This thesis presents new data on the work motivation of Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) constables. It offers data from two surveys: a snap-shot of the attitudes and behaviours of constables with seven years' service; and a survey of new recruits over their first fifteen months of service. It is perhaps the most comprehensive study undertaken of motivation to work hard and remain in a UK police force and includes a critical review of the motivation literature with specific reference to its relevance to the job of police constable. A provisional model is proposed to explain variance in the dependent variables - motivation to work hard (effort) and motivation to remain in the organisation (intention to stay/leave). New construct variables operationalise effort, reality shock, career frustration, organisational citizenship behaviour, socialisation and performance. Pre-existing scales are used for organisational commitment, management support, intention to leave, self efficacy, higher order need strength, organisational identification, intrinsic motivation and job satisfaction. The model met with a reasonable level of success: up to 46 per cent of the variance in intention to leave and up to 26 per cent of the variance in effort were explained. The effect of the model in explaining the outcomes of two organisational changes on the work motivation of experienced constables is also examined. Following the data analysis, a revised model is proposed. Motivation theories were shown to have validity and contribute to our understanding of work motivation. Variables explaining the work motivation of MPS constables were found to be similar to those in empirical research on other workers. However, probationary constables as a group were shown to have very unrealistic career expectations. Self-reported levels of effort decreased and levels of intention to leave increased over the socialisation period.

The purpose of the study was to predict mathematics achievement with self-confidence in mathematics, actual work effort in mathematics, and perceived importance of work effort in mathematics, and to investigate the gender differences with respect to those variables. The study was conducted in Ankara, Turkey with 157 eight-grade students (87 boys, 70 girls) from a private school. The following measuring instruments were used: (1) Confidence in Learning Mathematics Scale, (2) Effort as a Mediator of Mathematical Ability Scale, (3) Homeworks and Mathematics Achievement Tests. The validity and reliability of the measuring instruments were tested by the researcher. The data of this study were analyzed by using Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA). The results of the study indicated that (1) the combined effect of three predictor variables (Self-confidence, actual work effort, and perceived Importance of work effort) on students&rsquo / mathematics achievement was significant (R2adj=0.543). Girls&rsquo / mathematics achievement was significantly (R2adj=0.531) affected by three predictor variables (Self-confidence, actual work effort, and perceived importance of work effort). Whereas for boys, two variables (Self-confidence and actual work effort) were the predictors which had a significant combined effect on mathematics achievement (R2adj=0.539). (2) There was no statistically significant mean difference between girls and boys with respect to self-confidence, actual work effort, perceived importance of work effort and mathematics achievement.

Submitted by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2016-08-30T20:23:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gonzalez, Ricardo Alonso.pdf: 5177905 bytes, checksum: 91c4cc381c6ddcf64875d3a8df5a94af (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Angela Dortas (dortas@ufba.br) on 2016-08-30T21:12:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Gonzalez, Ricardo Alonso.pdf: 5177905 bytes, checksum: 91c4cc381c6ddcf64875d3a8df5a94af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-30T21:12:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gonzalez, Ricardo Alonso.pdf: 5177905 bytes, checksum: 91c4cc381c6ddcf64875d3a8df5a94af (MD5) / Esta tese, fundamentada na Teoria da Ação Planejada, tem o objetivo de desenvolver um modelo que explicasse a influência das atitudes individuais, das normas sociais subjetivas e do controle comportamental percebido na intenção do indivíduo em empregar esforço discricionário no trabalho. O esforço discricionário no trabalho pode ser entendido como aquele nível de esforço que se encontra sob o domínio do indivíduo, que excede ao mínimo necessário para se evitar uma repreensão ou mesmo uma demissão, cabendo unicamente ao indivíduo a decisão de exercê-lo. Esse nível de esforço, sob total controle do indivíduo, pode ser motivado por diversos fatores, que possuem como base as crenças. Como fundamento teórico para se determinar esses fatores, buscou-se na Teoria da Ação Planejada os seus antecedentes. Foram desenvolvidos dois estudos empíricos como forma de se alcançar ao objetivo pretendido. O primeiro estudo, de natureza qualitativa, evidenciou as crenças salientes relacionadas ao esforço discricionário no trabalho associadas às atitudes individuais, às normas sociais subjetivas e ao controle comportamental percebido referente a tal esforço, evidenciando em ambos os grupos estudados contribuições favoráveis das atitudes, da norma social subjetiva e do controle comportamental percebido sobre a intenção de empregar esforço discricionário no trabalho. O segundo estudo, de natureza quantitativa, buscou evidenciar o efeito das atitudes individuais, das normas sociais subjetivas e do controle comportamental percebido sobre a intenção do indivíduo em empregar esforço discricionário no trabalho. Utilizaram-se duas amostras, uma composta por servidores públicos estaduais e outra por professores de Instituições de Ensino Superior públicas e privadas. Os resultados obtidos por meio de modelagem de equações estruturais apontaram em ambas as amostras significância estatística na relação entre as atitudes, a norma social subjetiva e o controle comportamental percebido sobre a intenção, confirmando a tese de que a intenção pode ser determinada por esses constructos. Dentre outros, indicaram, também, que crenças de natureza social influenciam mais na intenção do que crenças de natureza financeira. Os resultados apontaram que os indivíduos empregam esforço discricionário no trabalho motivados mais por satisfação pessoal, reconhecimento, influência de superiores e colegas, suporte organizacional e outras crenças de natureza social do que por uma expectativa de remuneração financeira ou por estarem sendo monitorados. Tais resultados contribuem com o campo da Administração na medida em que trazem ao debate o esforço discricionário no trabalho e abre espaço para várias possibilidades de pesquisa envolvendo o tema. / This thesis, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, aims to develop a model to explain the influence of individual attitudes, subjective social norms and perceived behavioral control on the individual's intention to employ discretionary work effort. The discretionary work effort can be understood as a level of effort that is under the domain of the individual, which exceeds the minimum necessary to avoid a reprimand or even dismissal, it depends only on the individual's decision to exercise it. This level of effort under full control of the individual, may be motivated by several factors, which are based on the beliefs. As a theoretical basis for determining these factors, it sought the Theory of Planned Behavior. Two empirical studies were developed as a way to achieve the desired goal. The first study, qualitative, highlighted the salient beliefs related to the discretionary work effort associated with individual attitudes, subjective social norms and perceived behavioral control. The results showed in both studied groups favorable to contributions of attitudes, subjective social norms and perceived behavioral control on the intention to employ discretionary work effort. The second study, quantitative, sought to highlight the effect of individual attitudes, subjective social norms and perceived behavioral control on the intention of the individual to employ discretionary work effort using two samples, one composed of state civil servants and another for teachers of higher public and private education institutions. The results obtained by structural equation modeling showed in both samples statistically significant relationship between attitudes, social subjective norm and perceived behavioral control on the intention, confirming the thesis that the intention may be determined by these constructs. Among others results, it indicates that social beliefs are stronger than finance ones. The results showed that individuals employ discretionary work effort motivated more by personal satisfaction, recognition, influence of superiors and colleagues, organizational support and other social beliefs than by an expectation of financial remuneration or because they are being monitored. These results contribute to the field of management as they bring to the debate the discretionary work effort and opens space to various research possibilities involving the theme.

Using cross-sectional and longitudinal data from EU-SILC for the Czech Republic this thesis shows that mothers suffer wage penalty, whereas fathers gain wage premium. These results are in accordance with literature abroad. This thesis also shows that parenthood has greater impact on individuals with higher education, that motherhood penalty is lower for single mothers, whereas fatherhood premium is higher for single fathers, and that there is stronger self-selection of mothers into specific jobs than in case of fathers. Model of fixed effects suggests that parenthood is connected with unobservable characteristics that have positive effect on parent's wages. Results of this thesis are in accordance with human capital theory, division of labor within the household, self-selection of mothers into more mother-friendly jobs. But results concerning lower work effort of mothers are inconclusive.

Cette thèse étudie l'effet des prix sur les décisions des professionnels de santé et l'utilisation des services de santé maternelle dans le contexte de l'Afrique sub-saharienne. Les deux premiers chapitres s'intéressent à l'effet de la rémunération du travail sur les choix d'effort et la pluriactivité des professionnels de santé. En se basant sur des données collectées au niveau périphérique du système de santé Camerounais (Yaoundé et Douala), il apparaît que la rémunération du travail dans l'emploi principal n'a aucun effet significatif sur les choix d'effort et la pluriactivité des professionnels de santé. Une politique de hauts salaires apparaît ainsi insuffisante pour contrôler l'effort au travail et le phénomène d'emploi multiple des professionnels de santé. Le troisième chapitre analyse l'impact à court terme de la gratuité des soins d'accouchement et de césarienne sur l'utilisation des services de santé maternelle au Sénégal. Cette évaluation ne permet pas à court terme de mettre en évidence à un quelconque impact positif de la mesure de gratuité sur l'utilisation des services de santé maternelle. La mise à l'échelle précipitée des politiques de gratuité peut dès lors être interrogée dans ce contexte. / This thesis studies the effect of prices on the decisions of health professionals and the use of maternal health services in sub-Saharan Africa. The first two chapters are concerned with the effect of wages on the effort choices and the multiple job holding of health professionals. Based on data collected at the peripheral level of the Cameroonian health system (Yaoundé and Douala), it appears that wages in the main job have no significant effect on the effort choice and the multiple job holding of the health professionals. Thus, a policy of high wages appears insufficient to control the shirking behaviour and the multiple job holding phenomenon of health professionals in the sub-Saharan context. The third chapter analyzes the short-term impact of the free delivery and caesarean program on the use of maternal health services in Senegal. This evaluation does not show in a short-term any positive impact of the free-of-charge measure on the use of maternal health services. The hasty scaling-up of free-of-charge policies can be then questioned in this context.