I en rapport från 2005 framtagen av FoU-Väst i samverkan med Centrum för management i byggsektorn (CMB) konstateras att en betydande del av allt slöseri i byggsektorn är kopplat till fel och konsekvenserna av dessa, med andra ord felkostnader. Studien visar att felkostnader står för cirka 10 % av ett projekts produktionskostnad.   Byggsektorn står nu, år 2012, inför förändringar i sitt arbetssätt för att minska antalet fel, öka kvaliteten och effektiviteten. BIM – Building Information Modeling, möjliggör ett smartare sätt att skapa, använda och förvalta information genom hela bygg- och förvaltningsprocessen. BIM ger möjligheten att anpassa informationen i varje delprocess och därigenom effektivisera arbetet. Det nya arbetssättet innebär ett livscykeltänk där information används på ett systematiskt och kvalitetssäkrat sätt i en objektbaserad 3D-modell.  Studiens syfte är att fastställa vilka arbetssätt som behöver förändras för att implementera BIM i ett av Skanskas distrikt i regionen Hus Stockholm Ombyggnad samt fastställa vilka kostnadsbesparingar beställare gör tack vare implementeringen. BIM består av mer än en datamodell. För att uppnå de nyttor BIM kan ge krävs förändrade processer och gemensamma begreppsmodeller. Processerna, organisationen och modelleringen av produkten måste planeras noggrant. Detta medför att mer resurser läggs i ett tidigt skede i projekteringen vilket krävs för att kravspecifikationen ska uppfyllas i ett BIM-projekt. Flera respondenter i studien ger uttryck för att fler och/eller utförligare informationsleveranser i systemskedet skulle höja kvaliteten på bygghandlingarna. Studien konstaterar att BIM-projektering kräver ett nära och öppet samarbete mellan, de för BIM-användingen aktuella aktörerna. / In a 2005 report written by FoU-Väst in collaboration with Centrum för management i byggsektorn (CMB) it is determined that a significant proportion of wastage in the construction sector is linked to defects and their impact, in other words costs of errors. The study shows that these costs are accounting for about 10 % of a project´s production costs.  Construction sector now, in 2012, face changes in their ways of working to reduce errors, increase quality and efficiency. BIM - Building Information Modeling, provides a smarter way to create, use and manage information throughout the construction and management process. BIM provides the ability to customize the information in each sub- process and thereby improve efficiency. The new ways of working involves a life- cycle thinking in which information is used in a systematic and quality assured manner in an object-based 3D model.  The study aims to determine the ways of working that needs to change to implement BIM in one of Skanska's district in the region Stockholm Hus Ombyggnad and identify cost savings clients make through the implementation. BIM consists of more than one data model. To achieve the benefits that BIM can provide, changes in processes and common conceptual models are required. Processes, the organization and modeling of the product must be carefully planned. This means that more resources are added in the early stages of the design process which is necessary to meet the specification of requirements in a BIM project. A number of respondents in the study reflect on the fact that additional and / or more detailed information deliveries during the schematic design phase would increase the quality of construction documents. The study finds that a BIM design process require near and open cooperation between the, to the BIM-use relevant participants.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(B)(2) 課題番号:09480074 研究代表者:渡辺 豊英 研究期間:1997-1999年度

Un flujo de trabajo confiable se logra mediante un buen planeamiento según la metodología del Last Planner. Sin embargo, en proyectos donde se usa el método de Fast-track, la aplicación del Last Planner (LPS) es mucho más complicada. Se sabe que el método de Fast-track origina muchos problemas al momento de construir, puesto a que el diseño aún no se encuentra definido en su totalidad. Un flujo de trabajo que se interrumpe, normalmente conlleva a grandes pérdidas en la productividad. Si bien el LPS es una herramienta que ayuda en asegurar un “flujo continuo de trabajo” debido a los planes detallados que se realizan, en la medida en que se acerca a la fecha de ejecución, el método de Fast-track limita sus ventajas, aumentando exponencialmente a la vez, la variabilidad en el proyecto. Es por esta razón, que es muy importante usar las herramientas BIM con el propósito de dar soporte visual y evaluar de mejor manera la confiabilidad de los planes que se hacen en el Look Ahead y en el plan semanal. Los softwares del BIM permiten gestionar la información, los espacios de trabajo, e identificar lo antes posible las restricciones de diseño. Con lo dicho anteriormente, es necesario usar y proponer la integración del BIM y el Last Planner con la finalidad de reducir la variabilidad y que se pueda generar hacer las programaciones con mayor confiabilidad, en proyectos que se ejecuten bajo la modalidad Fast-track.. Esta investigación va a abarcar en primer lugar, la investigación de tres proyectos de edificaciones correspondiente a centros comerciales donde se haya utilizado el Last Planner System, con el propósito de encontrar las deficiencias tanto en el proceso constructivo, como en el uso del Last Planner. Se toma en cuenta las notas de mejora y las acciones preventivas en su aplicación en esos proyectos. De esta forma, basándose en la recopilación de toda esa información, se plantea una mejora en el sistema del Last Planner mediante la elaboración de una guía que muestre los pasos para realizar la integración de la tecnología BIM con las herramientas del Last Planner. Y por último, se aplica a un centro comercial, con la finalidad de cuantificar su impacto en la disminución de la variabilidad y generar un flujo de trabajo continuo durante la etapa de ejecución de la fase de estructuras. / A reliable workflow is achieved through good planning according to the Last Planner methodology. However, in projects where the Fast-track method is used, the application of the Last Planner (LPS) is much more complicated. The Fast-track method is known to cause many problems at the time of construction, since the design is not yet fully defined. An interrupted workflow usually leads to huge losses in productivity. Although the LPS is a tool that helps to ensure a “continuous workflow” due to the detailed plans that are made, as the execution date approaches, the Fast-track method limits its advantages, increasing exponentially at the same time, the variability in the project. For this reason, it is very important to use BIM tools in order to provide visual support and better evaluate the reliability of the plans made in the Look Ahead and in the weekly plan. BIM software allows you to manage information, workspaces, and identify design restrictions as soon as possible. With the aforementioned, it is necessary to use and propose the integration of BIM and the Last Planner in order to reduce variability and that it can be generated to do the programming with greater reliability, in projects that are executed under the Fast-track mode. This investigation will cover, in the first place, the investigation of three building projects corresponding to shopping centers where the Last Planner System has been used, in order to find deficiencies both in the construction process and in the use of the Last Planner. Notes for improvement and preventive actions are taken into account in their application in these projects. In this way, based on the compilation of all this information, an improvement in the Last Planner system is proposed by preparing a guide that shows the steps to integrate BIM technology with the Last Planner tools. And finally, it is applied to a shopping center, in order to quantify its impact on reducing variability and generating a continuous work flow during the execution stage of the structures phase. / Tesis

This dissertation is concerned with the foundations in volume unstable soils and objects disorders which are related to this. The thesis was focused on the study of clay and loess soils which are abundant in the geological profile of the Czech Republic. First, the formation of the two groups of soils is introduced, then their properties are examined and finally the influence of vegetation on the former type and the influence of collapsibility in the latter type are investigated. The conclusion is, in fact, a recommendation on the design of structures so that the system of clay / structure is not damaged and that structures are not subject to renovations. Several instance of problems with structures are discussed which were subject to structural repairs employing both a civil and geotechnical engineers.