The history of women’s basketball in Canada has been influenced by key individuals who have challenged systemic barriers and social mores demanding appropriate female behaviors and activities. In this study I examine the sporting contributions of Vancouverite Ruth Wilson, whose involvements in the sport of women’s basketball from the mid 1930s through the 1960s was significant. Though several studies have highlighted the importance of women’s basketball in a North American context (Hall, 2002; Cahn, 1994; Kidd, 1996; Hult and Trekell, 1991), to date there has not been a significant examination of the development of basketball for women and its early advocates in western Canada. Celebrating heroines of sport is not a straightforward matter. The concept of the heroic, as Hargreaves points out, must be examined through an analysis of the struggles and achievements of many women whose stories have been excluded or forgotten from previous accounts of women’s sports and female heroism (Hargreaves, 2000). Thus my account of Ruth Wilson’s contributions provides a unique case study of one womans persistent and wide ranging efforts to change the ways in which girls and women participated in a sport which brought them freedom to compete, professional opportunities and in some cases, national status. This study employs several methodological techniques. Data was collected through primary and secondary document analysis in conjunction with semi-structured open ended interviews. Ruth Wilson’s contributions have been highlighted through the narratives of female sportswomen whom she mentored, assisted, befriended and coached and who are still living today to provide their memories about her role in changing the landscape of women’s basketball in Canada.

The history of women’s basketball in Canada has been influenced by key individuals who have challenged systemic barriers and social mores demanding appropriate female behaviors and activities. In this study I examine the sporting contributions of Vancouverite Ruth Wilson, whose involvements in the sport of women’s basketball from the mid 1930s through the 1960s was significant. Though several studies have highlighted the importance of women’s basketball in a North American context (Hall, 2002; Cahn, 1994; Kidd, 1996; Hult and Trekell, 1991), to date there has not been a significant examination of the development of basketball for women and its early advocates in western Canada. Celebrating heroines of sport is not a straightforward matter. The concept of the heroic, as Hargreaves points out, must be examined through an analysis of the struggles and achievements of many women whose stories have been excluded or forgotten from previous accounts of women’s sports and female heroism (Hargreaves, 2000). Thus my account of Ruth Wilson’s contributions provides a unique case study of one womans persistent and wide ranging efforts to change the ways in which girls and women participated in a sport which brought them freedom to compete, professional opportunities and in some cases, national status. This study employs several methodological techniques. Data was collected through primary and secondary document analysis in conjunction with semi-structured open ended interviews. Ruth Wilson’s contributions have been highlighted through the narratives of female sportswomen whom she mentored, assisted, befriended and coached and who are still living today to provide their memories about her role in changing the landscape of women’s basketball in Canada.

The history of women’s basketball in Canada has been influenced by key individuals who have challenged systemic barriers and social mores demanding appropriate female behaviors and activities. In this study I examine the sporting contributions of Vancouverite Ruth Wilson, whose involvements in the sport of women’s basketball from the mid 1930s through the 1960s was significant. Though several studies have highlighted the importance of women’s basketball in a North American context (Hall, 2002; Cahn, 1994; Kidd, 1996; Hult and Trekell, 1991), to date there has not been a significant examination of the development of basketball for women and its early advocates in western Canada. Celebrating heroines of sport is not a straightforward matter. The concept of the heroic, as Hargreaves points out, must be examined through an analysis of the struggles and achievements of many women whose stories have been excluded or forgotten from previous accounts of women’s sports and female heroism (Hargreaves, 2000). Thus my account of Ruth Wilson’s contributions provides a unique case study of one womans persistent and wide ranging efforts to change the ways in which girls and women participated in a sport which brought them freedom to compete, professional opportunities and in some cases, national status. This study employs several methodological techniques. Data was collected through primary and secondary document analysis in conjunction with semi-structured open ended interviews. Ruth Wilson’s contributions have been highlighted through the narratives of female sportswomen whom she mentored, assisted, befriended and coached and who are still living today to provide their memories about her role in changing the landscape of women’s basketball in Canada. / Education, Faculty of / Kinesiology, School of / Graduate

Sports have recently been incorporated into international development agendas in a bid to 'empower' women and foster gender equality. Considered a masculine domain, sports are argued to empower women by challenging the status quo and their 'traditional' positions in societies. This thesis examines the use of sport in an athletic training camp for female distance runners located in Arusha, Northern Tanzania. Like other similar camps throughout East Africa, this training camp provides financial support for athletes, recruited from isolated rural areas, to live and train full time in the city. The camp was founded and is run by a Tanzanian couple, known as Gwandu and Mama Gwandu, but it has recently begun receiving financial support from an American development organisation. The director of this organisation, Karl, aims to empower the young women training in the camp by enabling them to use their sporting talent to further their education. This directly contradicts Gwandu and Mama Gwandu's goals, however, and they strive to enable the girls to improve their lives by earning money from running. The girls themselves perceive running as a unique opportunity to migrate to Arusha and distance themselves from their natal villages. The idea of earning money from running is secondary, for the girls, to the aspiration of settling permanently in the city. Although running provides a common link between the goals of the development organisation, those of Gwandu and Mama Gwandu, and those of the female athletes themselves, the overlap between these goals is only partial. Pragmatic constraints in each case mean the goals remain always unattainable and partially unachieved, and are continually readjusted to fit changing constraints and perceptions of what is possible. In discussing the different aspirations held by those involved in the training camp, this thesis highlights the multiple ways in which notions of 'modernity' can be understood and enacted. Modernity is a central theme in contemporary African anthropological literature, as is the notion of 'multiple modernities', often used to refer to the culturally diverse interpretations of the meaning of modernity and subsequent efforts to 'become modern'. Using key authors including Ferguson (1999), Snyder (2002; 2005) and Schneider (1970), this thesis argues that, drawing on different influences to enact different cultural styles, the girls, Gwandu and Mama Gwandu imagine and perform 'modernity' in different ways. Gwandu and Mama Gwandu are shown to draw on notions of maendeleo to construct a localist cultural style, which they attempt to enforce on the athletes in the camp. By contrast, the girls are argued to draw inspiration from what they perceive as the 'city' lifestyle maintained by Malkia – one of Tanzania's most successful female athletes – to construct a cosmopolitan cultural style they gradually gain performative competence in throughout their time in the camp. While both visions emphasise the importance of urbanisation, Gwandu and Mama Gwandu's localism condemns particular practices they conceive of as characteristic of "city life", including the value placed on commodities and modes of consumption that is central to the girls' cosmopolitanism. The clash between Gwandu and Mama Gwandu's goals and those of the girls is most pronounced at the beginning of their time in the camp. The girls’ compliance with camp rules increases with their time spent in the camp, as their vision increasingly overlaps with that of Gwandu and Mama Gwandu. I argue that the clash between their goals is once again pronounced after the girls have left the camp, and attempt to perform the cosmopolitan cultural style in which they have increasingly gained competence during their time in the camp. This discussion raises questions about the ways in which women can be 'empowered' through sports such as running. I argue that it is not running itself that empowers women like Malkia but, rather, the opportunity running affords them to acquire the material resources required, to perform the cosmopolitan style towards which they aspire.

Imagine for a moment waking up one morning to find that what or with whom you had come to identify racially was built on a foundation of ambiguities, silences, deceptions and sacred secrets. This scenario offers snapshot of Effa Louisa Brooks Manley’s life on the color line. Manley, former co-owner of the Negro League Baseball franchise (1935-1948), the Newark Eagles, disrupts American notions about what it means to be Black or white. A white mother and two black stepfathers raised her with her siblings as a Negro. However, it was not until Manley was a teenager that her mother revealed to her that her biological father also racially identified as white. This study examines the way Effa Manley performed identity at the boundaries of blackness and whiteness from the turn of the 20th century through 1945. I argue that Manley was more than a white woman who simply passed for Black. She reconciled being Black and becoming white, by exploiting the American mythology of race and culturally identified as a Negro. I explore how her self-identification complicates racial and ethnic belonging, by analyzing the identity choices she made while traversing the fault lines of race in her early life as well as the way she performed identity in the interviews she gave before her death in 1981.

The development of gender mainstreaming programs and proactive work aimed at addressing the historical imbalances of women in all sectors of society have become the staple of most international meetings with a concern for human rights. From a sport perspective, a number of organizations are keeping this critical issue alive at global, regional, international and national levels through policy documents, declarations and calls for action since 1948 to 2008 with the Dead Sea call for action. The Brighton Declaration on Women and Sport signed in 1994 by 250 signatories is universally regarded as the ground-breaking work on Women and Sport. Yet, despite years of campaigning and numerous policy documents, legislation and world conferences on women and sport, a marked gender imbalance in sport still persists. Little or no qualitative evidence could be found of clear process strategies to be followed by signatories of the Brighton Declaration on how to translate strategic intent into quality management processes to attain the envisioned result of the Declaration. Successful implementation of the principles of the Brighton Declaration depends on quality internal organizational processes and standards. The research question for the study was hence formulated as: “Do signatories of the Brighton Declaration have appropriate management processes and standards in place to translate the principles of the Declaration into sustainable practice?” The study was approached from a qualitative perspective as the perceptions of signatories relative to the quality of management processes have been evaluated. A questionnaire (Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient ∞=0.978) based on ISO 9001-2000 management standards was used as a research instrument and administered to 246 currently existing signatories of the Brighton Declaration. A response rate of 51% (n=125) was attained. Several international and regional organizations emerged as role players in women and sport. The United Nations provided leadership through conventions on human rights, Millennium Development Goals and declaring 2005 as International Year of Sport and Physical Education. The International Olympic Committee took initiative through quadrennial world conferences on women and sport since 1994. From the seminal “Women, Sport and the Challenge of Change” conference in Brighton, England in 1994, flowed three culminating results: the Brighton Declaration on Women and Sport, the International Working Group on Women and Sport and the International Strategy on Women and Sport. The Brighton Declaration signed by 250 signatories, enlarged and coordinated the global debate on women and sport as the first declaration to provide a worldwide ethical frame of reference and paradigm shift in social change for the construct of women in sport and women and sport. The issue of women and sport continuously remains on the agenda of global social change. The convening power of sport makes it a compelling tool for social change provided its potential is harnessed through sustainable management and processes. Social change necessitates an understanding of social change theories, stages of change management, the role of change agents as well as change management models. The major challenge facing women and sport groups is to translate strategic intent into measurable and replicable business process standards. Designing and institutionalizing processes and standards can be the mechanism to realize strategic intent and progress signatories through the stages of change management. Dawson’s (1994) processual model is used as a theoretical framework to conceptualize process management and to build a case for mapping business processes, managing quality of the processes, and continuously auditing processes through replicable standards. ISO 9001-2000 standards were selected as the instrument to audit quality management processes of signatories. Overall results obtained from the research questionnaire indicated an alarming ignorance of the Brighton Declaration as a benchmark of efforts to improve the position of women in sport and second an absence of management processes and standards to guide the process within signatories of the declaration. Only 2.8% of respondents indicated a process management system. Signatories have not institutionalized gender mainstreaming in a sport context. Results confirmed unequivocally H1 set for the study: the quality of management processes followed by signatories of the Brighton Declaration on Women and Sport (1994) to achieve the principles of the stated declaration is unsatisfactory. It was concluded that, in essence, the Brighton Declaration is an initiative to affect social change in the context of sport. Efforts to achieve the desired social change have to be managed and benchmarked according to change management models and processes to retain credibility and attain replicable and repeatable results. The ISO 9001-2000 is deemed a reliable instrument and framework to guide management process design, mapping, documenting, implementing, supporting, monitoring and controlling management processes. The alarming lack of management processes resulted in a significant gap between strategic intent and reality and suggests that the notion of gender mainstreaming feeds on emotion rather than replicable management processes. The Brighton Declaration as a seminal document will not impact substantially on achieving gender mainstreaming in sport as signatories have not succeeded in creating a critical mass necessary to tip the scale. Results also indicated that signatories are locked into the introductory stages of change management because of the lack of organized change. Low levels of competent leadership responsible for managing the change process results in loss of corporate memory regarding the Brighton Declaration. The study is concluded with recommendations and managerial guidelines focusing on building a critical mass, revisiting the significance of the seminal Brighton Declaration. A universal declaration on women and sport is recommended to serve as the nexus for global efforts to improve the position of women in sport. Signatories should adopt a managerial approach to the implementation of the Brighton Declaration rather than a social philanthropic awareness approach to move forward. Implications for further study center around investigating possible performance management systems in order to refine or supplement the recommended ISO 9001-2000 standards for quality management processes, longitudinally audit quality management processes at international and regional levels, and probing the possibility of formulating a universal declaration on women and sport to accelerate critical mass building in the context of women and sport. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted

Essa dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a trajetória esportiva de Eduarda Marranghello Luizelli (Duda) como jogadora de futebol e como dirigente atuando na formação de atletas. Para tanto está fundamentada em marcos teóricos relacionados à participação das mulheres no esporte, mais especificamente no futebol considerando narrativas biográficas. A metodologia utilizada tem um viés qualitativo com fundamentação teórica e metodológica na Historia Oral, utilizada como procedimento para a produção de fontes, tendo como foco a História de Vida. Foram realizadas 16 entrevistas com pessoas que mantém relação com a trajetória da Duda como familiares, ex-jogadoras de futebol e profissionais que atuam na escolinha esportiva que dirige. Estas entrevistas foram cotejadas com outros documentos, muitos deles integrantes do acervo pessoal da própria Duda e desse diálogo emergiram dois capítulos intitulados: Primeiro tempo: Duda jogadora e Segundo tempo: Duda dirigente. O primeiro eixo temático discute como se deu a inserção de Duda na modalidade e como consolidou sua trajetória como jogadora de futebol. O segundo eixo temático diz respeito a sua atuação como dirigente de uma escolinha de futebol. A partir das análises percebeu-se que o apoio familiar foi determinante para sua permanência e continuidade na modalidade, assim como, auxiliou ao longo de toda sua trajetória esportiva. Foi possível verificar que suas experiências no futebol italiano e na seleção brasileira, além de proporcionar momentos de realização, foram marcadas por dificuldades e frustrações. Observouse que sua trajetória no Sport Club Internacional foi permeada de lutas e vitórias em prol do esporte destacando Duda como referência da modalidade. Também foi possível observar que Duda transformou seu nome em uma marca através de sua Escola e consolidou sua representatividade na modalidade como formadora de atletas. Algumas tensões foram evidenciadas no que diz respeito ao gerenciamento esportivo por parte das mulheres, especificamente na ausência das mesmas em cargos de liderança. Conclui-se que Duda foi e ainda é uma das fomentadoras da modalidade no Rio Grande do Sul, sua representatividade como jogadora de futebol influenciou na carreira de muitas atletas e apesar dos obstáculos e das adversidades enfrentadas, sua trajetória esportiva é reconhecida no cenário nacional. / This thesis aims to analyze the sporting career of Eduarda Marranghello Luizelli (Duda) as a soccer player and as a director working in the training of athletes. The study is based on theoretical frameworks related to women's participation in sport, specifically in soccer considering biographical narratives. The methodology has a qualitative bias with theoretical and methodological foundation in Oral History, used as a procedure for the production of sources, focusing on the history of life. It was conducted 16 interviews with people who maintain a relationship with the Duda’s life trajectory as family members, former players and soccer professionals working in the soccer schools that she runs. These interviews were collated with other documents, many of them part of Duda’s personal collection, and this dialogue emerged two chapters entitled: First time: Duda player and second time: Duda director. The first main theme discusses how was Duda’s inclusion in the sport and how consolidated her career as a soccer player. The second main theme relates to Duda’s role as a director of a soccer school. From the analysis it was realized that family support was the key to the permanence and continuity in the sport, as well as helped throughout her sporting career. It was possible to verify that her experiences in Italian soccer and the Brazilian national team, not only provided realization of moments, but also they were marked by difficulties and frustrations. It was observed that Duda’s career in the Sport Club International was fraught with struggles and victories for the sport as highlighting her name as a women’s soccer reference. It was also noted that Duda turned her name into a brand through her schools and consolidated her representation in the sport as a trainer of athletes. Some tensions were evident with regard to sports managed by women, especially in the absence of females in leadership positions. It is concluded that Duda was and still is one of the women’s soccer developer in Rio Grande do Sul, and that her representation as a soccer player influenced the careers of many athletes and despite the obstacles and adversities faced, her sporting career is recognized on the national scene.

Women’s involvement in sport has remained a critical issue in society for several decades. Sex verification and drug testing are two methods that have been used to regulate women’s eligibility to compete in international sports competitions based on their testosterone levels. Organizations such as the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) have published and updated policies and rules that set eligibility criteria for who can compete in women’s sport and under what conditions. However, the academic literature addressing Chinese women’s perspectives on international sex verification and drug testing policies available in English is extremely limited. This study investigates how recent policy revisions regarding doping and sex eligibility rules impact women student- athletes competing in track and field at the university level in China. Using qualitative research methods, this thesis analyzes the impact of recent doping and gender policies on a sample of Chinese female student-athletes. / October 2015

Essa dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a trajetória esportiva de Eduarda Marranghello Luizelli (Duda) como jogadora de futebol e como dirigente atuando na formação de atletas. Para tanto está fundamentada em marcos teóricos relacionados à participação das mulheres no esporte, mais especificamente no futebol considerando narrativas biográficas. A metodologia utilizada tem um viés qualitativo com fundamentação teórica e metodológica na Historia Oral, utilizada como procedimento para a produção de fontes, tendo como foco a História de Vida. Foram realizadas 16 entrevistas com pessoas que mantém relação com a trajetória da Duda como familiares, ex-jogadoras de futebol e profissionais que atuam na escolinha esportiva que dirige. Estas entrevistas foram cotejadas com outros documentos, muitos deles integrantes do acervo pessoal da própria Duda e desse diálogo emergiram dois capítulos intitulados: Primeiro tempo: Duda jogadora e Segundo tempo: Duda dirigente. O primeiro eixo temático discute como se deu a inserção de Duda na modalidade e como consolidou sua trajetória como jogadora de futebol. O segundo eixo temático diz respeito a sua atuação como dirigente de uma escolinha de futebol. A partir das análises percebeu-se que o apoio familiar foi determinante para sua permanência e continuidade na modalidade, assim como, auxiliou ao longo de toda sua trajetória esportiva. Foi possível verificar que suas experiências no futebol italiano e na seleção brasileira, além de proporcionar momentos de realização, foram marcadas por dificuldades e frustrações. Observouse que sua trajetória no Sport Club Internacional foi permeada de lutas e vitórias em prol do esporte destacando Duda como referência da modalidade. Também foi possível observar que Duda transformou seu nome em uma marca através de sua Escola e consolidou sua representatividade na modalidade como formadora de atletas. Algumas tensões foram evidenciadas no que diz respeito ao gerenciamento esportivo por parte das mulheres, especificamente na ausência das mesmas em cargos de liderança. Conclui-se que Duda foi e ainda é uma das fomentadoras da modalidade no Rio Grande do Sul, sua representatividade como jogadora de futebol influenciou na carreira de muitas atletas e apesar dos obstáculos e das adversidades enfrentadas, sua trajetória esportiva é reconhecida no cenário nacional. / This thesis aims to analyze the sporting career of Eduarda Marranghello Luizelli (Duda) as a soccer player and as a director working in the training of athletes. The study is based on theoretical frameworks related to women's participation in sport, specifically in soccer considering biographical narratives. The methodology has a qualitative bias with theoretical and methodological foundation in Oral History, used as a procedure for the production of sources, focusing on the history of life. It was conducted 16 interviews with people who maintain a relationship with the Duda’s life trajectory as family members, former players and soccer professionals working in the soccer schools that she runs. These interviews were collated with other documents, many of them part of Duda’s personal collection, and this dialogue emerged two chapters entitled: First time: Duda player and second time: Duda director. The first main theme discusses how was Duda’s inclusion in the sport and how consolidated her career as a soccer player. The second main theme relates to Duda’s role as a director of a soccer school. From the analysis it was realized that family support was the key to the permanence and continuity in the sport, as well as helped throughout her sporting career. It was possible to verify that her experiences in Italian soccer and the Brazilian national team, not only provided realization of moments, but also they were marked by difficulties and frustrations. It was observed that Duda’s career in the Sport Club International was fraught with struggles and victories for the sport as highlighting her name as a women’s soccer reference. It was also noted that Duda turned her name into a brand through her schools and consolidated her representation in the sport as a trainer of athletes. Some tensions were evident with regard to sports managed by women, especially in the absence of females in leadership positions. It is concluded that Duda was and still is one of the women’s soccer developer in Rio Grande do Sul, and that her representation as a soccer player influenced the careers of many athletes and despite the obstacles and adversities faced, her sporting career is recognized on the national scene.

Essa dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a trajetória esportiva de Eduarda Marranghello Luizelli (Duda) como jogadora de futebol e como dirigente atuando na formação de atletas. Para tanto está fundamentada em marcos teóricos relacionados à participação das mulheres no esporte, mais especificamente no futebol considerando narrativas biográficas. A metodologia utilizada tem um viés qualitativo com fundamentação teórica e metodológica na Historia Oral, utilizada como procedimento para a produção de fontes, tendo como foco a História de Vida. Foram realizadas 16 entrevistas com pessoas que mantém relação com a trajetória da Duda como familiares, ex-jogadoras de futebol e profissionais que atuam na escolinha esportiva que dirige. Estas entrevistas foram cotejadas com outros documentos, muitos deles integrantes do acervo pessoal da própria Duda e desse diálogo emergiram dois capítulos intitulados: Primeiro tempo: Duda jogadora e Segundo tempo: Duda dirigente. O primeiro eixo temático discute como se deu a inserção de Duda na modalidade e como consolidou sua trajetória como jogadora de futebol. O segundo eixo temático diz respeito a sua atuação como dirigente de uma escolinha de futebol. A partir das análises percebeu-se que o apoio familiar foi determinante para sua permanência e continuidade na modalidade, assim como, auxiliou ao longo de toda sua trajetória esportiva. Foi possível verificar que suas experiências no futebol italiano e na seleção brasileira, além de proporcionar momentos de realização, foram marcadas por dificuldades e frustrações. Observouse que sua trajetória no Sport Club Internacional foi permeada de lutas e vitórias em prol do esporte destacando Duda como referência da modalidade. Também foi possível observar que Duda transformou seu nome em uma marca através de sua Escola e consolidou sua representatividade na modalidade como formadora de atletas. Algumas tensões foram evidenciadas no que diz respeito ao gerenciamento esportivo por parte das mulheres, especificamente na ausência das mesmas em cargos de liderança. Conclui-se que Duda foi e ainda é uma das fomentadoras da modalidade no Rio Grande do Sul, sua representatividade como jogadora de futebol influenciou na carreira de muitas atletas e apesar dos obstáculos e das adversidades enfrentadas, sua trajetória esportiva é reconhecida no cenário nacional. / This thesis aims to analyze the sporting career of Eduarda Marranghello Luizelli (Duda) as a soccer player and as a director working in the training of athletes. The study is based on theoretical frameworks related to women's participation in sport, specifically in soccer considering biographical narratives. The methodology has a qualitative bias with theoretical and methodological foundation in Oral History, used as a procedure for the production of sources, focusing on the history of life. It was conducted 16 interviews with people who maintain a relationship with the Duda’s life trajectory as family members, former players and soccer professionals working in the soccer schools that she runs. These interviews were collated with other documents, many of them part of Duda’s personal collection, and this dialogue emerged two chapters entitled: First time: Duda player and second time: Duda director. The first main theme discusses how was Duda’s inclusion in the sport and how consolidated her career as a soccer player. The second main theme relates to Duda’s role as a director of a soccer school. From the analysis it was realized that family support was the key to the permanence and continuity in the sport, as well as helped throughout her sporting career. It was possible to verify that her experiences in Italian soccer and the Brazilian national team, not only provided realization of moments, but also they were marked by difficulties and frustrations. It was observed that Duda’s career in the Sport Club International was fraught with struggles and victories for the sport as highlighting her name as a women’s soccer reference. It was also noted that Duda turned her name into a brand through her schools and consolidated her representation in the sport as a trainer of athletes. Some tensions were evident with regard to sports managed by women, especially in the absence of females in leadership positions. It is concluded that Duda was and still is one of the women’s soccer developer in Rio Grande do Sul, and that her representation as a soccer player influenced the careers of many athletes and despite the obstacles and adversities faced, her sporting career is recognized on the national scene.