily horizon, which coordinates the operation of a wind farm and a hydroelectric plant. In this approach the wind farm is dispatched first. In order to provide eventual faults that may occur in the wind farm generation, an incremental spinning reserve is allocated in the hydroelectric plant using the concept of Value at Risk. The model is formulated as a multiobjective problem which seeks to maximize the energy generation and to minimize the number of start-ups and shut-downs of the hydroelectric plant. The plant¿s hydraulic coupling is considered through the daily released flow goal. The model is solved in two stages, the first one solves, separately, 24 static problems that represents the hourly dispatch of the hydroelectric plant. This stage employs Genetic Algorithm to optimize the operation of the hydroelectric plant in terms of electric energy generation. The second stage considers the dynamic problem, which is the plant¿s daily dispatch. The nature of the dynamic problem, which implies in obtaining efficient shortest paths in terms of start-ups and shut-downs, suggests the use of the Ant Colony Optimization. The spinning reserve, the released flow goal, the demand contract and the generating unit¿s operational limits are fully satisfied. The difference between the energy amounts produced and contracted are liquidated in the spot market and it is valuated with the settlement differences price. Regarding computational costs and solutions quality, the model suitability is shown / Doutorado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Doutora em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

Renewable power systems are becoming more affordable and provide better options than fossil-fuel generation, for not only the environment, but a benefit of a reduced cost of operation. Methods to optimize charging batteries from renewable technologies is an important subject for off-grid and micro-grids, and is becoming more relevant for larger installations. Overcharging or undercharging the battery can result in failure and reduction of battery life. The Arduino hybrid MPPT controller takes the advantage of solar and wind energy sources by controlling two systems simultaneously. The ability to manage two systems with one controller is better for an overall production of energy, cost, and manageability, at a minor expense of efficiency. The hybrid MPPT uses two synchronous buck DC-DC converters to control both wind and solar. The hybrid MPPT performed at a maximum of 93.6% efficiency, while the individual controller operated at a maximum 97.1% efficiency when working on the bench test. When designing the controller to manage power production from a larger generator, the inductor size was too large due to the frequency provided by the Arduino. A larger inductor means less allowable current to flow before the inductor becomes over saturated, reducing the efficiency of the controller. Utilizing a different microcontroller like the PIC16C63A produces a much faster frequency, which will reduce the inductor size needed and allow more current before over saturation.

This MASTER`S THESIS engages in connecting with dispersed generation into electrical network and their influence on power quality. This thesis sets out to make up simple dynamic model of Wind power station and model of simple network. At this model I would like to simulate influence its working on voltage’s characteristics in addition place. Besides this is necessary calculate voltage’s characteristics according present methods – factory energy rules [PNE]. And these results compare with results of simulation

This master`s thesis analyzes the possibilities of investment business plan, which is related to the development of alternative energy sources in the Czech Republic. The main part consist an analysis, which lead to decision, if we start prepare or not in 2011 the project of renewable energy sources.

I takt med ökat intresse för investeringar i vindkraft behöver aktörer på marknaden tillgång till mer information om vilka faktorer som kan påverka dessa investeringars förmåga att generera intäkter. Eftersom intäkter kan genereras genom att strukturera sin försäljning på olika sätt behöver intressenter erhålla bättre förståelse kring varje strukturs förmåga att generera intäkter över tid. I detta examensarbete har vi undersökt aggregerade intäkter och estimerade riskmått över ett år för tre försäljningsstrukturer: försäljning till Spotmarknaden, genom Baseload PPA och genom As-produced PPA. För att göra detta har vi försökt replikera fördelnings- och tidsserie-egenskaper för vindhastigheter, spotpriser och balanseringspriser. Försöken visar lovande replikerbarhet för vindhastigheter, och ganska lovande replikerbarhet för spotpriser och balanseringspriser.  Vi visar att högre förväntade aggregerade intäkter uppvisar även tendens till högre estimerad risk. Den försäljningsstruktur som visar högst förväntade aggregerade intäkter var försäljning till Spotmarknaden, följt av Baseload PPA och lägsta intäkter erhölls genom As-produced PPA. Liknande rangordning sammanfattar estimerade riskmått, där försäljning till Spotmarknaden visade högst Value-at-Risk, följt av Baseload PPA och lägsta risken estimerades i As-produced PPA. Slutligen drar vi även slutsatsen att As-produced PPA är den största riskmitigeraren av de två olika PPA alternativen.  Vår studie har genomförts under många avgränsningar och antaganden som behöver förstås ordentligt innan slutsatser från denna studie används. Några av avgränsningarna är att vi antar stationäritet i spotpriser, tar ingen hänsyn till förluster i kraftproduktion till följd av typ av landyta, undersöker endast ett vindkraftsverk och vi tar inte hänsyn till förluster i transmission eller kostnader från Nord Pool. Dessutom undersöker vi försäljningsprocessen för vindkraftsproducent som säljer all elektricitet själv och som inte har tillgång till handel genom Intradagsmarknaden. En ytterligare begränsning i arbetet är att vi inte har mätdata för historiska vindhastigheter vid en faktiskt planerad vindkraftspark, utan för en mätmast som är inom ett visst avstånd från några vindkraftsparker. Eftersom positionering av vindkraftsturbiner är extremt viktigt påverkar detta våra resultat då historiska vindhastigheter vid mätmasten möjligtvis inte är tillräckligt attraktiva för många investerare. Efter utvärdering av våra replikerade tidsserie rekommenderar vi vidare forskning inom området att ta hänsyn till icke-stationäritet vid skapande av modell för spotpriser. / As interest for wind power investment increases, market participants require access to more information regarding which factors that can affect the income generating capacities of their investments. Since income can be generated through various structures of selling electricity, stakeholders need better understanding regarding the income generating capacity of each structure over time. In this thesis we have examined aggregated income and estimated risk measures over one year for three different methods of selling electricity: selling to the Nord Pool Spot market, selling through Baseload PPA and selling through As-produced PPA. For the examination we have tried to replicate distributional and time series attributes for wind speeds, spot prices and regulating (balancing) prices. Our results demonstrate promising replicability for wind speeds, and quite promising replicability for spot prices and balancing prices.  We show that higher expected aggregated income also implies higher estimated risk. Highest expected aggregated income was generated from selling to the Market, followed by Baseload PPA and lowest income was generated for As-produced PPA. Estimated risk measures followed the same pattern, where selling to the Market demonstrated highest Value-at-Risk, followed by Baseload PPA and the lowest estimated risk was found in As-produced PPA. Finally we also conclude that As-produced PPA is the largest mitigator of risk between the two examined PPA alternatives.  Our study has been conducted under many delimitations and assumptions which need to be thoroughly understood before utilizing conclusions from this study. Some assumptions we take are stationarity in spot prices, no loss in power production due to type of surface surrounding the wind turbine, we only used one turbine and we assumed no losses in transmission nor any costs from Nord Pool. Furthermore, our study examines how electricity is sold from a wind power producer who sells all their electricity by themselves and who also does not have access to trading through the Intraday market. Another limitation in the study is that we do not have measurement data from actual wind farm locations, but data from a publicly available source that is within an undisclosed vicinity of some wind farms. Since positioning of wind power turbines is very important to maximize potential output, this limitation will affect our results since our used wind data might not be attractive enough for many potential investors. We finally recommend further study within the field, especially researching ways to handle lack of stationarity in spot prices.

Die Software alaska ist zunächst ein allgemeines Werkzeug zur Modellierung und Simulation der Dynamik mechanischer/mechatronischer Systeme. alaska wird am Institut ür Mechatronik in Chemnitz entwickelt. Mit dem Erweiterungsmodul alaska/Wind erhält alaska Funktionalitäten die erforderlich sind, um das dynamische Verhalten von Windkraftanlagen (WKA) mit dem Ziel zu simulieren, die resultierenden Belastungen zu ermitteln. Bestandteile von alaska/Wind sind u.a. Komponenten zu Beschreibung der aerodynamischen Umgebungsbedingungen und der Berechnung der daraus resultierenden, an der WKA angreifenden Windkräfte sowie ein Basis-WKA-Simulationsmodell. Inhalt des Vortrages ist es zu zeigen, wie dieses Basis-Simulationsmodell vom Anwender, also vom Entwickler/Hersteller von Windkraftanlagen, an seine spezifischen Anforderungen angepasst wird, wie es in seinen Produktentstehungsprozess eingebunden wird und wie mit dem Einsatz der alaska- Komponente alaska/DC (DistributedComputation) weitestgehend automatisch auf der Basis mehrerer Tausend Simulationsrechnungen Design-treibende Belastungen ermittelt werden.

Aus der Einleitung: "Der Anteil erneuerbaren Energien in der Energieversorgung soll auch in den kommenden Jahren weiter ausgebaut werden. Dadurch steigt der Bedarf an großen und effizienten Windkraftanlagen (WKA) mit immer höheren Anforderungen an Materialien und Strukturen. Die hohen Belastungen und limitierenden Faktoren in Bezug auf die Lebensdauer solcher Anlagen sind meist dynamisch und abhängig von Strukturschwingungen und Belastungsanregung. Hierzu werden vermehrt Simulationstechniken eingesetzt, die in der Praxis durch den Mangel an genauen Randbedingungen unpräzise sind bzw. als Modell durch Messungen validiert werden müssen. Während typischerweise zur Erfassung von Schwingwegen Beschleunigungsaufnehmer eingesetzt werden, gestaltet sich die Implementierung solcher Messtechnik in drehenden Strukturen meist komplex und aufwändig (Ozbek et al. 2010). Der Einsatz optischer Messtechnik ist im Vergleich einfacher und kann potentiell die Optimierung von Simulationsmodellen unterstützen (Ozbek et al. 2010, Schmidt-Paulsen et al. 2009, 2011)."

Texas currently maintains the highest installed nameplate capacity and does not require publicly available post-construction monitoring studies that examine the impacts of wind energy production on surrounding fauna. This thesis examines potential wind energy impacts on avian and bat species in Texas through a three-part objective. The first two objectives synthesize literature on variables attractive to species within wind development areas and estimate impacted ranges outside of Texas, based on studies examining wind energy's environmental impacts. The third objective focuses on Texas wind development potential for interaction with rare, threatened and endangered species of birds and bats using GIS analysis with a potential hazard index (PHI) model, which addresses broad-spectrum, high risk variables examined within the first two objectives. Assuming areas with higher wind speeds have potential for wind development, PHI values were calculated for 31 avian and ten bat species, based on an analysis of species range data obtained from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and wind data obtained from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Results indicate one avian species, Tympanuchus pallidicinctus, is at high risk for wind development interaction on an annual basis, with 20 species of birds and nine species of bats at higher risk during the spring season. This macro-scale approach for identifying high risk species in Texas could be used as a model to apply to other conterminous states' preliminary evaluation of wind energy impacts.

The Master Thesis is part of the Smart Grid Gotlandproject. This project aims at implementing smart grid solutionson the island of Gotland in order to be able to efficientlyintegrate large quantities of renewable energy production.In situations of high wind power production and lowconsumption, energy export problems may occur betweenGotland and the mainland. A novel approach to manageanticipated congestions, compared to traditional gridreinforcements, consists of using flexibility from demandresponse(DR) resources. However, such an approach presentschallenges as it requires both technical and economic considerations.This Master Thesis proposes and analyses twomarket-based strategies applied to detached houses for dayaheadcongestion management. The strategies are implementedin an Ancillary Service toolbox developed in theMATLAB programming environment.The first strategy involves using a dynamic network tariffwhile the second uses spot price optimization. Simulationsare performed for seasonal worst-case congestion scenarioswhile satisfying comfort and economic constraints ofthe DR participants. A sensitivity analysis is carried out toassess the impact of different spot price profiles and windpower production prognosis errors on the results.Results show that congestions are managed with a feasiblenumber of participants, but that their savings are negligiblefor both strategies (between 2 and 40 SEK/participant).Moreover, using a dynamic network tariff strategy impliesa DSO cost in the range of 1700-89000 SEK. These resultsapply for a 3-days congestion period, which is estimated tooccur 5-6 times a year if the maximum hosting capacity isincreased by 5 MW.To conclude, an AS toolbox with economic constraintsis feasible for Gotland conditions with a reasonable numberof DR participants. However, the simple cost-benefitanalysis that was carried out showed that the AS toolboxapproach was still much more costly than traditional gridreinforcement.