Routing and designing are essential for transportation networks. With effective routing and designing policies, transportation networks can work safely and efficiently. There are two transportation problems: hazardous materials (hazmat) transportation and warehouse logistics. This dissertation addresses the routing of networks for both problems. For hazmat transportation, the routing can be regulated via network design. Due to catastrophic consequences of potential accidents in hazmat transportation, a risk-averse approach for routing is necessary. In this dissertation, we consider spectral risk measures, for risk-averse hazmat routing. In addition, we introduce a network design problem to select a set of closed road segments for hazmat traffic with conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) to regulate hazmat routing. In warehouses, the routing of electric forklifts with sufficient battery levels is for material handling. The optimization model of dynamic wireless charging lane location is proposed under the workflow congestion in parallel-aisle warehouses. Considering the uncertainty of demands, the wireless charging lane location problem is formulated as a two-stage stochastic programming model. We confirm the efficiency of the proposed algorithms in solving these problems and the key advantages of use the proposed routing and designing policies via case studies.

This thesis proposes a planning framework for Autonomous Electric Vehicle (AEV) charging. The framework is intended to help transportation decision-makers determine Electric Vehicle (EV) charging facility locations and capacities for the mixed fleet of Autonomous Vehicle (AV) and Human-driven Vehicle (HDV). The bi-level nature of the framework captures the decision-making processes of the transportation agency decision-makers and travelers, thereby providing solid theoretical and practical foundations for the EV charging network design. At the upper level, the decision-makers seek to determine the locations and operating capacities of the EV charging facilities, in a manner that minimizes total travel time and construction costs subject to budgetary limitations. In addition, the transportation decision-makers provide AV-exclusive lanes to encourage AV users to reduce travel time, particularly at wireless-charging lanes, as well as other reasons, including safety. At the lower level, the travelers seek to minimize their travel time by selecting their preferred vehicle type (AV vs. HDV) and route. In measuring the users delay costs, the thesis considered network user equilibrium because the framework is designed for urban networks where travelers route choice affects their travel time. The bi-level model is solved using the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) algorithm.

Inductive charging, a form of wireless charging, uses an electromagnetic field to transfer energy between two objects. This emerging technology offers an alternative solution to users having to physically plug in their electric vehicle (EV) to charge. Whilst manufacturers claim inductive charging technology is market ready, the efficiency of transfer of electrical energy is highly reliant on the accurate alignment of the coils involved. Therefore understanding the issue of parking misalignment and driver behaviour is an important human factors question, and the focus of this paper. Two studies were conducted, one a retrospective analysis of 100 pre-parked vehicles, the second a dynamic study where 10 participants parked an EV aiming to align with a charging pad with no bay markings as guidance. Results from both studies suggest that drivers are more accurate at parking laterally than in the longitudinal direction, with a mean lateral distance from the centre of the bay being 12.12 and 9.57 cm (retrospective and dynamic studies respectively) compared to longitudinally 23.73 and 73.48 cm. With current inductive charging systems having typical tolerances of approximately ±10 cm from their centre point, this study has shown that only 5% of vehicles in both studies would be aligned sufficiently accurately to allow efficient transfer of electrical energy through induction.

This research has its basis in developments within the field of inductive powering and wireless power transfer, WPT, and more specifically one the branch within this field, which is called magnetic resonance coupling. This principle enables efficient power transfer from a transmitting unit to a receiving unit at a distance of some times the unit diameter. The developments within magnetic resonant coupling are together with the possibilities and challenges of today’s smart textile industry the starting point to investigate a novel textile-based product concept for WPT by combining both technologies. Multiple textile samples, consisting of cotton and electrically conductive copper yarns, were produced by weaving technique, additional assembling of electronic components were performed manually and several measurements were carried out to investigate the sample characteristics and the sample performance in terms of power transfer. The produced samples showed to behave similarly to conventional inductors and were able to transfer power over some distance.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Canesin / Resumo: Esta tese apresenta uma forma inédita para o carregamento de veículos elétricos (VE) puros em movimento, sem fios e sem acoplamentos mecânicos (dynamic Wireless Power Transfer - dynamic WPT), considerando a transferência indutiva de energia (Induced Power Transfer - IPT), a partir de uma proposta sem sensores (WPT sensorless), combinando um arranjo de elementos transmissores, especialmente desenvolvidos para um estudo de caso. A estrutura de potência emprega um conversor ressonante LLCC série-paralelo operando em modo contínuo com modulação com frequência fixa e deslocamento de fase, com controle realimentado indiretamente para a corrente de saída. Além da metodologia utilizada para a proposta deste trabalho, o texto apresenta um projeto de carregamento estático compatível com o sistema de carregamento dinâmico e, também, uma comparação entre possíveis estruturas ressonantes de terceira e quarta ordens compatíveis com os elementos IPT, apresentando-se as vantagens e as desvantagens para cada estrutura. O carregador dinâmico foi aplicado experimentalmente para um veículo elétrico (VE) puro, em pequena escala de potência (mini baja elétrico), constituído por oito elementos IPTs associados em série como emissor, resultando em um acoplamento mútuo constante para o receptor IPT no VE por uma extensão de 1150 mm, a uma distância entre emissor e receptor, de 35 mm. Os resultados experimentais obtidos apresentam elevado rendimento médio (86,4 %) para o processo de transferência de po... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This thesis proposes a novel design to pure electrical vehicle (EV) dynamic charging electrical contactless and without mechanical coupling (dynamic Wireless Power Transfer - dynamic WPT), considering the induced power transfer, by a propose WPT sensorless, combining a transmitter element arrangement particularly designed for this study case. The power structure uses a LLCC series-parellel resonant converter, in continuous conduction mode with phase shift modulation and fixed frequency, applying a feedback indirect control for the output current. In addition to methodology in the present proposal, this paper shows a static wireless power transfer project works with the dynamic charging, and also a potential structure comparation of third and fourth order resonant compatible with the IPT elements, showing the advantages and disadvantages for each resonant tank. The dynamic charging is presently being piloted in a pure electrical vehicle, in small scale power (mini electric baja), it is made up of eight IPT elements in series association as emitter, resulting in a constant mutual coupling with IPT receiver in the EV, by a range of 1150 mm, with a distance between emitter and receiver of 35 mm. The experimental results obtained show a high average efficiency (86.4%) for the wireless power transfer process over the entire length of the loader, for the nominal input power condition of 1300 W. / Doutor

No description available.

本研究主要探討電源供應器產業之突破式創新的可能性。透過文獻了解創新的涵意和學者對創新的分類，深入比較「維持性創新」（Sustaining Innovation）與其高階入侵（High-end encroachment），以及「突破式創新」（Disruptive Innovation）之三種低階入侵（Low-end encroachment）方式，分別為：即刻市場入侵（Immediate low-end encroachment）、邊緣市場入侵（Fringe-market low-end encroachment）、分離市場入侵（ Detached-market low-end encroachment）。 首先探究電源供應器之技術、產業現況、供應鏈結構及電源供應器的應用分類；將無線充電器歸類為新科技，針對無線充電技術的市場、聯盟、應用、未來機會做深入的剖析。為驗證無線充電技術之突破式創新的可能性分析，本研究採取學者Schmidt（2008）所提之「辨別創新的三步驟」進行突破性創新的驗證，以「無線方便性」與「充電速度」為關鍵指標。現有充電器的消費者比較重視「充電速度」，而新市場的消費者比較在意「無線方便性」，兩者的需求曲線不同，無線充電科技因提供與既有市場不同的新功能，所以被歸類為「低端突破式創新」之「分離市場」入侵。分離市場的消費者願意為無線的方便性付出較高的價格購買新產品。在新產品推出初期不會侵蝕主流市場的銷售，但經過一段時間，當價格下降及充電速度性能提升後，新產品會「低端突破」原有市場；到最後，新產品會往主流市場及高階市場擴散而影響既有產業和原來的市場結構。 本文藉由與產業專家的深入訪談得知目前既有企業對於新科技尚未開始準備，著實也驗證了Christensen（2005）提過主流企業常常因為過度著重現有技術，而忽略突破性科技的存在。最後，本文建議既有電源供應器產業應多留意突破性科技的入侵且適時跨入新科技，才能在突破性科技崛起時做好準備。 / The main purpose of this research is to examine the potential of disruptive innovation on the power supply industry. This article investigates the definitions and the classifications of innovation by various scholars. It identifies sustaining innovation with its high-end encroachment and disruptive innovation with its three approaches of low-end encroachment which are immediate, fringe-market, and detached-market. This article reviews the power supply industry and its technology, applications, market status, supply chains and then investigates the wireless charging industry and its technologies, evolutions, standards, and market opportunities. To identify the potential of wireless charging becoming disruptive technology, the article refers to the three-step framework of Schmidt (2008) to assess the potential diffusion pattern. The primary attribute of the incumbent is the charging time whereas the primary attribute of new technology is its wireless convenience. The results classify wireless charging as a low-end detached-market encroachment. The current and new products initially sell to the two opposite ends of the market and the highest willingness to pay for each market in the beginning are different, which are “detached “from one another. Over time, charging time would be expected to improve and cost would be expected to decrease, wireless chargers will be more favorable to high-end users of the wired chargers, and eventually current market will be encroached by the new technology. The interviews with incumbents present that current power supply firms have not initiated the development of wireless technology. Companies usually pursue sustaining innovations at the higher tiers of their markets because this is what has historically helped them succeed and they often missed the chances to disruptive innovation. (Christensen, 2005) The results suggest the established organizations to take more efforts to start looking into the disruptive technology so that established organizations will not be displaced by the new firms.

30% de la population Française dépassant l’âge des 60 ans en 2035, la notion d’accompagnement de la dépendance des personnes âgées est un enjeu sociétal avec l’impératif de prévention des risques à domicile. C’est dans ce contexte, avec l’arrivée des technologies d’intégration et de l’IoT que nous avons entrepris de concevoir et réaliser un patch électronique miniature capable de géolocalisation pour déclencher des alarmes en cas de fugue, de chute ou de déambulation. Un enjeu est la réalisation d‘antennes sur substrats souples comme éléments clés des fonctions de géolocalisation et de recharge par induction. Un travail de modélisation a permis l’optimisation d’antennes imprimées présentant un bon compromis intégration/performance. Un procédé technologique en salle blanche a été développé pour réaliser des antennes bicouches sur substrat polyimide souple. Plusieurs prototypes de patch complet ont été testés et validés en centre d’EHPAD / 30 % of the French population being over the age of 60 years in 2035, the notion of accompaniment of the elderly dependence is a societal challenge with the imperative of risks prevention at home. It is in this context, with the arrival of the technologies of integration and the IoT that we undertook to conceive and realize a miniature electronic patch capable of geolocalization to trigger alarms in the case of fugue, fall or wandering. A challenge is the design of antennas on flexible substrates as key elements of the functions of geolocalization and charging by induction. A modeling work allowed the optimization of printed antennas presenting a good compromise integration / performance. A technological process in the cleanroom was developed to carry out bilayers antennas on flexible substrate (polyimide). Several prototypes of complete patch were tested and validated in the EHPAD center.

Cieľom tejto práce je navrhnúť, zhotoviť a implementovať vlastný systém pre zachytávanie pohybu založený na inerciálnych meracích jednotkách. V rámci budovania teoretického základu bolo preskúmaných viacero metód, avšak primárne bola pozornosť venovaná samotnému inerciálnemu snímanu - jeho kladom a nedostatkom, kľúčovým vlastnostiam a jednotlivým komponentom potrebným pre zostrojenie systému na jeho báze. Tento úvodný zber informácií je nasledovaný fázami návrhu, zhotovenia a zhodnotenia, ktoré sa zaoberajú procesom vývoja a testovania daného riešenia. Hlavným prínosom realizácie systému je zostrojenie zariadení pre snímanie pohybu - jedná sa o malé, ľahké, batériovo napájané zariadenia, ktoré sú kompletne bezdrôtové, či už z hľadiska komunikácie s okolitým svetom, alebo vďaka napájaniu kompatibilnému so štandardom Qi.