The rapid penetration of the Internet and the prevalence of various social media facilitated by new technologies provide new opportunities for how marketing techniques are developed and refined. The creation of viral marketing has been driven by technological innovations and cultural changes. Responding to marketing trends and catering to consumers’ psychological demands and behavioral changes, viral marketing represents the latest online customer-centric marketing (Shukla, 2010). Extending the advertising effects of word-of-mouth (WOM) communication and Internet marketing, viral marketing has demonstrated considerable success and utility in a promotional phase and development process of a product and/or service. This study intends to illustrate the benefits and challenges of viral marketing. The effects and concerns with the adoption of viral marketing are reinforced by previous research and findings from marketer and consumer focus groups. This thesis will contribute to building a theoretical and empirical foundation for viral marketing research and professional practice.

Från 2010 förändrades Försvarsmaktens rekrytering av soldater genom regeringsbeslut att värnplikten skulle vara vilande. Anställda soldater skulle bemanna FM organisation. Under åren intill 2010 fanns det, trots värnpliktens obligatorium, möjlighet att söka till frivilliga utbildningar under värnpliktstjänstgöringen, genom en särskild ansökan (SANS). Ett förband med SANS var Fallskärmsjägarskolan (FJS). Varje år genomförde ett stort antal ungdomar med uppfylld kravprofil vid mönstringen SANS till FJS. Vad var bidragande orsaker och påverkansfaktorer till att de sökte utbildningen vid FJS, en mer krävande utbildning än de behövde genomföra? Uppsatsen behandlar faktorer som bidrog till attraktionskraften att söka fallskärmsjägarutbildningen. Med utgångspunkt i organisationskultur, och med stöd av Backhaus och Tikoos utvecklade ramverk kring Employer branding, kommer ett av FM varumärken att behandlas. Det görs genom empiriskt stöd av en frågeundersökning, med tre årskullar över tre decennium. Resultatet visar att såväl externa som interna faktorer påverkar uppfattningen kring en organisations varumärke. Dessutom visar det vikten av ambassadörer, och betydelsen av muntlig överspridning samt upplevd familjaritet med organisationen. Det visar också den tidsöverskridande konstanta attraktionen av utmaningen, att få testa sig, som del av en eftertraktad grupp. / In 2010 the primary source for recruiting future soldiers and employees for the Swedish Armed Forces was changed. Previously the foundation for recruiting was the annual cohort of conscript soldiers that was selected through enlistment tryouts in their late teens. Enlistment was mandatory, however, there has always existed volunteer choices for national service within the Armed Forces. One of these units was FJS (Special Forces Corps). Every year a lot of able conscripts were allowed to apply for selection and training with the FJS. What was the background, reason and persuation for them to volunteer for a more challenging conscription than they were needed to? This thesis examines which factors that was behind an effective recruiting process until the cancelation of conscription in 2010. Focus will be on one examined unit. With the support of  Organizational culture theories and Backhaus and Tikoo´s Employer branding framework this will be reviewed. The empirical background for the studie will be aqurired through a survey. The survey consist of three annual cohorts of soldiers, over three decades, until 2010. The results show that both external and internal factors stimulate the perceptance of the Employer Brand (EB). Furthermore it indicates the importance of Word of Mouth, familiarization and ambassadorship for further reinforcement of the EB. It also shows that no matter the era, there is a constant attraction with the Challenge, to try oneself out, as part of a coveted group.

WeChat is a widely used multi-functional social media platform in China. The increasing number of WeChat users provides new possibilities and challenges for company marketing strategy. We draw literature from word-of-mouth (WOM) and e-service quality (e-SQ). Qualitive study approach was conducted, and ten interviews done with Chinese consumers with shopping experience on WeChat. This thesis aims to explore the purchasing experience of Chinese consumers on WeChat, and specifically we want to understand how do WOM/ eWOM influences Chinese consumers on their shopping experience on WeChat, and what aspect of the e-SQ may affect Chinese consumers’ shopping experience on WeChat. The results reveal that in the brand awareness period, people are more likely to be influenced by WOM to notice products or services. Furthermore, offline WOM has more influential persuading power than online WOM. In terms of e-service quality, the professionalism and convenience of website design is the foundation of consumer purchase. Fulfillment and security perform quite well on WeChat according to our research findings. At the same time, consumers on WeChat are inclined to buy products with less need of customer service.

Seguindo as linhas de pesquisa que visam relacionar o impacto do relacionamento com os clientes aos resultados financeiros da empresa, o presente estudo procura avaliar o impacto do word-of-mouth (WOM) negativo no retorno da ação da empresa. O comportamento de falar mal da empresa por parte dos consumidores insatisfeitos pode destruir o valor dos market-based assets (customer equity e brand equity), comprometendo o desempenho das ações da companhia. Considerando a literatura existente, esta pesquisa busca identificar o impacto do WOM negativo no desempenho das ações das empresas no curto e no longo prazo. O primeiro estudo replica o modelo de Luo (2007) para identificar o impacto do WOM negativo nos retornos de curto prazo da ação das empresas. O segundo estudo busca verificar o impacto de longo prazo a partir da comparação do desempenho de portfólios compostos por ações de empresas em relação ao seu nível de reclamações. Os resultados do primeiro estudo convergiram em certa medida com os resultados apresentados por Luo (2007) para o setor bancário, apontando para um impacto negativo das reclamações no retorno da ação, mas foram mistos quando as empresas foram avaliadas individualmente. O segundo estudo demonstrou que o portfólio composto por ações de empresas menos reclamadas teve um retorno acumulado superior ao portfólio composto pelas ações mais reclamadas, além de apresentar um risco inferior ao risco de mercado. As implicações e limitações do estudo são discutidas e são sugeridas pesquisas futuras a partir deste estudo. / Following previous research that seek to integrate customer relationship impact to firm value, the present study focus to assess the impact of negative word-of-mouth (WOM) on stock returns. Dissatisfied customers that spread negative WOM about the company can ruin market-based assets (customer equity and brand equity) and hurt its performance. Based on present literature, this research seeks to identify the impact of negative WOM on stocks’ short and long term performances. The first study replicates Luo’s (2007) model to identify the short term impact of negative WOM on stock performance. The second aims to identify the long term impact of negative WOM by comparing the performance of portfolios created based on companies level of complaints. The first study accomplished to partially replicate the results found by Luo (2007) for banking industry, finding a negative impact of negative WOM on firm stock returns, although it found mixed results when the impact was assessed for each company individually. The second study demonstrates that a portfolio with less complained companies has a superior performance over a portfolio with more complained companies, while presenting a risk below market’s level. The results implications and limitations are discussed and further studies suggestions are made.

Background:               Thanks to digitalization, the current generation Y is constantly exposed to advertising and information, blurring boundaries that can lead to a “buzz”, process more and more common online due to the possibility to publicly respond.   Purpose:          The aim is to understand the processes leading to a possible influence of consumer perception via negative online word-of-mouth and advertisements deemed controversial.   Method:          As an exploratory study, this paper conducted qualitative interviews with a group of students in which they will react to two cases of viral, controversial advertisement.    Conclusion:                The results show that there is indeed a relation between being exposed to negative online word-of-mouth: controversy and interpretation of the content influence the customer’s opinion.

Seguindo as linhas de pesquisa que visam relacionar o impacto do relacionamento com os clientes aos resultados financeiros da empresa, o presente estudo procura avaliar o impacto do word-of-mouth (WOM) negativo no retorno da ação da empresa. O comportamento de falar mal da empresa por parte dos consumidores insatisfeitos pode destruir o valor dos market-based assets (customer equity e brand equity), comprometendo o desempenho das ações da companhia. Considerando a literatura existente, esta pesquisa busca identificar o impacto do WOM negativo no desempenho das ações das empresas no curto e no longo prazo. O primeiro estudo replica o modelo de Luo (2007) para identificar o impacto do WOM negativo nos retornos de curto prazo da ação das empresas. O segundo estudo busca verificar o impacto de longo prazo a partir da comparação do desempenho de portfólios compostos por ações de empresas em relação ao seu nível de reclamações. Os resultados do primeiro estudo convergiram em certa medida com os resultados apresentados por Luo (2007) para o setor bancário, apontando para um impacto negativo das reclamações no retorno da ação, mas foram mistos quando as empresas foram avaliadas individualmente. O segundo estudo demonstrou que o portfólio composto por ações de empresas menos reclamadas teve um retorno acumulado superior ao portfólio composto pelas ações mais reclamadas, além de apresentar um risco inferior ao risco de mercado. As implicações e limitações do estudo são discutidas e são sugeridas pesquisas futuras a partir deste estudo. / Following previous research that seek to integrate customer relationship impact to firm value, the present study focus to assess the impact of negative word-of-mouth (WOM) on stock returns. Dissatisfied customers that spread negative WOM about the company can ruin market-based assets (customer equity and brand equity) and hurt its performance. Based on present literature, this research seeks to identify the impact of negative WOM on stocks’ short and long term performances. The first study replicates Luo’s (2007) model to identify the short term impact of negative WOM on stock performance. The second aims to identify the long term impact of negative WOM by comparing the performance of portfolios created based on companies level of complaints. The first study accomplished to partially replicate the results found by Luo (2007) for banking industry, finding a negative impact of negative WOM on firm stock returns, although it found mixed results when the impact was assessed for each company individually. The second study demonstrates that a portfolio with less complained companies has a superior performance over a portfolio with more complained companies, while presenting a risk below market’s level. The results implications and limitations are discussed and further studies suggestions are made.

O boca a boca em meio digital tem sido tema de várias pesquisas, mas atualmente algumas questões críticas permanecem desconhecidas. Nesse sentido, este estudo de caráter exploratório e qualitativo, tem como objetivo compreender questões críticas, nomeadamente motivações dos usuários idosos da internet que contribuem com o boca a boca em meio digital. O método adotado inclui revisão na literatura dos conceitos de comunicação de marketing/boca a boca, internet e idosos. Também abrange uma pesquisa de campo com entrevistas em profundidade com usuários da internet idosos, à luz do modelo de Ho e Dempsey (2010). O modelo identifica quatro motivações potenciais: inclusão, individualidade, afeição/altruísmo e controle, que são compreendidas pelos respondentes de forma parcial. Também foram encontrados novos itens como análise de perfil, boca a boca negativo e positivo, comunicação ativa, descontração, diversão, educação, o estímulo emocional e proliferação de ideia, que foram adicionadas como motivações potenciais para esse segmento. / The electronic word of mouth has been the subject of several researches, but currently some critical questions remain unknown. In this sense, this exploratory and qualitative study aims to understand the critical questions, namely motivations of elderly internet users which contribute with electronic word of mouth. The method adopted includes a literature\'s concepts review of marketing communication/word of mouth, internet and elderly. It also covers a field research with in-depth interviews with elderly internet users, in the light of Ho e Dempsey\'s model (2010). The model identifies four potential motivations: inclusion, individuality, affection / altruism, and control, which are partially conceived by respondents. New items were also found such as profile analysis, negative and positive word of mouth, active communication, relaxation, fun, education, emotional stimulation and the proliferation of idea, which were added as potential motivations for this segment.

Seguindo as linhas de pesquisa que visam relacionar o impacto do relacionamento com os clientes aos resultados financeiros da empresa, o presente estudo procura avaliar o impacto do word-of-mouth (WOM) negativo no retorno da ação da empresa. O comportamento de falar mal da empresa por parte dos consumidores insatisfeitos pode destruir o valor dos market-based assets (customer equity e brand equity), comprometendo o desempenho das ações da companhia. Considerando a literatura existente, esta pesquisa busca identificar o impacto do WOM negativo no desempenho das ações das empresas no curto e no longo prazo. O primeiro estudo replica o modelo de Luo (2007) para identificar o impacto do WOM negativo nos retornos de curto prazo da ação das empresas. O segundo estudo busca verificar o impacto de longo prazo a partir da comparação do desempenho de portfólios compostos por ações de empresas em relação ao seu nível de reclamações. Os resultados do primeiro estudo convergiram em certa medida com os resultados apresentados por Luo (2007) para o setor bancário, apontando para um impacto negativo das reclamações no retorno da ação, mas foram mistos quando as empresas foram avaliadas individualmente. O segundo estudo demonstrou que o portfólio composto por ações de empresas menos reclamadas teve um retorno acumulado superior ao portfólio composto pelas ações mais reclamadas, além de apresentar um risco inferior ao risco de mercado. As implicações e limitações do estudo são discutidas e são sugeridas pesquisas futuras a partir deste estudo. / Following previous research that seek to integrate customer relationship impact to firm value, the present study focus to assess the impact of negative word-of-mouth (WOM) on stock returns. Dissatisfied customers that spread negative WOM about the company can ruin market-based assets (customer equity and brand equity) and hurt its performance. Based on present literature, this research seeks to identify the impact of negative WOM on stocks’ short and long term performances. The first study replicates Luo’s (2007) model to identify the short term impact of negative WOM on stock performance. The second aims to identify the long term impact of negative WOM by comparing the performance of portfolios created based on companies level of complaints. The first study accomplished to partially replicate the results found by Luo (2007) for banking industry, finding a negative impact of negative WOM on firm stock returns, although it found mixed results when the impact was assessed for each company individually. The second study demonstrates that a portfolio with less complained companies has a superior performance over a portfolio with more complained companies, while presenting a risk below market’s level. The results implications and limitations are discussed and further studies suggestions are made.

The overall aim with this study is to get a better understanding of influencers and the relationship between influencers and companies in relation to companies’ strategic communication. The method used in this thesis is a qualitative interview study and a qualitative content analysis of the interview results. The theoretical perspective of the study is strategic communication focusing on two further aspects: opinion leader and electronic word-of-mouth. The results from the interview study show that an influencer is a person who works with social media channels and has a large number of followers. An influencer has the opportunity to influence their followers through these social media channels. Influencers communication is based on honesty and credibility which is the most significant factor why companies want to collaborate with influencers today. The result shows that companies have a planned approach for strategic communication in collaboration with influencers; however, the result also shows that influencers have significant discretion in deciding how to execute the collaboration. Therefore, the companies do not entirely control the strategic communication.

What makes some marketing campaigns so immensely big and well known when they are marketed through social media or with a viral approach? How can a company reach out to customers through viral marketing and how can they make use of today’s social media to achieve it? In this article we will try to understand and further explore what a campaign have to accomplish in order to achieve a viral spread, using a descriptive model which uses a number of factors and terms necessary in order to properly analyze viral marketing campaigns. This model as it stands today is at its first steps towards being a tool for producers to incorporate in their analytic research and design process when creating viral campaigns.