<p>This study in sociology is the result of a MFS-project, sponsored by SIDA. The ideal in Argentina, at least for the upper classes, has for a long time been the man as bread-winner, the one who supports the family and the woman as the home-maker, the one who stays at home, taking care of house and children. Working-class women have always been working even though it has not been shown in the statistics. This feminist study in sociology is about what influence Argentinean women in their way towards emancipation but also about patriarchy as their biggest obstacle. The study is based on theories based on that in the world there is a world-order controlled by men. Another important theory is that it is easier for working women to reach emancipation in comparison with house-wives, because working women develop themselves in an economic as well as on a personal level. Additionally I went to the field in the Buenos-Aires area in Argentina during October until November 2000 where I did eleven interviews with Argentinean working mothers. I want to emphasize that as the interviews are eight years old, I have chosen not to integrate them very much through the essay, but instead showing them in a special chapter. I have, therefore, not given the interviews a central role in the essay. Instead, I emphasize the theories in the essay. The method I am using is qualitative method, with deep-interviews, the hermeneutic method and of course comparing theories from other authors. The conclusions I have come up with mean that the post-modern feminism is an important tool to understand the diversity of women and womens´ different conditions around the world. By realising these differences it would become easier to challenge the widespread patriarchy in Argentina. Argentinean women could reach emancipation by labour work and education that contribute to development on an economic and on a personal level. Even doing a voluntary work would contribute to this self-esteem and consciousness that are crucial for women on their way towards emancipation.</p>

This study in sociology is the result of a MFS-project, sponsored by SIDA. The ideal in Argentina, at least for the upper classes, has for a long time been the man as bread-winner, the one who supports the family and the woman as the home-maker, the one who stays at home, taking care of house and children. Working-class women have always been working even though it has not been shown in the statistics. This feminist study in sociology is about what influence Argentinean women in their way towards emancipation but also about patriarchy as their biggest obstacle. The study is based on theories based on that in the world there is a world-order controlled by men. Another important theory is that it is easier for working women to reach emancipation in comparison with house-wives, because working women develop themselves in an economic as well as on a personal level. Additionally I went to the field in the Buenos-Aires area in Argentina during October until November 2000 where I did eleven interviews with Argentinean working mothers. I want to emphasize that as the interviews are eight years old, I have chosen not to integrate them very much through the essay, but instead showing them in a special chapter. I have, therefore, not given the interviews a central role in the essay. Instead, I emphasize the theories in the essay. The method I am using is qualitative method, with deep-interviews, the hermeneutic method and of course comparing theories from other authors. The conclusions I have come up with mean that the post-modern feminism is an important tool to understand the diversity of women and womens´ different conditions around the world. By realising these differences it would become easier to challenge the widespread patriarchy in Argentina. Argentinean women could reach emancipation by labour work and education that contribute to development on an economic and on a personal level. Even doing a voluntary work would contribute to this self-esteem and consciousness that are crucial for women on their way towards emancipation.

Submitted in Fulfillment or Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF EDUCATION In the Department of Philosophy of Education of the University of Zululand, 1987. / Working outside the home exposes a woman to experiences and views common to herself and her family. The kind of job she does and her satisfaction with it, as well as her family's attitude towards her work affects the way she performs her roles as a wife and as a mother. Very few Black working mothers derive pleasure from their occupations. Their working conditions and renumeration are not consistent with effective mothering in the sense that the period of interaction with the child is minimised, the quality of mother-child interaction is affected and low wages do not allow for satisfactory child care arrangements. This study revealed that since the quality of mother child relationship during the formative phase determines the child's philosophy of life and his educability in later life^ Black working mothers can ill afford to be effective primary educators. Inadequate ante-natal and pcst-natal care deprives the infant of general alertness that a psychologically prepared mother would elicit from him. Delegating motherhood to caregivers does not compensate for maternal deprivation because they change most of the time providing the child with different values and exposing him to a shaky framework of authority structure. Each of the caregivers does not stay with the child long enough to understand and monitor his total development. Maternal nurturance builds feelings of security, love esteem and confidence which facilitates the child's venturing into new situations. A mother offers a comfortable and reassuring backdrop in his educational endeavours. Besides being a feedback mechanism for the child.^ She is a source of reference and she offers a reliable supportive guidance.

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The lack of transformation in gender-based social relations at household level seems to further entrench women’s state of disempowerment despite having access to employment opportunities. This study aimed to explore economic and power relations in the family from the perspective of women. A qualitative exploratory research design was used for the purposes of this study, since the study intended to present specific details of situation, social setting and relations dynamics. The sample consisted of thirty women from one organisation that primarily focuses on service delivery in relation to gender-based violence. A semi-structured interview schedule was used to collect data. The findings in this study agrees with previous research that income and economic participation can serve as a tool for women to negotiate issues affecting their lives with relatively equal gender powers with their partners. However, the research also demonstrates that, indeed, income or paid employment was not sufficient as a weapon for equal gender power relations at the household levels.

The purposes of this study were to investigate attitudes toward apparel shopping and apparel shopping behavior of a selected group of working women in the Dallas, Texas, area. The study also examined relationships of occupation, education, age and marital status to apparel shopping attitudes and behavior. The study concluded that working women enjoy shopping for apparel but do encounter certain frustrations. Working women shop for apparel every few weeks or more and most often purchase apparel in department stores. The majority use charge accounts and often purchase apparel at reduced prices. Chi square analysis revealed few significant relationships between attitudes toward apparel shopping and apparel shopping behavior and the demographic variables of occupation, education, age and marital status.

Este trabalho discute a leglslação brasileira que atualmente garante à mulher trabalhadora o direito de amamentar seus filhos, e sua aplicação no cotidiano de patrões e trabalhadoras. Procedeu-se a uma revisão da legislação internacional e nacional e de seus antecedentes históricos. Para ilustrar a aplicação das leis brasileiras foi feito um estudo de caso em que se levantaram informações de trabalhadoras, empregadores e creches conveniadas, que permitiram identificar algumas das barreiras que enfrentam as trabalhadoras que querem amamentar. A discussão da legislação brasileira leva a concluir por sua ambiguidade e inadequação em relação àquele que seria seu objetivo precípuo: garantir que as trabalhadoras possam amamentar seus filhos enquanto trabalham. Entretanto, apesar das deficiências legais, as mulheres ainda se propõem a amamentar e algumas o conseguem, mesmo que por pouco tempo, conforme verificado no estudo de caso. / Current Brazilian legislation that guarantees an employed woman\'s right to breastfeed her children, and the daily application of this legislation is discussed. International and national legislation as well as its historical background are reviewed. To ilustrate the application of Brazilian laws a case study was carried out. Female employees, employers and day care center personnel were interviewed. This data allowed the identification af some barriers faced by wornen who want to breastfeed. The analysis of Brazilian laws shows their ambiguity and unsuitability as a mode to guarantee that employed women may nurse their babies during working hours. Nevertheless, is spite of the legal deficiencies, women are interested in breastfeeding and some manage to do so, even during a shart time, as shown in the case study.

This collaborative research is an account of the recent lived experience of twelve women who bring about transformations in their own workplaces. The work integrates feminist theory with the social ecology focus of studying interactions between people and their environments. The study is multidisciplinary including psychological as well as social aspects and applies critical social research to workplace situations. The research group informed each other primarily by stories which narrated: social and family context; work situations; particular situations and specific strategies. Reflexive and archetypal meanings emerged from recounting ancient myths to help understand complex and difficult work structures which constrain the participants' creativity. This inquiry is a fresh approach to a range of workplace problems by engaging many women’s preferred working styles and applying this creative response: pro-active strategies which are demonstrated, are indeed, highly effective. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)(Social Ecology)

Economic changes have resulted in a new contextual spectrum for career development with relatively secure, hierarchical, organizational structures at one end and flatter, de-layered, insecure environments at the other. This narrative review explores the literature relating to the psychological determinants of career plateauing in older managers against such a background. The body of literature informing this issue was analysed using the systematic review method. This is designed to produce a transparent and replicable account of how pertinent studies are located and the basis on which they are either included or rejected through use of explicit relevance, generalisability, and quality criteria. The overall outcome is a synthesis and summary of what is known about the topic, the limitations of the review, and identification of gaps in knowledge - the latter forming recommendations for future research. The findings of this review indicate that a range of subjective determinants may play a part in career plateauing in older managers including fairly stable attributes such as personality, and individual and social identity, and more fluid factors such as attitudes, and motivation. Motivation may be driven by one or more goals including future success, present job satisfaction or ongoing personal development. Numerous other determinants may play a role but little evidence is available as to how the range of potential influences operates at an individual level. Further qualitative research is needed into individual older managers’ experiences and how they may differ according to gender.

Thesis (M.P.A.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 1991. / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2993. Abstract precedes thesis as [3] preliminary leaves. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-114).