Η αιολική ενέργεια είναι το κλειδί για να επιτευχθεί ο στόχος της Ε.Ε. για συμμετοχή των Α.Π.Ε. στην παραγωγή ενέργειας σε ποσοστό τουλάχιστον 20% το 2020.Για το λόγο αυτό, αυτή η διπλωματική εργασία έχει σκοπό τη μελέτη των επιπτώσεων του συστήματος αιολικής ενέργειας στο σύστημα ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας.Η έρευνα επικεντρώνεται στο τμήμα των δυναμικών επιπτώσεων, που αφορά κυρίως στις μεταβολές της αέργου ισχύος και των τάσεων στους ζυγούς του συστήματος λόγω μεταβολών διαφόρων παραμέτρων όπως ο άνεμος, οι γραμμές μεταφοράς και διάφορα είδη σφαλμάτων. / The contribution of renewable sources of energy in percent at least 20% is the energy goal of E.U. in 2020.Thus, wind power is considered to be the key to the achievement of this goal.For this reason, this diploma thesis intendsto study the influences of the wind power system to the electrical power system.The research specifies in the section of the dynamic influences, which mostly includes the variations of the voltage and the reactive powe in the systems buses due to variations of variables such as the wind speed, the transmission lines and different types of fault.

Στις μέρες μας παρατηρείται μία εγκατάλειψη των συμβατικών μορφών ενέργειας και μια ταυτόχρονη στροφή προς τις ανανεώσιμες. Από την συνδυασμένη χρήση δύο ή και περισσότερων ανανεώσιμων, συνήθως, μορφών ενέργειας προκύπτουν τα υβριδικά συστήματα ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας. Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διπλωματικής αναλύεται ένα υβριδικό σύστημα το οποίο χρησιμοποιεί δύο ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας, αυτές του νερού και του αέρα. Η ανάλυση αυτού του υβριδικού συστήματος στηρίζεται σε δεδομένα τα οποία προέρχονται από το υπό κατασκευή υβριδικό έργο της Ικαρίας. Τέτοια συστήματα νησιών χαρακτηρίζονται ως συστήματα Μη $ιασυνδεδεμένων Νήσων, καθώς είναι αυτόνομα, αξιοποιώντας πηγές ενέργειας με τις οποίες τα νησιά αυτά είναι «ευλογημένα»,σε σχέση με άλλες περιοχές της ενδοχώρας όπως π.χ ο άνεμος. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια σύντομη περιγραφή των βασικών αρχών στις οποίες στηρίζεται η κατασκευή των υδροηλεκτρικών και των αιολικών σταθμών και δίνεται ο ορισμός των υβριδικών συστημάτων ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας . Στα κεφάλαια δύο και τρία περιγράφονται βασικά μεγέθη για το υβριδικό έργο της Ικαρίας, καθώς και κανονισμοί λειτουργίας για αυτό . Στο κεφάλαιο 4 παρατίθεται η λογική στην οποία στηρίχθηκαν οι προσομοιώσεις καθώς και αποτελέσματα, γραφήματα και συμπεράσματα τα οποία προέκυψαν από αυτές .Ακολουθούν το παράρτημα και η βιβλιογραφία . / Nowadays there is an abandonment of conventional energy and a simultaneous shift to renewable energy. From the combined use of two or more renewable, usually, the resulting energy hybrid power systems. In the present study analyzed a hybrid system which uses two sources of renewable energy, which water and air. The analysis of this hybrid system is based on data from the hybrid under construction project of Ikaria. Such systems are islands designated as Non systems $ iasyndedemenon Islands, are autonomous, drawing energy with which the islands they are "blessed" than other inland areas like the wind. The first chapter is a brief description of the principles underpinning the construction of hydroelectric and wind power stations and given the definition of hybrid power systems. Chapters two three a.m. described fundamentals for the hybrid project Ikaria and operating regulations for this. Chapter 4 sets out the rationale relied on simulations and the results, charts, and conclusions drawn from them. Here are the Annex and the literature.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / Wind energy has proven to be a viable source of clean energy, and the worldwide demand is growing rapidly. Variable speed topologies, with synchronous generators and full-scale converters, are becoming more popular, and the e ective control of these systems is a current trend in wind energy research. The purpose of this study is the modelling, design, simulation and implementation of a small-scale, variable speed wind energy conversion system, incorporating the position sensorless direct torque control with space vector modulation, of a permanent magnet synchronous generator, including an RLC converter lter. Another aim is the development of a gain scheduling algorithm that facilitates the high level control of the system. Mathematical models of the combined lter-generator model, in the stationary and rotating reference frames, are presented and discussed, from which equivalent approximate transfer functions are derived for the design of the controller gains. The design of the controller gains, RLC lter components, gain scheduling concept and maximum power point tracking controller are presented. It is discovered that the RLC lter damping resistance has a signi cant e ect on the resonance frequency of the system. The system is simulated dynamically in both Simulink and the VHDL-AMS programming language. Additionally, the maximum power point tracking controller is simulated in the VHDL-AMS simulation, including a wind turbine simulator. The simulation results demonstrate good dynamic performance, as well as the variable speed operation of the system. The practical results of torque and speed controllers show satisfactory performance, and correlate well with simulated results. The detailed gain scheduling algorithm is presented and discussed. A nal test of the complete system yields satisfactory practical results, and con rms that the objectives of this thesis have been reached.

A conexão da geração eólica aos sistemas de distribuição pode causar problemas de qualidade de energia, tais como afundamentos e flutuações de tensão. A geração eólica pode também interferir de forma prejudicial nas estratégias operacionais e de controle utilizadas nos sistemas de distribuição. Por outro lado, o uso de estratégias de controle adequadas pode permitir que a geração eólica mitigue problemas de qualidade de energia relacionados com a regulação de tensão e contribua para melhorar a confiabilidade dos sistemas de distribuição. Neste contexto, esse trabalho propõe estratégias de controle coordenado de tensão para sistemas de distribuição com unidades eólicas de geração distribuída. As estratégias de controle propostas visam possibilitar que a geração eólica contribua de forma coordenada com a regulação de tensão no sistema de distribuição. O controle proposto coordenado com a operação típica de transformadores com controle automático de tap e banco de capacitores chaveados permite que a geração eólica atenue variações e flutuações de tensão causadas pelas variações normais de vento e carga do sistema. O foco do trabalho é a regulação de tensão na barra de média tensão da subestação, considerando a conexão da geração eólica nesse ponto do sistema. Estratégias de controle envolvendo a previsão da velocidade do vento também são propostas para melhorar o desempenho do sistema de controle de tensão. As estratégias propostas podem ser implementadas por meio de uma malha de controle suplementar inserida na unidade eólica de geração. As avaliações e validações realizadas foram baseadas em um sistema de distribuição com topologia típica e considerando dados reais para a linha de transmissão e transformador com comutação de tap com carga (OLTC, do Inglês, On-Load Tap Changer), assim como dados reais de velocidade de vento e curva de carga para o sistema. O estudo também avalia o impacto causado pela conexão da geração eólica na tensão de sistemas de distribuição considerando diferentes níveis de inserção da geração eólica e diferentes classes de vento. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a eficiência das estratégias propostas na regulação da tensão e redução do número de comutações de tap. / The connection of wind generation to distribution systems can cause power quality problems such as voltage sags and voltage fluctuations. The wind generation can also detrimentally affect the operational and control strategies employed in the distribution systems. On the other hand, the use of suitable control strategies may allow wind generation to mitigate power quality problems related to voltage regulation and to improve the reliability of distribution systems. In this context, this work proposes strategies for coordinated voltage control in distribution systems with wind generation. The proposed control strategies aim at enabling wind generation to contribute to coordinated voltage regulation in the distribution system. The proposed coordinated control with the typical operations of On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) transformers and switched capacitor bank, allows the wind power attenuates voltage variations and voltage fluctuations caused by normal changes in system load and wind speed. The focus of this work is the voltage regulation at the medium voltage bus in the substation, considering the connection of wind generation at this point the system. Control strategies involving the prediction of wind speed are also proposed to improve the performance of the voltage control system, and can be implemented by means of a supplementary control loop add to wind generation unit. The evaluations and validations were based on a distribution system with typical topology and considering actual data for the transmission line and OLTC transformer, as well as real data of wind speed and load curve. The study also evaluates the impact caused by the connection of wind generation, for different penetration levels of generation and different wind power classes, on the voltage magnitude of a distribution system. The obtained results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed strategies in regulating the system voltage and reducing the number of tap changes.

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal propor um conversor bridgeless SEPIC trifásico com elevado fator de potência, baseado em um conversor monofásico apresentado em Costa (2015). Como objetivo secundário e a fim de assimilar o funcionamento do conversor, é estudado o conversor monofásico e então é proposta uma modulação alternativa para comando dos transistores. Outro objetivo secundário é a aplicação do retificador proposto em um sistema de aerogerador de pequeno porte (AGPP), a fim de que este conversor possa processar a energia elétrica gerada sendo proposta também uma metodologia de controle de maximização da potência gerada (MPPT). No desenvolvimento do retificador monofásico é apresentada a análise teórica com cada modulação e posterior equacionamento. Posteriormente, são mostrados os resultados de simulação e experimentais para as duas modulações, podendo-se comparar rendimento, THD e fator de potência. As condições nominais para o conversor monofásico são: tensão eficaz de entrada de 220 V, tensão de saída de 200 V, frequência de comutação de 50 kHz e potência de saída de 500 W. Contextualizando a aplicação do retificador trifásico, é apresentado o funcionamento de um sistema de geração eólica, onde primeiramente tem-se uma introdução dos principais conceitos de energia eólica, seguido de um panorama do aproveitamento da energia eólica no mundo e no Brasil. Em seguida pode-se ver o funcionamento dos sistemas eólicos, apresentando as turbinas e geradores utilizados. Então, propõe-se um modelo, baseado em um retificador trifásico bridgeless SEPIC PFC em MCD processando a energia proveniente do aerogerador. O conversor proposto é então simulado e implementado, utilizando o método MPPT para controlá-lo, a fim de comprovar o modelo e a teoria proposta. As especificações para o conversor trifásico são: tensão eficaz de entrada de 90 V, tensão de saída de 250 V, frequência de comutação de 25 kHz e potência de saída de 1500 W. / The main objective of this dissertation is to propose a three-phase bridgeless SEPIC PFC rectifier, based on a single-phase converter presented in Costa (2015). As a secondary objective and in order to assimilate the operation of the converter, the single-phase converter is studied, and an alternative modulation is proposed for controlling the transistors compared with a traditional PWM modulation, in order to obtain results that justify or not its use in the converter proposed. Another secondary objective is the application of the proposed rectifier in a small-scale wind turbine system, in order that this converter can process the electric energy generated; also is proposed a methodology of control of maximization (MPPT) of generated power. To develop this study, is presented the theoretical analysis with each modulation, followed by design equations. Subsequently are shown the results of numerical simulation and experimental for the two modulations, being able to compare efficiency, THD and power factor. The nominal conditions for the single-phase converter are: rms input voltage of 220 V, output voltage of 200 V, switching frequency of 50 kHz and output power of 500 W. Contextualizing the application of the three-phase rectifier: has an introduction of the main wind power concepts, followed by an overview of wind energy in the world and in Brazil. Then one can see the operation of wind turbines and electrical generators. Next, is propose a system based on a three-phase bridgeless PFC SEPIC rectifier in DCM processing the energy from the wind turbine. This proposed model is then simulated and implemented using the MPPT method to control it, to prove the model and the proposed theory. The specifications for the three-phase converter are: rms input voltage of 90 V, output voltage of 250 V, switching frequency of 25 kHz and output power of 1500 W.

Fundação Araucária / Este trabalho apresenta o estudo, projeto e simulação de um conversor CC boost, com controle da tensão de saída utilizando redes neurais. O conversor boost estudado neste trabalho está sendo utilizado em um aerogerador de baixa potência, com potência máxima de 3kW. Devido à operação em velocidade variável do aerogerador, a tensão de entrada no conversor também é variável em uma ampla faixa de operação, e a saída deve ser estabilizada para uma tensão fixa. Isso faz com que haja a necessidade do controle do conversor para que as diferenças na tensão de entrada sejam compensadas. Para a compensação dessa diferença, foi projetado um controlador utilizando o método de lugar das raízes. A modelagem do conversor boost também é apresentada. O controlador fornece o tempo de atuação da chave semicondutora de potência utilizada no conversor, controlando assim a tensão de saída. A variação na tensão de entrada, que pode variar de 50V a 350V, faz com que o controlador não atue de forma otimizada para todos os pontos de operação. Dessa forma, um controlador neural foi projetado para que trabalhe como controlador, compensando distúrbios de tensão de entrada do conversor. A validação dos controles foi efetuada através de simulação utilizando o software Matlab/Simulink, para confirmação do desenvolvimento teórico apresentado no trabalho. / This work presents the study, design and simulation of a DC boost converter with output voltage control using neural networks. The boost converter studied in this work is being used in a wind turbine low power, with maximum power of 3kW. Due to the operation of the variable speed of the wind turbine, the input voltage of the converter is also variable over a wide operating range, and the output must be stabilized to a fixed voltage. This means that there is a need to control the converter so that differences in input voltage are compensated. To compensation this difference, a controller was designed using the root locus method. The modeling of the boost converter is also presented. The controller provides the time of operation of power semiconductor switch used in the converter, thereby controlling the output voltage. The variation in input voltage, which can vary from 50V to 350V, makes the driver does not act optimally for all operating points. Thus, a neural controller is designed to work as a controller, compensating disturbances of the converter input voltage. The validation of this controller was performed by simulation using Matlab / Simulink software, to confirm the theoretical development presented in the work.

La conception d'un microsystème de conversion d'énergie éolienne représente le cœur de cette étude. L'attention est dérivée vers le générateur sans balais à aimant permanent et auto-commutation, avec la configuration de rotor externe et des tensions électromotrices de forme trapézoïdale. L'objectif global de la thèse est représentée par la tentative de déterminer les paramètres optimaux de conception géométriques et électriques du générateur qui donne les plus faibles pertes totales dans le système, en fonctionnant sous un cycle du vent à long terme et ainsi en augmentant l'efficacité globale du système. En avance à l'optimisation, un modèle de simulation adapté doit être développé en termes de précision des résultats et du temps de simulation. Cela se fait dans la première partie de la thèse en déterminant le niveau de modélisation, ainsi que les variables de conception de chacun des composants du système. Comme l'optimisation fait appel à un algorithme pour le processus de conception, la réduction du temps de simulation a été étudiée dans la troisième et la quatrième partie de la thèse, en développant une méthode appropriée qui permet l'intégration et l'exploitation des données provenant du profil de vitesse du vent lors la détermination de la totalité des pertes de puissance du système. Par la suite, la méthode d'optimisation est présentée, même les résultats optimaux obtenus, ainsi que la comparaison de plusieurs paramètres d'entrée / sortie. Enfin, des essais expérimentaux sont également effectués sur un générateur de référence afin de vérifier la technique de commutation et de contrôle électronique. / The design of a micro-wind energy conversion system represents the core of this study. The attention is derived towards the brushless DC permanent magnet generator with outer rotor configuration and trapezoidal induced back-EMF voltages. The global aim of the thesis is represented by the attempt of determining the optimal geometrical and electrical design parameters of the BLDCPM generator that give the minimum total power losses in the system, over long-term wind speed cycle operation and thereby increasing the efficiency of the overall system. In advance to the optimization, an adapted simulation model needs to be developed in terms of results accuracy and simulation time. This is done in the first part of the thesis by determining the modeling level, as well as the design variables of each component of the system. As the optimization appeals to an algorithm for the design process, the reduction of the simulation time has been investigated in the third and fourth part of the thesis by developing a suitable method that allows the integration and exploitation of the available data from the wind-speed profile when determining the totality of the power losses in the system. Afterwards, the optimization methodology is presented along with the optimum results obtained, as well as comparison of several input/output parameters. Finally, experimental tests are also carried out on a reference BLDCPM machine prototype in order to verify its electronic commutation and control technique

Community benefit schemes in the context of wind power are increasingly provisioned by developers as a means of generating local socio-economic and environmental value, fostering social relations and strengthening acceptance. Determining an appropriate and effective benefit scheme can prove challenging, given the variation of exposed stakeholders, diversity in schemes and the lack of decision making guidance. A multi-criteria decision aid framework for identifying the most appropriate scheme(s) for a hypothetical wind power project is developed. The framework is based on AHP and PROMETHEE II decision support tool, where six (6) alternative schemes are assessed using the preferences of five (5) stakeholders and their relevant criteria. The framework was applied to a fictitious development on the island of Gotland. Results from the applied example indicate that the most locally suited outcome was the ownership based models. It is anticipated that the methodological framework can help identify the scheme(s) that respond to the needs and preferences of the locality. Moreover, a decision making platform of this nature can provide practical support to developers, communities and local authorities, and contribute to a more effective and efficient development and negotiation process surrounding community benefit schemes.

Atmospheric icing presents serious challenges to the development of wind power of the wind energy industry in cold regions. The potential detrimental impact on the safe operation of wind turbines and the energy harvest hasn't been fully understood and requires further investigation. This thesis presents the research on icing profiles under different weather conditions and their impact on natural frequency, fatigue life, and lift and drag of the wind turbine blade. The research aims to develop a further understanding of the effect of atmospheric ice accretion on the structural integrity and aerodynamic performance of wind turbine blades through numerical and aerodynamic investigations to address the challenges facing the industry. A 5-MW NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) wind turbine blade was selected for this study, due to availability of required geometric design parameters and experimental data for verification. The turbine rotor and its three blades were modelled and numerically simulated with commercial finite element software ANSYS. Three icing scenarios were chosen according to the ISO Standard and the corresponding icing profiles were developed to investigate their influence on vibrational behaviours of the wind turbine blade and rotor under different weather conditions. Icing loads were applied on the leading edge of the blade and natural frequency results were compared between clean and iced blades. It was found that harsh icing weather drove the natural frequency down to the near resonance limit, which could lead to significant issue on structural integrity of the wind turbine. The effect of atmospheric ice accretion with additional load due to varying wind speeds on the fatigue life of the wind turbine blade has been investigated. Significant reduction of fatigue life was found due to the increase of the von Mises stresses. Finally, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was carried out to investigate the effect of atmospheric ice accretion on the aerodynamic performance of typical 1-MW and 5-MW wind turbine blades. Results of the drag and lift coefficients and power production under different icing scenarios were obtained for five angles of attack. Compared with the results of the clean aerofoil profile, remarkable reduction in the power generation was observed due to the accreted ice at various aerofoil sections in the spanwise direction of the blade, demonstrating the detrimental impact of atmospheric icing on energy harvest for the wind energy industry.

The installation of variable renewable energy sources has rapidly increased during the last decade in several countries. It is likely that it will also increase in Sweden. Such a development could lead to periods of very high power production. In order to keep the stability of the electric grid, curtailment is the most common feed-in management method. This study examines how Power-to-Heat can utilize this surplus power in Swedish district heating systems instead of using curtailments and thereby facilitate the development of installed variable renewable energy sources. During this study a model was developed in MatLab where the capacity utilization was simulated for Power-to-Heat. The study indicates that the capacity utilization varies from 1,1–4,2 TWh electricity. In this scenario a share of the base load is substituted with new installed wind and solar power; 50 TWh respectively 10 TWh. The parameter that showed greatest sensitivity for the analysis were how the net power profile was simulated.