Alors que la littérature scientifique décrète que l’innovation collaborative n’est pas une nouveauté, les définitions sont souvent contradictoires et sa mise en œuvre reste énigmatique. Par conséquent, cette thèse en sciences de gestion a souhaité apporter des clarifications et des premiers éléments de réponse à travers la problématique centrale suivante : " Comment appréhender les nouvelles formes d’organisation du travail au service de l’innovation collaborative dans le cadre des territoires inscrits dans une démarche de stratégie intelligente ? Le cas des espaces de coworking ". Plusieurs objectifs en ont découlé : 1. Analyser la dimension collaborative de l’organisation du travail afin de déceler son potentiel novateur ; 2. Identifier les processus de gestion qui favorisent l’innovation collaborative en utilisant le cas des espaces de coworking ; 3. Conjuguer ces processus au niveau d’un territoire afin de pouvoir proposer un modèle de gestion intégratif capable de démultiplier le potentiel d’innovation collaborative. La thèse s’est, donc, articulée autour de trois niveaux d’analyse : conceptuel, conjoncturel et territorial. La recherche empirique s’est concentrée sur plusieurs études de cas : 11 espaces de coworking en France et 6 espaces de coworking aux États-Unis. La triangulation des données à partir des entretiens semi-directifs, de l’analyse documentaire et de l’observation empirique a contribué à une meilleure qualité des résultats obtenus. L’analyse conceptuelle nous a permis de clarifier la notion de « nouveauté » associée aux nouvelles formes d’organisation de travail, ainsi que leur potentiel novateur, afin de pouvoir esquisser la grille d’analyse de l’innovation collaborative, le schéma conceptuel de la thèse. Le niveau conjoncturel de l’analyse propose, donc, un schéma conceptuel enrichi intégrant les éléments du terrain. Enfin, l’analyse territoriale a donné lieu à un modèle intégratif de gestion territoriale de l’innovation collaborative. Ces résultats visent, d’un côté, la prise de conscience de nouveaux enjeux associés au concept de travail collaboratif et son potentiel, notamment l’innovation collaborative ; et de l’autre, la prise de conscience de l’importance de l’espace et des trois types de communication - communication pour coordination, communication pour information, communication pour inspiration - dans la gestion de l’innovation collaborative afin d’envisager de nouvelles politiques (publiques) de gestion de l’innovation collaborative (territoriale). / While the scientific literature concludes that collaborative innovation is not a new concept, definitions are often contradictory and its implementation remains enigmatic. Therefore, this thesis in management aimed to address the issue by stating its main question as follows: "How do we capitalize on the new forms of work organization targeting collaborative innovation in regions supporting smart specialization strategies? The case of coworking spaces". As a consequence, the following research objectives have been formulated: 1. To analyze the collaborative dimension of the organization of work in order to detect its innovative potential; 2. To identify management processes that foster collaborative innovation using the case of coworking spaces; 3. To conjugate these processes at the level of a territory in order to propose an integrative management model capable of enhancing the potential of collaborative innovation. The thesis was articulated around three levels of analysis: conceptual, conjunctural and territorial. Empirical research has focused on several case studies: 11 coworking spaces in France and 6 coworking spaces in the United States. The triangulation of the data from semi - structured interviews, documentary analysis and empirical observation helped produce quality results. The conceptual analysis permitted to clarify the notion of "novelty" associated with the new forms of work organization, as well as their innovative potential; thus, this level of analysis aimed to outline the collaborative innovation analysis grid, the conceptual schema of the thesis. The conjunctural level of the analysis proposed an enriched conceptual diagram by integrating the elements of the fieldwork. Finally, the territorial analysis provided an integrative model of the territorial management of collaborative innovation. On the one hand, these results are meant to raise awareness of the new implications of collaborative work and its potential, particularly collaborative innovation; on the other hand, they emphasize the importance of space and the importance of the three types of communication - communication for coordination, communication for information, and communication for inspiration - in the management of collaborative innovation. Thus, they underline multiple opportunities to define new (public) policies for the management of (territorial) collaborative innovation.

Objetivo: analisar a organização do trabalho no desenvolvimento das Lesões por Esforços Repetitivos/ Distúrbios Osteomusculares Relacionados ao Trabalho - LER/DORT, em taquígrafos de ambos os sexos, de duas Casas Parlamentares na região metropolitana de São Paulo. Método: estudo qualitativo; os instrumentos de coleta utilizados foram: entrevista individual, observação do trabalho e questionário de saúde e trabalho, composto de questões de identificação, estilo de vida, dados ocupacionais e de morbidade e o Questionário Nórdico de Sintomas Osteomusculares. Resultados: Identificaram-se fatores biomecânicos como prováveis causas de LER/DORT, tais como: manutenção de postura estática e movimentos repetitivos de digitação / manuseio de gravador; e aspectos da organização do trabalho, como por exemplo: divisão de tarefas por ciclos de tempo, pessoal reduzido, horários e pausas irregulares. Os taquígrafos relataram: exigências física, cognitiva, sensorial e psicológica do treinamento/ trabalho, pressão temporal, receio de errar, sobrecarga de trabalho nos períodos de pico e desgaste motivado pela disponibilidade integral de horários. Os trabalhadores identificaram como causas de LER/DORT: as dimensões temporal, ambiental, e da ação do trabalho, bem como aspectos individuais e condições fora do trabalho. Conclusões: (a) A taquigrafia parlamentar caracteriza-se pela fragmentação das tarefas, ritmo imposto e prazos rígidos, semelhante a uma linha de montagem; (b) aspectos da organização do trabalho podem influenciar a sobrecarga biomecânica e o aumento no tempo de exposição ao risco para LER/DORT entre taquígrafos; (c) para serem eficazes, medidas preventivas devem considerar os aspectos biomecânicos, bem como as características da organização do trabalho e a participação dos trabalhadores. / Objective: to analyze some of the relevant aspects of work organization in the development of Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders- WRMSD among male and female shorthand typists, in two parliamentary institutions in the metropolitan area of the city of São Paulo. Method: qualitative study; the instruments used to collect data have been: individual interview, observation of the work and questionnaire of health and work, composed of identification, occupational and morbidity questions and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Results: Biomechanical factors such as the maintenance of static posture and the repetitive movements of typing / handling the voice recorder have been identified as probable WRMSD causes; as well as some aspects of work organization, such as: task division in time cycles, reduced staff, irregular schedules and breaks. The shorthand typists have spoken about: physical, cognitive, sensorial and psychological requirements of training/work, time pressure, fear of making mistakes, work overload in rush periods and strain caused by the full-time availability schedule. The workers have come up with WRMSK causes: time, environmental and action dimensions of their work, as well as individual aspects and extra-work conditions. Conclusions: (a) The parliamentary shorthand typing work is characterized by divided tasks, rigid work rhythm and deadlines, like a factory assembly-line; (b) several elements of work organization may influence the biomechanical overload and it may also increase the exposure to WRMSD risk among shorthand typists; (c) effective preventive measures must consider the biomechanical elements, as well as the aspects of organization of the work and workers’ participation.

Cette étude traite du travail en équipe et de la coopération patronale-syndicale. Nous avons évalué l’influence de la coopération patronale-syndicale sur le fonctionnement et l’autonomie collective des équipes de travail. La méthodologie utilisée s’appuie sur une étude de cas contrastés du point de vue de la variable indépendante (l’intensité de la coopération patronale-syndicale), en neutralisant le plus grand nombre possible de variables de contrôle pouvant influencer la variable dépendante (fonctionnement et autonomie des équipes de travail). Des entrevues semi-structurées avec les représentants des deux usines sélectionnées ont confirmé que la coopération patronale-syndicale était élevée dans une usine et faible dans l’autre. L’analyse des données relatives à notre variable dépendante est basée principalement sur les résultats d’un questionnaire et les données obtenues indiquent que les répondants de l’usine d’Alma font des évaluations plus élevées des aspects liés aux dimensions de la variable dépendantes et celles-ci recouvrent des aspects axés sur la gestion des opérations alors que celles où les évaluations sont plus élevées à Kénogami concernent majoritairement des aspects plus secondaires. Notre hypothèse est essentiellement confirmée et démontre une relation positive entre un degré élevé de coopération patronale-syndicale et l’évaluation par les membres du fonctionnement et de l’autonomie collective de leur équipe. Cette relation positive est cependant mitigée, car elle ne se vérifie pas pour certaines dimensions qui renvoient à des aspects plus secondaires de l’autonomie collective des équipes de travail. / The main focus of the research is the analysis of the phenomena and the link between the union-management Cooperation and the work team. We are pursuing by submitting a main hypothesis: the degree of union-management Cooperation has a positive influence on the functioning and collective self-reliance of work teams. Methodology used relies on a point of multiple case study of the independent variable (the intensity of the employer-Union cooperation) in neutralizing the greatest possible number of control variables that can influence the dependent variable (operation and autonomy of the teams work). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with representative’s employer and Union. The results show that two selected plants have confirmed that the union-Cooperation was high in a factory and low in the other. Our dependent variable data analysis is based primarily on the results of a questionnaire and the resulting data indicate that Alma plant respondents have the highest ratings of dimensions related to their degree of autonomy and the functioning of their team work. Our assumption is essentially confirmed and demonstrates a positive relationship between a high degree of union-management Cooperation and assessment by the members of their team’s operations and collective self-reliance of work teams. However, this positive relationship is mixed, because it does not apply for certain dimensions that concerns more trivial aspects of the collective autonomy of work teams.

O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar por meio de sistemáticas as relações da Associação dos Catadores de Materiais Recicláveis Unidos do Bairro (Acuba) - Curitiba-PR com as instituições públicas responsáveis pela gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. Caracterizou-se a pesquisa como qualitativa, de natureza exploratória com aplicação de técnicas de coleta de dados. Inicialmente foram reconstituídas as ações das instituições públicas com respeito à gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos na cidade de Curitiba-PR. Verificou-se o papel e as formas de participação das associações de catadores de materiais recicláveis no processo de gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Identificou-se características, hierarquias, e condutas na organização do trabalho da Acuba. O Programa Reciclagem e Inclusão Total - Ecocidadão, dirigido pela Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente de Curitiba-PR tem colaborado para as políticas de inclusão social dos catadores. Mas as medidas de inclusão ainda não são suficientes para mudar o estado de vulnerabilidade do tipo de trabalho que os catadores exercem, a discriminação no tratamento pessoal, a falta de respeito e os riscos de acidentes. Estas condições estão sendo trabalhadas em nível de projetos, produtos, programas, técnicas, metodologias em Curitiba-PR, que visam minimizar as condições de precarização e informalidade no trabalho dos catadores. Os resultados e as fragilidades do sistema de gestão foram sistematizados em organograma e fluxogramas que apresentam a atual organização e visualizada a contribuição das associações de catadores de materiais recicláveis no processo de coleta, triagem e comercialização. / This study seeks to revisit the debate of the potential recyclable material’s management from the case of the association of recyclable material ACUBA, located in Curitiba-PR. Initially, the actions from the public power for recyclable material’s management in Curitiba-PR were reconstructed. The role and forms of participation from the collectors association on the solid waste management process. Characteristics, hierarchies and behaviors from the work organization on the ACUBA were identified. An organization chart and a flow were drawn up of the organization of the waste management and the contribution of the collectors association in the process of collecting, sorting and selling. The program “Reciclagem e Inclusão Total – Ecocidadão”, directed by the “Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente” of Curitiba-PR has contributed to the social inclusion of the waste collectors policies. However, the inclusion measures are not sufficient to change the vulnerability state of the exercise of this kind of work, the discrimination on the personal personal treatment, the lack of respect and the risk of accidents. Those contradictions are being worked on projects, products, programs, techniques methodologies in Curitiba-PR, which aim to minimize the conditions of precariousness and informality in the work.

L'objectif initial de l'ergonomie d'adapter le travail à l'homme a progressivement évolué avec la conception d’une santé construite qui souligne la possibilité pour les travailleurs de faire pleinement usage de leurs compétences. Dans ce cadre, notre principal objectif de recherche était de mieux comprendre les possibilités de développement conjoint des personnes et de l'organisation dans une entreprise automobile de type lean production. Trois axes de recherches ont ainsi été poursuivis. Le premier visait à identifier et analyser le modèle sous-jacent du travail dans la théorie de la lean production. Le deuxième s’est intéressé à la manière dont l'activité de travail est appréhendée dans les approches participatives d’amélioration continue. Enfin, le troisième axe visait à comprendre le rôle de l’ergonomie et de l’ergonome dans la transformation des situations de travail guidée par les objectifs d’optimisation de la lean production. Au cours des chantiers, les opérateurs formulent des possibilités de transformations non prévues qui permettraient une réelle amélioration de la production en agissant sur les déterminants de la qualité de leur travail. L’action de l’ergonome orientée vers une « meilleure » participation des opérateurs par la mise en débat des règles du travail semble alors insuffisante. Une intervention au niveau stratégique de l’entreprise serait indispensable pour prendre en compte les véritables enjeux émanant au cours de ces chantiers d’amélioration continue. / The goal of ergonomic of adapting work to Man has gradually broadened in scope, notably with the evolution of the concept of health towards integrating the possibility for workers to make full use of their skills. Following this view, the main goal of our research was to better understand the possibilities of joint development of people and organization within a “lean production” industry. Three perspectives of analysis were fallowed. The first perspective related to the underlying model of work in lean production. The second perspective focused on mobilizing work activity as part of continual improvement approaches. The third perspective focused on the forms and goals of the transformation of work, in order to identify the role of ergonomics and evolutions in the practice of ergonomics in order to act in a context of deployment of a lean production system. Our results suggested that ergonomic action focused on identifying the conditions of improved participation is not enough. One must also provide feedback at the strategic level of management, so as to broaden the goals of projects aiming for continual improvement, by including the goals that had not been previously anticipated, and that had been formulated by operators.

La presente tesi si focalizza sullo studio delle determinanti e delle conseguenze del rischio sul lavoro e degli incidenti occupazionali nel mercato del lavoro. Il primo contributo (Capitolo 1) fornisce una rassegna critica all'interno di un quadro di analisi armonizzato allo scopo di evidenziare le debolezze della letteratura teorica ed empirica, che si occupa di rischio sul lavoro e dei incidenti occupazionali. Nell’ indagare le determinanti degli incidenti sul lavoro (Capitolo 2), si analizza il ruolo delle condizioni di lavoro e della sicurezza sul posto di lavoro nel ridurre la probabilità di un infortunio e la durata della relativa assenza, tema inesplorato nella limitata letteratura empirica. I nostri risultati forniscono evidenze cross-country che una maggiore sicurezza contribuisce a ridurre la probabilità che un incidente si verifichi e le corrispondenti conseguenze, in termini di giorni di assenza per infortunio. Particolare attenzione viene posta nel considerare il ruolo delle regolamentazioni sulla sicurezza e delle pratiche di organizzazione del lavoro. Il Capitolo 3 studia le conseguenze degli infortuni. Ci si concentra a determinare come un incidente possa influenzare i costi sostenuti dal lavoratori, vale a dire una riduzione delle probabilità di occupazione e perdite salariali, sia nel breve sia lungo periodo. Utilizzando i dati BHPS, si trova che, nel breve periodo, uno stato di infortunio, in seguito ad un incidente occupazionale, porta ad una maggiore probabilità di perdere il lavoro; nel lungo periodo, i lavoratori infortunati possono subire consistenti perdite salariali che possono essere evitate se il lavoratore è occupato nel settore pubblico o in imprese sindacalizzate. / This dissertation focuses on investigating the determinants and the consequences of risk at work and occupational accidents in the labour market. The first contribution (Chapter 1) provides a critical survey within an harmonized framework of analysis to highlight the weaknesses of the theoretical and empirical literature. In investigating the determinants of accidents at work (Chapter 2), we analyze the role of working conditions and safety at work in reducing the probability of accidents at work and the corresponding duration of absence, which is an unexplored issue in the limited empirically literature on risk at work and occupational accidents. Our findings provide cross-country evidence that more safety at work contributes to reduce the probability that an accident occurs and its consequences, in terms of days off from work. Particular attention is used in considering the role of safety at work regulations and of work organization practices. Chapter 3 studies the consequences of occupational injuries. We focus in determining how an accident may affect workers’ costs, namely a decline of employment probabilities and earning losses, either in the short or in the long term. Using the BHPS data, we find that, in the short term, a state of injury, following an occupational accident, leads to a higher probability of losing job; in the long term, injured workers may support significant earning losses that may vanish if they are employed in the public sector or in unionized firms.