Orientador: Anselmo Luís dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T02:25:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kocadost_Basak_M.pdf: 1609019 bytes, checksum: ecc7e83af4923f8a79500f71c3bebf3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O Brasil experimentou grandes mudanças socio-econômicas durante a primeira década do século 21, especialmente a partir do ano 2004, e mesmo depois da crise financeira nos anos de 2008 e 2009, que terminou por melhorar as condições dos trabalhadores de uma maneira geral. No entanto, apesar dos avanços notáveis gerais nesse período, tais como a criação de novos postos de trabalho em número elevado, o declínio da taxa de desemprego e um aumento significativo do salário mínimo real, o mercado de trabalho brasileiro ainda está muito desigual. A taxa de emprego das mulheres não mudou significativamente nesse período, aumentando de 54,4% em 2004 para apenas 55,7% em 2012. Além disso, a taxa de desemprego das mulheres é quase duas vezes maior do que a dos homens e as mulheres ainda constituem a grande maioria da população não economicamente ativa. Uma vez que o mercado de trabalho brasileiro tem sido historicamente caracterizado como heterogêneo e segregado, ganha importância examinar o desempenho de diferentes segmentos do mercado de trabalho nesse período e reconsiderar a dinâmica recente do mercado de trabalho em termos de diferentes grupos sociais. Neste trabalho, tratou-se em termos de desigualdade de gênero, particularmente em termos de disparidades salariais entre os homens e as mulheres no mercado de trabalho, analisando as evoluções dos salários femininos e masculinos e das horas de trabalho, utilizando os microdados da PNAD (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios) e considerando os diferentes setores, níveis de escolaridade e status profissionais. Em 2004, a remuneração média por hora das mulheres foi igual a 78,1% da remuneração dos homens, enquanto que em 2012 essa taxa chegou a 80,9%. O salario médio mensal das mulheres aumentou mais do que o dos homens nesse período. No entanto, ao mesmo tempo, a quantidade semanal de horas trabalhadas das mulheres aumentou ligeiramente, enquanto diminuiu muito pouco a dos homens. Em outras palavras, há uma tendência para a convergência das horas de trabalho entre homens e mulheres. Este nivelamento das horas de trabalho é notável em todos os níveis: setoral, educacional e ocupacional. Este nivelamento das disparidades de género na quantidade de horas trabalhadas pode ser considerado como uma das principais causas da diminuição limitada da disparidade salarial entre 2004 e 2012. Palavras Chave: Emprego feminino, Mercado de trabalho, Economia Brasileira, Desigualdade de gênero, Disparidade salarial / Abstract: Brazil experienced major socio-economical changes during the first decade of the 21st century, especially starting from the year 2004 and even after de financial crisis in the years of 2008 and 2009, that ended up to improve the working conditions for the population. However despite the general remarkable advances in this period such as the creation of new jobs in high numbers, the decline in average unemployment rates and a significant increase in the real minimum wage, the Brazilian labour market is still highly unequal. The woman employment rate had not changed significantly in that period. The woman employment rate was 54.4% in 2004; it increases only to 55.7% in 2012. Moreover woman unemployment rate is almost two times higher than the men¿s¿, and women still constitute vast majority of the economically inactive population. Since the Brazilian labour market historically had been characterized as being heterogeneous and segregated, it gains importance to examine how different segments of the labour market practiced this period and to reconsider the recent dynamics of labour market in terms of different social groups. In this work it was addressed in terms of the gender inequality, particularly in terms of the gender pay gap in the labour market analyzing the evolutions of the female and male wages and working hours considering different sectors, educational levels and occupational status using micro data of PNAD (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios - Brazil's National Household Sample Survey) In 2004 women¿s average hourly earnings was equal to 78.1% of the men¿s hourly earnings, while in 2012 this rate reached to 80.9%. Women¿s average monthly earnings increased more than the men¿s in that period. However in the same time women¿s weekly working hours increased slightly, while the men¿s declined very little. In other words there is a tendency towards convergence of the working hours among men and women. This leveling of the working hours is notable in every level; in sectoral, educational and occupational status level. This leveling of gender gap in the working hours could be considered as one of the major causes of the limited decrease in the gender pay gap between 2004 and 2012 / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestra em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Bibliography: pages 269-280. / The focus of this thesis on African women's experiences as domestic workers results from the fact that the majority of women within the African population in Cape Town are employed in this sector of economy. Further, the African working class is in a peculiar position as a result of the strict enforcement of the Coloured Labour Preference Policy. This policy ensured the almost total exclusion of the African population from decent housing and education as well as employment. In fact, the policy has hamstrung almost every aspect of the African population's life. The Coloured Labour Preferential Policy was coupled with the strict enforcement of influx control, governed by the Urban Areas Act No. 25 of 1945 as amended. Worst hit by this law were the African women. An attempt was made to understand the experiences of African women both in and outside their work situation. The examination of their gendered experiences of 'race' and class divisions has led to the identification of a number of issues, among them poverty, exploitation as rightless workers and payment of low wages, fragmentation of family life and subordination in marriage relations, childcare problems, housing problems and isolation as mothers and workers. Further, their dreams, which include a wish for securing property, a secure family life and educating their children, as well as self-employment, are all indications of their deprivation and exploitation as women. In this thesis gender has been prioritised, as it emerged as the prime feature of African women's experiences of social divisions. Being a woman in a society divided by 'race' and class, has created hierarchies which carry unequal relationships between employer and employee and the payment of low wages. The privatised nature of this unequal relationship is the key to the oppression and exploitation of domestic workers. Moreover, the impact of the double day on African Women domestic workers has resulted in particular experiences of exploitation and oppression. Because of the limited material currently available on domestic workers, this study is seen as a contribution to the study of women as well as a contribution to a gender-sensitive, working class history of Cape Town. The selected literature that has been reviewed has left the gendered experiences of African women unexposed within their households. The focus has been on the work situation only. Failure to recognise or identify these gendered experiences within both class and 'race' divisions results in obscuring the daily struggles that African women face regarding housing, family life and childcare facilities. The review of the two commissions of enquiry, namely the Riekert and Wiehahn Commissions has shown that the State is still unresponsive to the needs of women as workers and in particular, as domestic workers. Riekert has tied the availability of housing to employment, thus excluding a large number of women in the Cape Town urban area.

Bibliography: pages 233-248. / This dissertation seeks to examine an area of South African historiography which has largely been ignored, that is, domestic labour. It posits a relationship between working class women, domestic labour paid and unpaid. The material has been arranged around the primary objective of examining the silence around domestic labour and highlighting the gender content of domestic work. It is divided into two parts. The first part examines the conceptualization of class and gender struggles, while the second part examines aspects of working class women's experience of this. Chapter One deals with why women have been ignored in recorded history; Chapter Two examines Marxist approaches to the Woman Question. Chapter Three examines the silence arourid women's experience in South African historiography, while Chapter Four is a critical examination of the recorded history of domestic workers. Chapter Five examines aspects of black working class women's experience of domestic labour in their own families, while Chapter Six documents the experience of a group of organized workers in Cape Town. The study concludes that the way forward is to develop a gender sensitive class analysis as outlined in the work of Lise Vogel. This will open up new areas for research, for example, the rise of the public and private dichotomy, the separation of productive and reproductive labour, the ideology of motherhood and sexuality as well as the changing nature of the social construction of gender identity.

This study addresses the determinants of women's economic activity in three low income communities in Amman, the capital of Jordan. These communities represent what is typically referred to as "pockets of urban poverty." Besides addressing the demographic and socio-economic variables, the study identifies and includes cultural variables in a model of female labor force participation. Modern economic systems developed definitions and measurements of productivity that render the majority of women's work as non-productive. Activities within the domestic sphere that do not earn monetary returns are not measured as productive economic activities, and hence are dropped from the calculations of gross national and domestic products of most if not all developing nations. In the Arab Middle East, where women's work outside the home is relatively a recent phenomenon, labor statistics are measuring only female labor force in the "formal sector" of the labor market. The scope and magnitude of women's economic activity within the domestic sphere, or in what is termed the informal sector, is neglected, or at best, underestimated, by labor force statistics. In such cultural contexts where women's economic activity outside the home is still considered secondary to the array of their reproductive and home-related activities, the underlying thesis is that cultural factors play an important role in shaping the outcomes of women's decisions regarding labor force participation. A field survey covered the sample of adult women, aged 15 years and over. To achieve a 95% level of significance, 435 women were interviewed. Three field surveyors were trained to thoroughly probe and depict all types of economic activity for the purpose of raising cash, be it in the formal or the informal sectors of the labor market. A nested logit model assesses the effects of demographic and socio-economic variables on women's employment status. Employment status is defined as a dichotomous dependent variable indicating whether a woman does or does not work. The second step of the logit model incorporates cultural variables in addition to the demographic and socio-economic variables. Each logit run segregates women by marital status, and one run addresses the pooled sample of women, with marital status included as a predictor variable. The results indicate that age and marital status (in the pooled sample) are important variables in determining the employment status of women. The presence of a resource person to help the ever-married woman in child-care also had a significant effect on women's employment decisions. Household income, which represents the need for the woman's income, is also a significant variable. In the second step of the nested logit model, education significantly influences women's work outside the home. Segregation (a cultural variable that represented a constraint to women's work in a mixed environment) is also a significant variable in influencing women's work inside the home. This study shows that when addressing the determinants of female labor force participation, it is important to include cultural variables and assess their effect on influencing the outcome of women's decisions to undertake economic activity. Policies that seek to increase female employment need to be aware of the cultural and demographic (fertility related) considerations. Consequently, employment creation and enhancement programs need to be formulated and designed with this consideration in focus. For example, child-care facilities could be established within communities. This will free sometime of mothers with children to work outside the home, and will create child-care jobs within the community. Realizing that, due to cultural barriers, some women will still desire to only work at home, agencies providing marketing channels for such activities need to be established.

Note:

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.