Speculative realism/historical fantasy are labels coined by Stanford University’s Ramon Saldivar. Saldivar describes this genre as “a way of documenting things that have happened, or could happen” (the realist component), but warping realism into science fiction and fantasy, blending and bending the genres (Dickason). In his 2013 article “The Second Elevation of the Novel: Race, Form and the Postrace Aesthetic in Contemporary Narrative,” Ramon Saldivar brings an interesting perspective to how a new generation of authors have taken this genre and exposed utopia as fraud. He argues that as many writers (often members of minorities) seek to challenge the status quo and explore new territories with their prose, a new genre has been born from the utopian and dystopian schools- the genre he coins “speculative realism.” Implicit in his labelling of a new genre is the assumption that existing genres (created and nurtured by the dominant groups in society) are inadequate vehicles for the sort of work these authors seek to do, and in order to make their unique contributions, they have had to become pioneers in the field. Specifically, these authors have focused on utopian and dystopian worlds and have exposed the ruling class ideology hidden in the resolution. This new genre provides perfect material from which to draw texts that encourage students to grapple with the difficult concepts of how society should be organized, and what means might be required to achieve it. This project was developed with high school pedagogical practice in the forefront, therefore texts are chosen based on genre, grade level/interest, and thematic/ideological content. Within each group, the texts are chosen to highlight the deliberate indoctrination present within the current curriculum, and through comparison demonstrate how substituting speculative realist and historical fantasy for dystopian and historical fiction novels both educates and empowers students. In the dystopian genre, the commonly taught Lord of the Flies by William Golding is compared and contrasted with Octavia Butler’s Earthseed series. To explore novels based on history, The Invention of Wings by Sue Monk Kidd is contrasted with the historical fantasy The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead.

No description available.

Experimental methods for the investigation of trailing vortex strengths, total lift, and lift distributions for three-dimensional wings in close proximity flight were developed. With these experiments we model compound aircraft flight either docked tip-to-tip, or flying in formation. There is a distinct lack of experimental formation flight data using three-dimensional wing models for tests. The absence of fixed walls on either end of the wing permits the development of the asymmetric shedding of vortices, and the determination of the asymmetric circulation distribution induced by the proximity of the leading wing. The pair consisted of a swept NACA-0012 non-cambered wing simulating one half of a leading aircraft and a rectangular cambered NACA 63-420 wing simulating the trailing aircraft. Important aspects of the work included theoretical development, experimental setup, data acquisition and processing, and results validation. Experimentally determining the lift for formation flight, in addition to the local flow behavior for a pair of wings, can provide valuable insight for the proposition of flying actual aircraft in formation to increase mission efficiency. To eliminate the need for bulky mounting stings and direct load measurement devices that can potentially interfere with the local flowfield, a minimally invasive velocity probe method is developed. A series of experiments were performed to assist with the development of the method. Velocity and vorticity distributions obtained along a near-field plane were processed to calculate wingtip vortex strengths. Additionally, vortex position instabilities and the shedding of vorticity inboard of the wingtips were observed. To determine the circulation distributions for the trailing wing, the initial method is modified. By processing velocity information acquired in a near-field plane, both the lift and induced drag were calculated for the trailing airfoil. Comparisons are made to directly measured loads and to results reported earlier. Directly measured lift and drag coefficients were found to agree with existing literature. / Master of Science

No description available.

The most volcanically active body in the solar systemand the innermost Galilean moon of Jupiter, Io, is theorizedto have a global magma ocean beneath it’s surface. Io is alsoin a fast-moving flow of plasma where the moon acts as anobstacle in the flow which generates several complex interactions.One important interaction is the propagation of Alfv ́en waves,a specific wave in plasma, and the associated creation of Alfv ́enwings. The proposed magma ocean on Io would give rise to aninduced magnetic field and this induced field would influencethe shape and direction of these Alfv ́en wings. In this project,our aim is to find out how the induced magnetic field from themagma ocean would affect Io’s Alfv ́en wings and then comparethe results of our studies with measurements from the NASAGalileo spacecraft. We want to develop methods that we can applyto the measured magnetic field data from a specific spacecraftflyby to find out where the spacecraft enters and exits the Alfv ́enwing. Two different methods will be attempted, one that examinesthe gradient of the measured magnetic field and one that createscross-sections of these Alfv ́en wings and track the spacecraftstrajectory through it. Our results show that the methods wedevelop for examining the Alfv ́en wings are efficient, but thegeometry of the spacecrafts trajectory is not useful for studyingthe influence of the induced fields on the Alfv ́en wing. Thislimits us in drawing any definite conclusions about the existenceof a global magma ocean. Future spacecraft flybys with bettertrajectories are needed to use our methods to decide whether amagma ocean exists or not. / Den mest vulkaniskt aktiva himlakroppen i vårt solsystem och den innersta galilenska månen, Io, kan ha ett globalt magmahav under ytan. Io är även i ett snabbt flöde av plasma där månen agerar som ett hinder i flödet, detta skapar flera olika komplexa interaktioner. En särskilt viktig interaktion är fortplantningen av Alfvénska vågor, en specifik våg inom plasma, och det associerade skapandet av Alfvénvingar. Det möjliga magmahavet på Io skulle ge upphov till ett inducerat magnetiskt fält and detta inducerade fält skulle påverka formen och riktningen på dessa Alfvénvingar. I detta projekt är vårt mål att ta reda på hur det inducerade magnetiska fältet från magmahavet skulle påverka Ios Alfvénvingar och sen jämföra resultatet av våra studier med mätningar från NASAs Galileo rymdskepp. Vi vill också undersöka banan av en specifik förbiflygning och ta reda på var rymdskeppet kommer in i, och ut ur, Alfvénvingen. För att göra detta undersöker vi gradienten av magnetfältet och försöker även skapa tvärsnitt av Alfvénvingarna. Våra resultat visar att metoderna som vi tar fram för att undersöka Alfvénvingarna är effektiva och bra, men problem med rymdskeppets bana förhindrar oss från att dra klara slutsatser om existensen av magmahavet. Framtida förbiflygningar med bättre banor behövs för att bestämma om ett magmahav existerar eller ej. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2020, KTH, Stockholm

This dissertation broadly seeks to understand the effect different kinematic parameters, external forces, and dynamic wing conformation have on the fluid dynamics of flapping flight. The primary motivation is to better grasp the fundamental fluid phenomena driving efficient flapping flight in the Reynolds number regime of birds, bats, and man made fliers of similar scale. The CFD solver (GenIDLEST) used is a Navier-Stokes solver in a finite volume formulation on non-staggered structured multiblock meshes. It has the capability for both body-fitted moving grid simulations and Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) for simulating complex bodies moving within a fluid. To that purpose we investigate the response of a rigid flapping thin surface planar wing in forward flight, at Re=10,000, subjected to frontal gusts. Gusts are a common ecological hazard for flapping fliers, especially in crowded environments. Among the various temporal and spatial scales of gust possible, we look at the phasing and duration of very large spatial scale gusts and their impact on the unsteady fluid dynamics of flapping within a single flapping cycle. The gust is characterized by a step function with time scale much smaller than the flapping time period. Having the advantage of prescribing the motion, as well as the timing and duration of the gust, this allowed the observation of the effect of angle of attack (AOA) and wing rotation on the evolution of the Leading Edge Vortex (LEV) and, hence the instantaneous lift and thrust profiles, by varying the parameters. During the downstroke, frontal gusts accelerated the flow development resulting in early separation of existing LEVs and formation of new ones on the wing surface which influenced the force generation by increasing the lift and thrust. These phenomena underscored the importance of the unsteady vortex structures as the primary force generators in flapping flight.The effect of the gust is observed to be diminished when it occurs during rapid supination of the wing. Unlike the influence of the vortices during the downstroke, the upstroke primarily reacted to effective AOA changes. A key characteristic of the kinematics of fliers in nature is stroke deviation. We investigate this phenomenon using a similar framework as above on a rigid thin surface flat-plate flapping wing in forward flight. Stroke deviation happens due to a variety of factors including wing flexion, wing lateral translation, and wing area change and here we investigate the different stroke deviation trajectories. Various trajectories were analyzed to assess the different capabilities that such kinematics might offer. The instantaneous lift and thrust profiles were observed to be influenced by a combination of the Leading Edge Vortex (LEV) and the Trailing Edge Vortex (TEV) structures existing in the flow at any given time. As an index of the cost of performance across all cases, the power requirements for the different cases, based on the fluid torques, are analyzed. Anti-clockwise figure-of-eight-cycle deviation is shown to be very complex with high power costs while having better performance. The clockwise elliptic-cycle held promise in being utilized as a viable stroke deviation trajectory for forward flight over the base non stroke deviation case. Armed with insight gained from these simple flapping structures, we are able to conduct the analysis of the flapping flight data obtained on a fruit bat. Understanding the full complexity of bat flight and the ways in which bat flight differs from that of other vertebrate flight requires attention to the intricate functional mechanics and architecture of the wings and the resulting unsteady transient mechanisms of the flow around the wings. We extract the detailed kinematic motion of the bat wing from the recorded data and then simulate the bat wing motion in the CFD framework for a range of Reynolds numbers. The Strouhal number calculated from the data is high indicating that the flow physics is dominated by the oscillatory motion. From the data the bat exhibits fine control of its mechanics by actively varying wing camber, wing area, torsional rotation of the wing, forward and backward translational sweep of the wing, and wing conformation to dictate the fluid dynamics. As is common in flapping flight, the primary force generation is through the attached unsteady vortices on the wing surface. This force output is modulated by the bat through varying wing camber and the wing area. Proper orthogonal decomposition of the wing kinematics is undertaken to compile a simpler set of kinematic modes that can approximate the original motion used by the fruit bat. These modes are then analyzed based on aerodynamic performance and power cost for more efficient flight. Understanding the physics of these modes will help us use them as prescribed kinematics for mechanical flappers as well as improve upon them from nature. / Ph. D.

Engineers have long been inspired by nature's flyers. Such animals navigate complex environments gracefully and efficiently by using a variety of evolutionary adaptations for high-performance flight. Biologists have discovered a variety of sensory adaptations that provide flow state feedback and allow flying animals to feel their way through flight. A specialized skeletal wing structure and plethora of robust, adaptable sensory systems together allow nature's flyers to adapt to myriad flight conditions and regimes. In this work, motivated by biology and the successes of bio-inspired, engineered aerial vehicles, linear quadratic control of a flexible, morphing wing design is investigated, helping to pave the way for truly autonomous, mission-adaptive craft. The proposed control algorithm is demonstrated to morph a wing into desired positions. Furthermore, motivated specifically by the sensory adaptations organisms possess, this work transitions to an investigation of aircraft wing load identification using structural response as measured by distributed sensors. A novel, recursive estimation algorithm is utilized to recursively solve the inverse problem of load identification, providing both wing structural and aerodynamic states for use in a feedback control, mission-adaptive framework. The recursive load identification algorithm is demonstrated to provide accurate load estimate in both simulation and experiment. / Graduation date: 2012

Advancing towards `better' wind turbine designs engineers face two central challenges: first, current aerodynamic models (based on Blade Element Momentum theory) are inherently limited to comparatively simple designs of flat rotors with straight blades. However, such designs present only a subset of possible designs. Better concepts could be coning rotors, swept or kinked blades, or blade tip modifications. To be able to extend future turbine optimization to these new concepts a different kind of aerodynamic model is needed. Second, it is difficult to include long term loads (life time extreme and fatigue loads) directly into the wind turbine design optimization. This is because with current methods the assessment of long term loads is computationally very expensive -- often too expensive for optimization. This denies the optimizer the possibility to fully explore the effects of design changes on important life time loads, and one might settle with a sub-optimal design. In this dissertation we present work addressing these two challenges, looking at wing aerodynamics in general and focusing on wind turbine loads in particular. We adopt a Lagrangian vortex model to analyze bird wings. Equipped with distinct tip feathers, these wings present very complex lifting surfaces with winglets, stacked in sweep and dihedral. Very good agreement between experimental and numerical results is found, and thus we confirm that a vortex model is actually capable of analyzing complex new wing and rotor blade geometries. Next stochastic methods are derived to deal with the time and space coupled unsteady aerodynamic equations. In contrast to deterministic models, which repeatedly analyze the loads for different input samples to eventually estimate life time load statistics, the new stochastic models provide a continuous process to assess life time loads in a stochastic context -- starting from a stochastic wind field input through to a stochastic solution for the load output. Hence, these new models allow obtaining life time loads much faster than from the deterministic approach, which will eventually make life time loads accessible to a future stochastic wind turbine optimization algorithm. While common stochastic techniques are concerned with random parameters or boundary conditions (constant in time), a stochastic treatment of turbulent wind inflow requires a technique capable to handle a random field. The step from a random parameter to a random field is not trivial, and hence the new stochastic methods are introduced in three stages. First the bird wing model from above is simplified to a one element wing/ blade model, and the previously deterministic solution is substituted with a stochastic solution for a one-point wind speed time series (a random process). Second, the wind inflow is extended to an $n$-point correlated random wind field and the aerodynamic model is extended accordingly. To complete this step a new kind of wind model is introduced, requiring significantly fewer random variables than previous models. Finally, the stochastic method is applied to wind turbine aerodynamics (for now based on Blade Element Momentum theory) to analyze rotor thrust, torque, and power. Throughout all these steps the stochastic results are compared to result statistics obtained via Monte Carlo analysis from unsteady reference models solved in the conventional deterministic framework. Thus it is verified that the stochastic results actually reproduce the deterministic benchmark. Moreover, a considerable speed-up of the calculations is found (for example by a factor 20 for calculating blade thrust load probability distributions). Results from this research provide a means to much more quickly analyze life time loads and an aerodynamic model to be used a new wind turbine optimization framework, capable of analyzing new geometries, and actually optimizing wind turbine blades with life time loads in mind. However, to limit the scope of this work, we only present the aerodynamic models here and will not proceed to turbine optimization itself, which is left for future work. / Graduate / 0538 / 0548 / mfluck@uvic.ca

The aerodynamic performance of low aspect ratio wings at low Reynolds numbers applicable to micro air vehicle design was studied in this thesis. There is an overall lack of data for this low Reynolds number range, particularly concerning details of local flow behavior along the span. Experiments were conducted to measure the local pressure distributions on a wing at various spanwise locations in a Reynolds number range 30000 < Re < 90000. The model wing consisted of numerous wing sections and had a rectangular planform with NACA0012 airfoil shape with aspect ratio of one. One wing section, with pressure ports at various chordwise locations, was placed at different spanwise locations on a wing to effectively obtain the local pressure information. Integration of the pressure distributions yielded the local lift coefficients. Comparison of the local lift distributions to optimal elliptic lift distribution was conducted. This comparison showed a sharply peaked lift distribution near the wing tip resulting in a drastic deviation from the equivalent elliptic lift distributions predicted by the finite wing theory. The local lift distributions were further analyzed to determine the total lift coefficients vs angle of attack curves, span efficiency factors and the induced drag coefficients. Measured span efficiency factors, which were lower than predictions of the elliptic wing theory, can be understood by studying deviations of measured lift from the elliptic lift distribution. We conclude that elliptic wing theory is not sufficient to predict these aerodynamic performance parameters. Overall, these local measurements provided a better understanding of the low Reynolds number aerodynamics of the low aspect ratio wings.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - José Elias Domingos Costa Marques - 2016.PDF: 4189898 bytes, checksum: 2e0859014e269cd8e7ebb009443af06c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-21 / This doctoral thesis works with the theme of youth and political participation, specifically with regard to youth organizations militating within the political parties, namely youth wings. While subunits institutionally recognized by the parties in Brazil, the youths in the parties is a key area not only as a fertile field for formal political socialization, but mostly because participate in the arena of disputes and intra-party influences. These points draw the central issue: how institutional working dynamics of party youth organizations and what their role and influence in the arena party politics? In order to delimit the object of research and enable a higher breath study, from a specific focus subject, we analyzed in depth the Party's Youth Organisation of Workers Party (Brazil). The objective of the research in this sense is to analyze a party subunit "Juventude do PT" as the dynamics of organizational operation and intra-party political position, trajectory of institutional performance, as well as the motivations, goals, beliefs of young people who choose to military in a political party. The methodology from the point of view of the problem approach is qualitative and quantitative nature and the technical procedures for collecting consisted of indirect documentation collection technique and technique of intensive direct observation. We conclude that the ongoing institutionalization of JPT over three decades is accompanied by the maintenance of control of party leadership in some aspects of its political movement and deliberation, wich directly affecting its organizational autonomy. To function effectively, the JPT needs partisan leaders approval of material incentives and ratification of more general initiatives. The youth militants of PT reproduce in their youth organization disputes between the trends observed in the party sphere and the axes student movement and elections have been incorporated in the last decade other fronts of political intervention. And they envisage in a political party the opportunity to concretize in the field of political dispute their concerns about social problems and the building of ideals. / Esta tese de doutorado trabalha com a temática da juventude e participação política, especificamente no que se refere às organizações de jovens que militam dentro dos partidos políticos, a saber, as Juventudes Partidárias. Enquanto subunidades reconhecidas institucionalmente pelos partidos no Brasil, as juventudes nos partidos constituem um espaço crucial não somente como campo fértil de socialização política formal, mas principalmente porque participam na arena das disputas e influências intrapartidárias. Destes pontos extraímos a problemática central: como é a dinâmica de funcionamento institucional das organizações juvenis partidárias e qual seu papel e influência na arena política partidária? De forma a delimitar o objeto da pesquisa e possibilitar um estudo de maior fôlego, partindo de um recorte específico do tema, analisamos em profundidade a organização Juventude do Partido dos Trabalhadores. O objetivo da pesquisa, neste sentido, visa analisar uma subunidade partidária “Juventude do PT” quanto a sua dinâmica de funcionamento organizacional e posicionamento político intrapartidário, trajetória de atuação institucional, bem como as motivações, objetivos, crenças dos jovens que optam por militar em um partido político. A metodologia, do ponto de vista da abordagem do problema, é de cunho quali-quantitativa e os procedimentos técnicos de coleta consistiram no acesso a documentação indireta e técnica da observação direta intensiva, seguida da triangulação dos dados e análises sintonizadas com os objetivos propostos para esta pesquisa. Constatamos que a institucionalização em curso da JPT ao longo de três décadas vem acompanhada da manutenção do controle da direção partidária em alguns aspectos de sua movimentação política e deliberação, afetando diretamente sua autonomia organizativa. Para funcionar efetivamente, a JPT precisa da anuência dos dirigentes partidários em relação aos incentivos materiais e ratificação das iniciativas mais gerais. Os jovens petistas reproduzem em sua organização de juventude as disputas entre as tendências observadas na esfera partidária e aos eixos movimento estudantil e eleições progressivamente vêm sendo incorporadas na última década outras frentes de intervenção política. E eles vislumbram em um partido político a oportunidade de concretizar no campo da disputa política suas inquietações quanto aos problemas sociais e edificação de ideais.