Thesis (M.E.S.)--The Evergreen State College, 2007. / Title from title screen viewed (1/17/2008). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-68).

Für das Modell Erosion 3D wird derzeit an der TU Bergakademie Freiberg ein Wintermodul entwickelt. Mit diesem soll es möglich werden, den aus der Schneeschmelze resultierenden Oberflächenabfluß und dessen Sedimentgehalt zu modellieren. Ziel dieser Studienarbeit ist es, zum einen die Schneedecke im „Schäfertal“ zu charakterisieren und zum anderen das Modell Erosion 3D/Winter Version zu überprüfen. Das Ergebnis der Auswertung von gemessener Lufttemperatur, Schneehöhe und dazugehörigem Wasseräquivalent hat ergeben, das selbst in Kleineinzugsgebieten wie dem Schäfertal die Schneedecke eine sehr große Heterogenität aufweißt. Diese Heterogenität nimmt mit zunehmendem Alter der Schneedecke zu. Bei der Ausführung des Modells Erosion 3D/Winter Version muß zu Beginn der Modellierung ein Schneeschmelzfaktor eingegeben werden. Eine empirische Bestimmung ergab, daß ein Schneeschmelzfaktor mit dem Wert 1 für das „Schäfertal“ die besten Simulationsergebnisse liefert. Weiterhin muß festgelegt werden, ob die Böden im Untersuchungsgebiet zum Zeitpunkt der Modellierung gefroren oder nicht gefroren sind. Diese Entscheidung ist problematisch: Einerseits wird selten die Bodentemperatur gemessen, die nicht zwangsläufig mit der Lufttemperatur korreliert. Anderseits befindet sich im Untersuchungsgebiet nur ein Lufttemperaturmesspunkt. Somit ist es schwierig eine exakte Verteilung des Parameters zu erhalten, insbesondere da es eine starke Gliederung in Nord- und Südhanglagen gibt. In Anlehnung an die große Heterogenität der Schneedecke kann davon ausgegangen werden, daß es falsch ist anzunehmen, daß im gesamten Untersuchungsgebiet über den Modellierzeitraum gleiche Bedingungen vorliegen (gefrorene bzw. nicht gefrorene Böden). Somit wird der große Einfluß des Bodenfrostes nicht optimal in dieser Modellversion beachtet. Für die Überprüfung des Modells Erosion 3D/Winter Version wurde zunächst eine Sensitivitätsanalyse durchgeführt, um das Verhalten der Modellergebnisse gegenüber der Lagerungsdichte, dem Erosionswiderstand und der Rauhigkeit herauszufinden. Diese Sensitivitätsanalyse ergab, daß bei den Parametern Erosionswiderstand und Rauhigkeit die Annahme „Bodenfrost“ keinen Einfluß auf das Ergebnis der Modellierung hat. Einen großen Einfluß hat die Annahme „Bodenfrost“ allerdings bei Betrachtung der Lagerungsdichte die im Programm Erosion 3D/Winter Version ein zentraler Parametern ist. Gefrorene Böden überspringen das Infiltrationsmodul, somit ist deren Sensitivität wegen fehlender Infiltration Null. Ohne Bodenfrost ist der Parameter durch seine hohe Sensitivität wie schon im E3D sehr bedeutend. Die Ablation der Schneedecke wird von Erosion 3D/Winter Version sehr gut berechnet, doch bei der Akkumulation von Schnee treten bei der verwendeten Version Fehler auf, denn das simulierte Wasseräquivalent ist um einiges höher als das gemessene. Aus diesem Grund war es nicht möglich das Programm für das Schäfertal zu validieren.

Based on analysis build the profile of domestic and foreign visitor in selected area of Lipno. A partial aim of this thesis is to make a methodology for the profile of domestic and foreign visitors. The investigation was carried out between December 2010 and January 2011 in selected area of microregion. As the method was chosen observing and questioning. The chosen territory means the area of Lipno Ski Resort and the village Lipno nad Vltavou and Frymburk. This area was chosen deliberately, since there is the necessary equipment for winter sports and because there are the greatest concentration of visitors in the winter. The increasing number of visitors during the last few winter seasons is the reason for the implementation of the questioning is in this season. The outcome of the thesis is the profile of domestic and foreign visitor in selected area of Lipno and the methodology of compiling the profile of domestic and foreign visitors in any chosen area.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:47:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila_Ducati.pdf: 1229241 bytes, checksum: 0880bcc64cf9d89389cf4eef6e2a7e0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Were conducted for two years, with two studies to evaluate the use of oat long cycle Iapar 61 single or grown in association with legumes birdsfoot trefoil, with planting of corn in succession as a summer crop. The first study evaluated the structural, production characteristics, nutritional value of oat (Avena strigosa Iapar 61) grown single or associated with birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus cv. St. Gabriel). The second experiment was conducted in two years with the aim to evaluate the structural , production characteristics , gas exchange IRGA (Infra Red Gas Analyser , Li - 6400XT , Licor , Lincoln , Nebraska) and chlorophyll content (SPAD index) of maize grown in succession to winter crops mentioned above . In the first experiment, two courts of oats in the first year and grazing periods in the second year, with average intervals of 30 days. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with split plot, with the first year: two cropping systems: single or intercropped with birdsfoot trefoil with two periods of four replicates and oats oatmeal. In the second year, four tillage systems: conventional tillage oats, oat stubble tillage on corn, oats overseeded area of birdsfoot trefoil and single, with three cycles of growth and four replications. In the second study with corn, the experimental design used in the first and second year was a randomized split plot with blocks respectively. The following winter crops Corn was studied in succession: oat conventional tillage, no-till oats, oats in combination with birdsfoot trefoil, birdsfoot single, oats associated with nitrogen fertilization on ryegrass and oats associated with ryegrass nitrogen fertilization, with four replications. After planting corn the second year, we assessed the structural features for 70 days. Before the corn harvest, were picked manually ears of corn in three rows of four meters, which evaluated the number of grain rows, number of kernels per row, ear diameter, ear length, subsequent to these reviews, was made the threshing of grain for measurement of productivity data. The findings of the first study show that oats have reduced their production when combined with birdsfoot dry matter, but the total production (oat + birdsfoot trefoil) equates to the other treatments. In the first year dry matter yield of oats was higher when associated with birdsfoot the second cut (3750 kg ha - 1) compared to that obtained in the tillage of oat (2599 kg ha -1). In the second year, the highest dry matter production of oat occurred before the second grazing under no-tillage (4451.98 kg ha - 1). Oats elevates the apical meristem with the succession of grazing or cutting. The oat presents before the first grazing, high nutritional value, with high average levels of protein (22.25 %) for all treatments. However, at the end of its cycle the association of birdsfoot trefoil with oats, helped to raise the crude protein content of forage as this is in the final stage of its cycle. In vitro digestibility of DM was high for both oat grown under conventional tillage (73.04 %) and direct (77.05 %), and for birdsfoot trefoil (78.37 %), but decreased at the end of the cycle oat. There was no benefit to the cultivation of corn grown after legume and should performed new tests assessing possible causes, including allelopathic effect and competition among plants / Foram conduzidos por dois anos, dois estudos com o objetivo de avaliar o uso da aveia preta de ciclo longo Iapar 61 cultivada solteira ou em associação com a leguminosa cornichão, com plantio do milho em sucessão como cultura de verão. No primeiro estudo avaliaram-se as características estruturais, produtivas, valor nutricional da aveia preta (Avena strigosa Iapar 61) cultivada solteira ou associada ao cornichão (Lotus corniculatus cv. São Gabriel). O segundo experimento foi conduzido em dois anos com o objetivo de avaliar as características estruturais, produtivas, trocas gasosas IRGA (Infra Red Gas Analyser, Li-6400XT, Licor, Lincoln, Nebrasca) e teor de clorofila (Índice SPAD), do milho cultivado em sucessão aos cultivos de inverno citados anteriormente. No primeiro experimento avaliou-se dois cortes da aveia preta no primeiro ano e períodos de pastejo no segundo ano, com intervalos médios de 30 dias. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, sendo no primeiro ano: dois sistemas de cultivo: aveia solteira ou aveia consorciada com cornichão com dois períodos de avaliação e quatro repetições. No segundo ano, quatro sistemas de cultivo: aveia plantio convencional, aveia plantio direto sobre palhada do milho, aveia sobressemeada em área de cornichão e cornichão solteiro, com três ciclos de crescimento e quatro repetições. No segundo estudo com milho, o delineamento experimental adotado no primeiro e segundo ano foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo respectivamente. O milho foi estudado em sucessão as seguintes culturas de inverno: aveia preta plantio convencional, aveia preta plantio direto, aveia em associação com cornichão, cornichão solteiro, aveia associada com azevém com adubação nitrogenada e aveia associada com azevém sem adubação nitrogenada, com quatro repetições. Após o plantio do milho do segundo ano, avaliou-se as características estruturais por 70 dias. Antes da colheita do milho, colheram-se manualmente as espigas de três fileiras de milho em quatro metros, onde avaliaram-se o número de fileira de grãos, número de grãos por fileira, diâmetro de espiga, comprimento de espiga, posterior a essas avaliações, foi realizada a trilhagem das espigas para mensuração dos dados de produtividade. Os resultados encontrados no primeiro estudo demonstram que a aveia tem sua produção de matéria seca reduzida quando em associação com o cornichão, mas a produção total (aveia+cornichão) iguala-se aos demais tratamentos. No primeiro ano a produção de matéria seca da aveia preta foi superior quando associada com cornichão no segundo corte (3750 kg ha-1) em comparação ao obtido no sistema de plantio direto da aveia preta (2599 kg ha-1). No segundo ano, a maior produção de matéria seca da aveia preta ocorreu antes do segundo pastejo sob sistema de plantio direto (4451,98 kg ha-1). A aveia eleva o meristema apical com a sucessão de pastejos ou cortes. A aveia preta apresenta antes dos primeiros pastejos, elevado valor nutricional, com altos teores médios de proteína (22,25%) em todos os tratamentos. Entretanto, no final do seu ciclo a associação do cornichão com a aveia, contribuiu para elevar os teores de proteína bruta da forragem visto que esta encontra-se em estágio final do seu ciclo. A digestibilidade in vitro da MS foi elevada tanto para aveia preta cultivada sob sistema de plantio convencional (73,04%) e direto (77,05%), quanto para o cornichão (78,37%), decrescendo com o final do ciclo da aveia. Não foi verificado benefícios para o cultivo do milho em sucessão a leguminosa, devendo realizados novos ensaios avaliando possíveis causas, entre elas efeito alelopático e competição entre plantas

Für das Modell Erosion 3D wird derzeit an der TU Bergakademie Freiberg ein Wintermodul entwickelt. Mit diesem soll es möglich werden, den aus der Schneeschmelze resultierenden Oberflächenabfluß und dessen Sedimentgehalt zu modellieren. Ziel dieser Studienarbeit ist es, zum einen die Schneedecke im „Schäfertal“ zu charakterisieren und zum anderen das Modell Erosion 3D/Winter Version zu überprüfen. Das Ergebnis der Auswertung von gemessener Lufttemperatur, Schneehöhe und dazugehörigem Wasseräquivalent hat ergeben, das selbst in Kleineinzugsgebieten wie dem Schäfertal die Schneedecke eine sehr große Heterogenität aufweißt. Diese Heterogenität nimmt mit zunehmendem Alter der Schneedecke zu. Bei der Ausführung des Modells Erosion 3D/Winter Version muß zu Beginn der Modellierung ein Schneeschmelzfaktor eingegeben werden. Eine empirische Bestimmung ergab, daß ein Schneeschmelzfaktor mit dem Wert 1 für das „Schäfertal“ die besten Simulationsergebnisse liefert. Weiterhin muß festgelegt werden, ob die Böden im Untersuchungsgebiet zum Zeitpunkt der Modellierung gefroren oder nicht gefroren sind. Diese Entscheidung ist problematisch: Einerseits wird selten die Bodentemperatur gemessen, die nicht zwangsläufig mit der Lufttemperatur korreliert. Anderseits befindet sich im Untersuchungsgebiet nur ein Lufttemperaturmesspunkt. Somit ist es schwierig eine exakte Verteilung des Parameters zu erhalten, insbesondere da es eine starke Gliederung in Nord- und Südhanglagen gibt. In Anlehnung an die große Heterogenität der Schneedecke kann davon ausgegangen werden, daß es falsch ist anzunehmen, daß im gesamten Untersuchungsgebiet über den Modellierzeitraum gleiche Bedingungen vorliegen (gefrorene bzw. nicht gefrorene Böden). Somit wird der große Einfluß des Bodenfrostes nicht optimal in dieser Modellversion beachtet. Für die Überprüfung des Modells Erosion 3D/Winter Version wurde zunächst eine Sensitivitätsanalyse durchgeführt, um das Verhalten der Modellergebnisse gegenüber der Lagerungsdichte, dem Erosionswiderstand und der Rauhigkeit herauszufinden. Diese Sensitivitätsanalyse ergab, daß bei den Parametern Erosionswiderstand und Rauhigkeit die Annahme „Bodenfrost“ keinen Einfluß auf das Ergebnis der Modellierung hat. Einen großen Einfluß hat die Annahme „Bodenfrost“ allerdings bei Betrachtung der Lagerungsdichte die im Programm Erosion 3D/Winter Version ein zentraler Parametern ist. Gefrorene Böden überspringen das Infiltrationsmodul, somit ist deren Sensitivität wegen fehlender Infiltration Null. Ohne Bodenfrost ist der Parameter durch seine hohe Sensitivität wie schon im E3D sehr bedeutend. Die Ablation der Schneedecke wird von Erosion 3D/Winter Version sehr gut berechnet, doch bei der Akkumulation von Schnee treten bei der verwendeten Version Fehler auf, denn das simulierte Wasseräquivalent ist um einiges höher als das gemessene. Aus diesem Grund war es nicht möglich das Programm für das Schäfertal zu validieren.:Abbildungsverzeichnis iii Tabellenverzeichnis iv 1 Einleitung und Zielsetzung 1 2 Charakterisierung des Untersuchungsgebietes „Schäfertal“ 4 2.1 Lage und Charakterisierung 4 2.2 Pedologie 6 2.3 Klima 7 2.4 Landnutzung 8 3 Charakterisierung von Schneeperioden im Untersuchungsgebiet im Hinblick auf ihre zeitliche und räumliche Dynamik 11 3.1 Datengrundlage 11 3.2 Zeitliche Dynamik der Schneeschmelze 13 3.2.1 Ergebnisdarstellung und Interpretation 13 3.3 Räumliche Dynamik 15 3.3.1 Ergebnisdarstellung 15 3.3.2 Interpretation 21 4 Model Erosion 3D mit Wintermodul 24 4.1 Das Modell Erosion 3D 24 4.2 Erweiterung des Modells Erosion 3D durch das Wintermodul 25 4.3 Parametersetzung für die räumlichen Daten 27 4.4 Aufbereitung der zeitlichen Daten 32 5 Überprüfung der Funktion des Modells Erosion 3D/Winter Version 34 5.1 Methodische Vorgehensweise 34 5.2 Überprüfung des Schneeschmelzfaktors mit gemessenen Werten 34 5.2.1 Ergebnisdarstellung und Interpretation 34 5.3 Überprüfung der Sensitivität ausgewählter Bodenparameter 35 5.3.1 Methodische Vorgehensweise 36 5.3.2 Ergebnisdarstellung und Interpretation 36 5.3.3 Vergleich der Sensitivitätsparameter 38 5.4 Optimierung der Februarbodenparameterdatei für das „Schäfertal“ 40 5.4.1 Datenaufnahme für den Sedimentaustrag 40 5.4.2 Vergleich gemessener Daten mit simulierten Daten 41 5.4.3 Änderung der Februarbodenparameterdatei 43 5.5 Modellierung der dritten Schneeperiode 43 6 Zusammenfassung 46 Literaturverzeichnis 48 Anhang 50

Experience and key data suggest that snow and ice lead to increased numbers of cyclist falls during the winter months. Reliable in-depth data concering the extent and characteristics of this issue are currently not available in most countries. In Germany, this is due to the high level of under-reporting in official statistics, particularly for incidents involving only one bicyclist. In combination with the lack of knowledge on exposure this causes difficulties to quantify risks for cyclist falls. This study addresses these gaps. lt aims at quantifying the risk of single bicycle accidents in inclement weather conditions. This study focusses on icy and snowy conditions as these are of relevance for the risk to fall. Cyclists are particularly affected by slippery icy and snowy road conditions; these might exist in clear, cloudy, or foggy weather, in situations with high or low humidity and with higher or lower wind speed. Variables from official weather data are purposefully combined in this study to identify time periods with snow or ice on the roads and to allow for the comparison of those with all other time periods ('other weather''). We address the above-mentioned problems of exposure and underreporting by using multiple data sources for quantifying the risk of falls. This approach allows to compute clear risk ratios for icy/snowy and the other weather conditions and thus contributes to the scarce and fragmented literature that has generated such values so far. [from Background, AIM]

No description available.

Master of Science / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Jon M. Faubion / Rebecca Miller / Water absorption tolerance is an important parameter in commercial bread production. Hard winter wheat (HWW) flours have shown different water absorption tolerance behaviors in routine wheat quality analysis. Flours with high water absorption tolerance allow broader variation in water addition without affecting optimum dough conditions. Although studies have demonstrated that genotype and environmental factors affect optimum water absorption, mixing time and dough strength, there is no research defining or quantifying water absorption tolerance behavior or explaining reasons and factors affecting such behavior and its correlation with end product quality. Using the mixograph®, this study identified high and low absorption tolerance behaviors in five HRW varieties (Jagger, Jagalene, Fuller, 2137 and Overley) grown in six locations (Finney, Labette, Republic, Thomas, Riley and Sumner Counties) in Kansas, during crop year 2009. Milling, wheat and flour quality tests, Solvent Retention Capacity (SRC), damaged starch, protein composition and identification, flour and starch particle size distribution and bread baking tests were conducted and analyzed. Jagger grown at Finney County possessed the largest water absorption tolerance range while the smallest range was observed for Fuller grown at Riley and Sumner Counties. A positive high correlation was observed between water absorption tolerance and the following parameters: protein content, kernel hardness, extractable polymeric proteins, unextractable polymeric proteins, gliadins and flour particle size (41-300 μm). SDS PAGE and proteomic analyses determined that γ-gliadins were present in a significantly higher concentration in the high tolerance sample suggesting that these proteins play a primary role in water absorption tolerance behavior. The five wheat varieties grown at locations with high and low water absorption tolerance were blended together by location and test baked at three different absorption levels. Loaf volume varied between flours but did not vary between different water levels. It is unclear if this was an effect of the differing protein contents of the blends, water tolerance or both. However, a negative effect on crumb grain characteristics was observed when lower water levels were used.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Entomology / R. Jeff Whitworth / The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), has been a historically significant pest of wheat in Kansas. However, it has been 60+ years since research has been conducted examining the flies’ activity throughout the year. Results of pheromone trapping in 4 counties in Kansas shows that Hessian fly (HF) males are actively flying in the fall, at least 1 month after the historical fly-free dates. Therefore, the Hessian Fly-Free Date is no longer valid and should be referred to as the Best Pest Management Date. Using pheromones for fall and spring trapping also indicated that HF is more active throughout the spring than previously thought, with almost continuous fly emergence and numerous emergence peaks in both spring and fall. The use of resistant wheat cultivars has been adapted to protect seedling plants from HF larval feeding in the fall. However, it is unknown if these cultivars are still providing protection after winter vernalization. Greenhouse trials indicated that ‘Armour’, a cultivar considered intermediately resistant, remains resistant under infestation levels of 1 fly/tiller but significant seed weight losses occured under infestations of 3 flies/tiller. In the field, Armour did not provide protection post-vernalization, with plants containing similar numbers of flaxseeds (pupae) as the susceptible cultivar, ‘Fuller’, and having significant losses of culm height (cm), number of spikelets/spike, number of seeds/spike, and seed weight (grams) when infested. ‘Duster’, a cultivar considered highly resistant, appeared to provide resistance to HF larval feeding in both the greenhouse and the field, and even produced significantly heavier seeds when infested with 3 flies/tiller in the greenhouse. These results suggest that post-vernalization screening should be conducted on all HF resistant cultivars to determine if each continues to provide protection. Little information is available showing if and how HF larval feeding on more mature wheat (Feekes 7-10), post-vernalization, impact plants, aside from lodging. Greenhouse and field infestations of a susceptible cultivar, Fuller, showed that significant losses of culm height (cm), number of seeds/spikelet, and seed weight will result from as few as 1 larva /culm. Yield losses averaged 0.13g/spike (65 kg/ha) compared to non-infested plants.

Lakes play a major role in the global carbon (C) cycle, despite making up a small area of earth’s surface. Lakes receive, transport and process sizable amounts of C, emitting a substantial amount of the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), into the atmosphere. Ice-covered lakes are particularly sensitive to climate change, as future reductions to the duration of lake ice cover will have profound effects on the biogeochemical cycling of C in lakes. It is still largely unknown how reduced ice cover duration will affect CO2 and CH4 emissions from ice-covered lakes. Thus, the primary aim of this thesis was to fill this knowledge gap by monitoring the spatial and temporal dynamics of CO2 and CH4 in ice-covered lakes. The results of this thesis demonstrate that below ice CO2 and CH4 were spatially and temporally variable. Nutrients were strongly linked to below ice CO2 and CH4 oxidation variations across lakes. In addition, below ice CO2 was generally highest in small shallow lakes, and in bottom waters. Whilst below ice CH4 was elevated in surface waters near where bubbles from anoxic lake sediment were trapped. During the ice-cover period, CO2 accumulation below ice was not linear, and at ice-melt incomplete mixing of lake waters resulted in a continued CO2 storage in bottom waters. Further, CO2 transported from the catchment and bottom waters contributed to high CO2 emissions. The collective findings of this thesis indicate that CO2 and CH4 emissions from ice-covered lakes will likely increase in the future. The strong relationship between nutrients and C processes below ice, imply that future changes to nutrient fluxes within lakes will influence the biogeochemical cycling of C in lakes. Since catchment and lake sediment C fluxes play a considerable role in below ice CO2 and CH4 dynamics, changes to hydrology and thermal stability of lakes will undoubtedly alter CO2 and CH4 emissions. Nevertheless, ice-covered lakes constitute a significant component of the global C cycle, and as such, should be carefully monitored and accounted for when addressing the impacts of global climate change.