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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUIZ RODOLFO BARRETO DA SILVA.pdf: 1309393 bytes, checksum: c820374f746f8a21bb89acd6347d0907 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-07 / This work discusses the development of a method for estimating the distance of sensor nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in indoor environments, considering the need for adaptation of the method due to the presence of random factors that may influence the estimation of such distances. The estimation method presented is based on a signal strength indicator, RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator). / Este trabalho aborda a elabora??o de um m?todo para a estimativa de dist?ncia de n?s sensores em Redes de Sensores Sem Fio (RSSF) em ambientes internos fechados, considerando necessidade de adapta??o do m?todo devido ? presen?a de fatores aleat?rios que podem influenciar a estimativa dessas dist?ncias. O m?todo de estimativa apresentado ? baseado em um indicador de intensidade de sinal, o RSSI (Received Sinal Strength Indicator).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T14:02:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Lobo.pdf: 609088 bytes, checksum: ab4ee5abe3ca57cd1089d41d9089b070 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-22 / One of the main applications on Wireless Sensors Networks (WSNs) is the environmental monitoring, particularly in monitoring of the fauna in diverse places like forests, fields, etc. In these environments that are of difficult access, the maintenance of the sensors is impaired and energy restriction becomes a major factor in the life of the network. How in most such cases the data are not needed in real time, in this work is proposed and evaluated a new cross-layer algorithm, called PWAVE, turned to WSNs with periodic data collection, where data transmissions are made through a predetermined interval. While such transfers are not performed, the sensor still collecting information from the environment and turn off their radios to reduce energy consumption. Several other challenges appear before this way of working, for example, the synchronization of clocks, which are readily solved by the algorithm. The results show that the proposed solution is efficient and can save up to 51.2 % of energy with 99 % in the rate of data delivery when compared with similar solutions / Uma das principais aplicações existentes em Redes de Sensores Sem Fio (RSSFs) é o monitoramento ambiental, mais particularmente no acompanhamento da fauna existente em locais diversos como florestas, campos, etc. Nesses ambientes de difícil acesso, a manutenção dos sensores fica prejudicada e a restrição de energia torna-se um fator primordial para a vida útil da rede. Como na maioria desses casos os dados não são necessários em tempo real, neste trabalho é proposto e avaliado um novo algoritmo cross-layer, denominado PWAVE, voltado para RSSFs com coleta periódica, onde as transmissões dos dados são feitas através de intervalos predeterminados. Enquanto essas transmissões não são executadas, o sensor permanece coletando as informações do ambiente e seus rádios desligam-se, a fim de reduzir o consumo de energia. Diversos outros desafios aparecem diante deste modo de trabalho como, por exemplo, a sincronização dos relógios, que são prontamente solucionados pelo algoritmo proposto. Os resultados mostram que a solução proposta é eficiente e consegue economizar até 51.2% de energia com 99% na taxa de entrega de dados quando comparado com soluções similares

Le sujet de thèse propose une nouvelle génération de réseaux de capteur sans fil base sur impulse radio ultra wide band (IR-UWB) reconfigurable suivant l'application souhaitée et à très basse consommation. La consommation énergétique d’un système de communication sans fil est la contrainte majeure pour le déploiement d’un réseau de capteurs sans fil autonome. Les travaux de recherche présente dans cette thèse ont menés au développement d’un émetteur-récepteur à très faible consommation d’énergie pour les réseaux de capteurs sans fil autonome pour des applications de structural Heath monitoring dans des domaines aéronautique. Une description est faite pour les différents types de technologie de communication sans fil pour la surveillance des structures (SHM). Nous avons détaillé la communication sans fil ultra large bande (UWB) en présentant la technique de communication sans fil UWB par impulsion avec les avantages qu’elle offre pour notre application. Une présentation est faite de l’architecture de l’émetteur-récepteur IR-UWB conçu en détaillant le design complet avec l’intégration de la solution proposée clock-gating pour un système à une grande efficacité énergétique avec une implémentation et validation d’un prototype sur une plateforme FPGA. Une description de la conception et la fabrication d’un système sur puce ASIC de notre design d’émetteur-récepteur IR-UWB avec la technologie CMOS 65nm de st microélectronique et les avantages qu’il offre que ça soit en terme d’efficacité énergétique ou de taille de système. / This Ph.D. Subject proposes the design of a new generation of wireless sensor networks (WSN) based on impulse radio ultra-wide band (IR-UWB), reconfigurable upon the application, reliable and ultra-low power. Applications like structure health monitoring of aerospace structures or portable smart sensing systems for human protection can be targeted. These industrial applications impose very demanding specifications for the wireless communication protocol (in some cases, new services are needed like: localization, clock synchronization, real-time transmission, etc) on one side, and for the circuit design, on the other side, as the ultra-low power circuits are needed. Energy efficiency is the major driver in today development of the wireless sensor networks. We chose impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) technique for our developments. IR-UWB is a very promising technique able to respond to the wireless communication protocol constraints and to energy efficiency constraints.! The objective of this Ph.D. will be to design an ultra-low power IR-UWB transceiver. IR-UWB signal processing techniques has to be study and innovator solution has to be proposed for the implementation of the IR-UWB transceiver. The first prototype will be developed on FPGA boards (and/or USRP boards) and the final IR-UWB transceiver will be an ASIC in CMOS technology. The design of an ultra-low power consumption of the CMOS transceiver will be a major concern. Modern ultra-low power circuit techniques from the nanometrics CMOS design kits will be used. MAC layer adapted to the demands of the application and working on IR-UWB physical layer will be also studied and designed. A microprocessor integration on the chip for power management of the different parts (sensor, communication, computing, energy harvesting) of the system can also be studied. This work will be based on the previous research results obtained in our team in the case of static WSN. This work will take plac! e in the highly stimulating and competitive environment of a E! uropean project.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-23T22:13:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Redes de sensores com nodos móveis.pdf: 6727540 bytes, checksum: 3de001c9a299b0722e7e13bd8cafbb33 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-05T19:13:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Redes de sensores com nodos móveis.pdf: 6727540 bytes, checksum: 3de001c9a299b0722e7e13bd8cafbb33 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-05T19:13:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Redes de sensores com nodos móveis.pdf: 6727540 bytes, checksum: 3de001c9a299b0722e7e13bd8cafbb33 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-23 / Sem bolsa / A mobilidade de nodos em redes de sensores sem fio tem sido empregada para resolver problemas de comunicação através de nodos coletores de dados ou estações base móveis, ou ainda para melhorar a cobertura empregando nodos sensores móveis, que se movem para sensoriar áreas descobertas. No entanto, um dos principais desafios em redes de sensores sem fio é o consumo de energia, visto que o tempo de vida da rede depende da carga da bateria de seus nodos. Visando aumentar o tempo de vida das redes orientadas a eventos, estratégias dinâmicas de balanceamento de carga exploram a redundância nas áreas de sensoriamento dos nodos e evitam que mais de um nodo processe um mesmo evento. A mobilidade bem como o balanceamento de carga são importantes adaptações dinâmicas que podem ser empregadas para melhorar a eficiência de redes de sensores, mas o emprego integrado destas duas adaptações precisa ser investigado. Este trabalho avalia os efeitos da mobilidade de nodos sensores tanto na cobertura da rede quanto na eficiência das técnicas de balanceamento de carga empregadas em redes de sensores orientadas a eventos. No contexto deste trabalho, uma estratégia é implementada, a qual move nodos baseada na ação de forças de repulsão, visando espalhar nodos sobre a área de interesse e melhorar a cobertura da rede. O seu impacto na cobertura foi avaliado em diferentes cenários de implantação e em redes com diferentes densidades. Primeiramente, quando nodos são implantados de forma aleatória, e então, a mobilidade permite redistribuí-los e maximizar a cobertura da rede. Em um segundo momento, a estratégia é aplicada quando nodos começam a ser desativados pela descarga de suas baterias, onde a mobilidade pode minimizar o efeito da desativação de um nodo da rede. Além disso, experimentos foram realizados de forma a observar o impacto do emprego desta estratégia de mobilidade no desempenho de duas técnicas de balanceamento de carga consideradas estado-da-arte em redes de sensores sem fio orientadas a eventos. Neste trabalho foi considerado o consumo de energia que o nodo gasta com o sensoriamento, mas o consumo energético gasto com o movimento está fora do escopo. / The nodes mobility in wireless sensor networks has been employed to solve communication problems through mobile data mulling or base stations, or yet to improve coverage using mobile sensor nodes, which move to sensing uncovered areas. However, one of the main challenges in wireless sensor networks is the energy consumption, since the network lifetime depends on the node battery charge. In order to increase the lifetime of the event-oriented networks, dynamic load balancing strategies exploit redundancy in the nodes sensing areas and avoid that more than one node process the same event. Mobility as well as the load balancing are important dynamic adaptations that can be employed to improve the ef?ciency of sensor networks, but the integrated use of these two adaptations needs to be investigated. This work evaluates the effects of the sensor nodes mobility both on network coverage and on the ef?ciency of load balancing techniques used in event-oriented sensor networks. In the context of this work, an strategy has implemented, which moves nodes based on the action of repulsion forces, aiming to spread nodes over the area of interest and improve network coverage. Its impact on coverage has assessed in different deployment scenarios and networks with different densities. First, when nodes are deployed at random, then mobility allows them to redistribute and maximize the network coverage. In a second moment, the strategy is applied when nodes begin to be deactivated by the discharge of their batteries, where the mobility can minimize the effect of the deactivation of a node of the network. In addition, experiments have carried out in order to observe the impact of the use of this mobility strategy on the ef?ciency of two load balancing techniques considered state-of-the-art in event-oriented wireless sensor networks. In this work we considered the energy consumption that the node spends with the sensing, but the energy consumption spent with the movement is out of scope.

Orientador: Nelson Luis Saldanha da Fonseca / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T19:59:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrade_TiagoPedrosodaCruzde_M.pdf: 5229881 bytes, checksum: 5a29eb81b4efd53a3cab70d6a8032bca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document. / Mestrado / Ciência da Computação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Orientador: Leandro Tiago Manera / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T15:58:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DellaLucia_FelipeLorenzo_D.pdf: 3577549 bytes, checksum: 4c1aa6af60e58052accce7e28ad2c314 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sistema sem fio de gestão de iluminação pública. Através do sistema desenvolvido, é possível controlar a potência de cada lâmpada de vapor de sódio de alta pressão dos postes de iluminação pública de determinada região. Desta maneira, nos horários em que as vias públicas se tornam menos utilizadas, é possível reduzir a potência e o brilho das lâmpadas e economizar energia elétrica. O sistema proposto utiliza o protocolo ZigBee para realizar a comunicação sem fio entre os módulos instalados nos postes. Este protocolo é baseado no protocolo IEEE 802.15.4 desenvolvido especialmente para redes de sensores sem fio e foca em baixo consumo de energia e transmissão da informação nó a nó da rede. Também é possível instalar sensores (luminosidade, umidade, etc.) nos módulos projetados e transformar cada unidade de iluminação pública em uma central de monitoramento de determinada região. Os resultados mostram que o sistema economiza energia, sendo possível reduzir a potência das lâmpadas em até 60% sem que o fator de potência do reator saia do valor mínimo estipulado na regulamentação (0,92). Os módulos desenvolvidos dão a opção ao operador de escolher a potência das lâmpadas em três valores distintos: 100%, 80% e 50% da potência nominal, sendo possível alterar estes valores conforme a necessidade do operador e do local onde o sistema será utilizado (condições de tráfego e segurança). O sistema foi testado em laboratório e em campo, em postes da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, onde ficou instalado pelo período entre 05/02/2014 e 01/04/2014. A potência das lâmpadas foi variada e medidas de iluminância e uniformidade foram realizadas na via. Foi possível concluir que o sistema é robusto, imune a interferências eletromagnéticas da rede de distribuição, e dá flexibilidade aos ajustes de iluminância e uniformidade de iluminação da via. O alcance de nó a nó da rede é, em média, de 260 m, o que torna a utilização do protocolo e do circuito desenvolvido adequados para esta aplicação, uma vez que a distância típica entre postes é de 30 a 40 metros. Estudos de viabilidade econômica foram realizados e mostram que o sistema é viável e apresenta taxas de retorno atrativas que dependem fortemente da tarifa de energia vigente / Abstract: This project presents the development of a wireless system for public street lighting management. Through the developed system, it is possible to control the power of each high pressure sodium lamp of the streetlights in a particular region. Thus, at times when the public streets become less utilized, it is possible to reduce the power and brightness of the lamps and save energy. The proposed system uses the ZigBee protocol to perform wireless communication between the modules installed on the lampposts. This protocol is based on IEEE 802.15.4 protocol, developed especially for wireless sensors networks and focus on low power consumption and data transmission node to node. It is also possible to install sensors (luminosity, humidity, etc.) in the designed modules and transform each unit of public lighting in a region into a monitoring station. The results show that the system saves energy and it is possible to reduce the lamp power by 64%, without reducing the ballast's power factor below the value stipulated in the regulation (0.92). The developed modules give the operator the option to choose the lamp power between three distinct values: 100%, 80% and 50% of rated nominal power, and it is also possible to change these values according to the operator's needs and the installment place characteristics (traffic usage, security). The system was tested in laboratory and on field, on the lampposts at State University of Campinas, where it remained installed in the period between February 5th and April 1st of 2014. The lamp power was varied and measurements of illuminance and uniformity were performed on the street. It was possible to conclude that the system is robust and immune to electromagnetic interference from the energy distribution grid, and gives flexibility for adjustments of brightness and uniformity of the street lighting. The reach node to node of the network is, on average 260 m, which makes the protocol and developed circuit adequate for this application, since the distance between lampposts is typically 30 to 40 meters. Economic viability studies have been conducted and show that the system is feasible and present attractive rates of return that depend heavily on the rate of current energy price / Doutorado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

The Internet of Things (IoT) is widely adopted across various fields due to its flexibility and low cost. Energy-harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are becoming a building block of many IoT applications and provide a perpetual source of energy to power energy-constrained IoT devices. However, the dynamic and stochastic nature of the available harvested energy drives the need for adaptive energy management solutions. Duty cycling is among the most prominent adaptive approaches that help consolidate the effort of energy management solutions at the routing and application layers to ensure energy sustainability and, hence, continuous network operation.  The IEEE 802.15.4 standard defines the physical layer and the Medium Access Control (MAC) sub-layer of low-data-rate wireless devices with limited energy consumption requirements. The MAC sub-layer’s functionalities include the scheduling of the duty cycle of individual devices. However, the scheduling of the duty cycle is left open to the industry. Various computational mechanisms are used to compute the duty cycle of IoT nodes to ensure optimal performance in energy sustainability and Quality of Service (QoS). Reinforcement Learning (RL) is the most employed mechanism in this context.  The literature depicts various RL-based solutions to adjust the duty cycle of IoT devices to adapt to changes in the IoT environment. However, these solutions are usually tailored to specific scenarios or focus mainly on one aspect of the problem, namely QoS performance or energy limitation. This work proposes a generic adaptive duty cycling solution and evaluates its performance under different energy generation and traffic conditions. Moreover, it emphasizes the energy sustainability aspect while taking the QoS performance into account.  While different approaches exist to achieve energy sustainability, Energy Neutral Operation (ENO)-based solutions provide the most prominent approach to ensure energy-sustainable performance. Nevertheless, these approaches do not necessarily guarantee optimal performance in QoS. This work adopts a Markov Decision Process (MDP) model from the literature that aims to minimize the distance from energy neutrality given the energy harvesting and ENO conditions. We introduce QoS penalties to the reward formulation to improve QoS performance.  We start by examining the performance in QoS against the benchmarking solution. Then, we analyze the performance using different energy harvesting and consumption profiles to further assess QoS performance and determine if energy sustainability is still maintained under different conditions. The results prove more efficient utilization of harvested energy when available in abundance. However, one limitation to our solution occurs when energy demand is high, or harvested energy is scarce. In such cases, we observe degradation in QoS due to IoT nodes adopting a low-duty cycle to avoid energy depletion. We further study the effect this limitation has on the solution's scalability. We also attempt to address this problem by assessing the performance using a routing solution that balances load distribution and, hence, energy demand across the network.

L’émergence de l’Internet des Objets révolutionne les réseaux locaux sans fil et inspirent de nombreuses applications. L’une des problématiques majeures pour les réseaux locaux sans fil est l’accès et le partage du médium radio sans fil. Plusieurs protocoles MAC mono-canal ont été proposés et abordent cette problématique avec des solutions intéressantes. Néanmoins, certains problèmes majeurs liés à l’accès au canal (nœud caché, synchronisation, propagation des RDV…) pour un contexte de transmission multi-saut, persistent encore et font toujours l’objet d’intenses études de la communauté scientifique, surtout lorsqu’il s’agit de réseaux de capteurs sans fil distribués sur des topologies étendues. Certains travaux de recherches ont proposé des protocoles MAC multi-canal, traitant souvent le cas idéal, où tous les nœuds dans le réseau sont à portée les uns des autres. Les émissions et réceptions des trames de données sont généralement précédées de trames des contrôles pour l’établissement de Rendez-vous (RDV) entre les nœuds concernés. Nous constatons que les RDV ne garantissent pas la réservation des canaux de façon déterministe sans conflit entre les nœuds dans le réseau, et peuvent rendre difficile les transmissions en multi-saut. Une solution complexe serait de propager ces RDV vers les voisins du nœud récepteur au-delà de 2 sauts. C’est face à cette complexité de gestion de RDV multi-sauts que s’inscrit notre contribution. Il s’agit pour nous de proposer une méthode d’accès multi-canal aléatoire sans RDV, en topologie multi-saut. Notre solution est implémentée sur un testbedréel constitué de nœuds WiNo mono-interface, elle est basée sur la méthode ALOHA slottée améliorée pour notre contexte multi-canal, dont nous évaluons les performances qui sont comparées au cas mono-canal. Un modèle analytique lié au contexte multi-canal sans RDV a été développé également, et comparé aux résultats de notre testbed. / The emergence of the Internet of Thingsrevolutionizeswireless local area networks and inspiringnumerous applications. One of the main issues for wirelessLANsis the access and sharing of the wireless radio medium. Several single-channel MAC protocols have been proposed and addressthis issue withinteresting solutions. However, some major problemsrelated to the channelaccess (hiddennode, synchronization, propagation of RDV) for a multi-hop transmission context, persist and are still the subject of intensive studies by the scientificcommunity, especiallywhenitcomes to a distributedwirelesssensors networks over extended topologies. Someresearch has proposed multi-channel MAC protocols, oftenaddressingthe ideal case, where all nodes in the network are within range of eachother. The transmissions and receptions of the data frames aregenerallypreceded by controls frames for the establishment of Rendez-Vous (RDV) among the nodesconcerned. Wefindthat the RDVs do not guarantee the channelsreservation in a deterministicwaywithoutconflictamong the nodes in the network, and maymakeitdifficult the multi-hop transmissions. A complex solution wouldbe to propagatetheseRDVs to the neighbors of the receivernodebeyond 2 hops. Facedwiththiscomplexity of multi-hop RDV management thatmakesour contribution. It is important for us to propose arandom multi-channelaccessmethodwithout RDV, in multi-hop topology. Our solution isimplemented on a real testbed made of multi-channel single-interface “WiNo” nodes, of whichweevaluate the performance that are compared to the single-channel case. An analytical model related to the multi-channelcontextwithout RDV wasalsodeveloped, and compared to the results of ourtestbed.